Adeno virus and its types with pathogenecity and treatment .

1. ADENO VIRUS
INTRODUCTION:
Adenovirus were first isolated in
1935 from adeniod tissues.
Adenoviruses have historically
been a common cause of acute
respiratory illness in military
recruits.
The adenoviruses are common
pathogens of humans and animals.
More than 100 serologically distinct
types of adenovirus have been
identified, including 49 types that

2. CLASSIFICATION
• The genomes of the different adenoviruses are
genetically distinct and vary somewhat in size.
• 100 serologically distinct types of adenovirus have
been identified, including 49 types that infect
humans.
• At present, five additional candidate types are under
investigation
• Classification of Adenoviridae can be complex.
Adenoviridae can be divided into five genera:
Mastadenovirus, Aviadenovirus, Atadenovirus, Sia
denovirus,and Ichtadenovirus

3. • In humans, there are 57 accepted
human adenovirus types (HAdV-1 to
57) in seven species (Human
adenovirus A to G)
• A: 12, 18, 31
• B: 3, 7, 11, 14, 16, 21, 34, 35, 50, 55
• C: 1, 2, 5, 6, 57
• D: 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22- 30,
32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42-49, 51- 56
• E: 4
• F: 40, 41
• G: 52

4. • Adenovirus types 3, 4 and 7 are most commonly
associated with acute respiratory illness.
• Adenovirus type 7 has been associated with more
severe outcomes particularly in people with
weakened immune systems.
• Adenovirus type 14, which has been associated with
outbreaks of acute respiratory illness.
• Adenovirus types 8, 19, 37, 53, and 54, which can
cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
• Enteric adenovirus types 40 and 41, which cause
gastroenteritis, usually in children
• Some adenoviruses (e.g., 4 and 7) that spread in
bodies of water and can cause outbreaks of febrile
disease with conjunctivitis.

5. • Different types/serotypes are associated with different
conditions:
• Respiratory disease(mainlyspecies HAdV-B and C)
• Conjunctivitis (HAdV-B and D)
• Gastroenteritis (HAdV-F types 40, 41, HAdV-G type
52)
• Obesity or adipogenesis (HAdV-A type 31, HAdV-C
type 5, HAdV-D types 9, 36, 37)

6. STRUCTURAL MORPHOLOGY
• The adenovirus particle consists of an icosahedral
protein shell surrounding a protein core that contains
the linear, double-stranded DNA genome .
• The shell, which is 70 to 100 nm in diameter, is made
up of 252 structural capsomeres.
• The 12 vertices of the icosahedron are occupied by
units called pentons, each of which has a slender
projection called a fiber.
• The shell also contains some additional, minor
polypeptide elements.
• The core particle is made up of two major proteins
(polypeptide V and polypeptide VII) and a minor
arginine-rich protein (μ).

7. • A 55 kDa protein is covalently attached to the 5′ ends
of the DNA
• Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90-100 nm), non-
enveloped
• More than 50 types of immunologically distinct
adenoviruses can cause infections in humans.
• Both strands of the double-stranded DNA code for
specific viral functions.
• The termini of the DNA molecule carry inverted
repeat sequences so that denatured single strands can
form circular DNA molecules.

9. Patho genecity
• Infection is usually transmitted in droplets of
respiratory or ocular secretions.
• Persistent infection occurs in the tonsils. Some
adenovirus types are oncogenic in newborn rodents
and can transform cells.
• Adenoviruses are a group of common viruses that
infect the lining of your eyes, airways
and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous
system.
• They're common causes of fever, coughs, sore
throats, diarrhea, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

10. • Depending on the type, adenoviruses can cause other
illnesses such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis,
cystitis, and, less commonly, neurological disease.
• There is no specific time of year when adenovirus
infections and outbreaks are more common.
• Adenoviruses cause acute respiratory disease
(usuallyacute follicular conjunctivitis, epidemic
keratoconjunctivitis, cystitis, and gastroenteritis
(occasionally).
• In infants, pharyngitis and pharyngeal-conjunctival
fever are common. They can be more serious in
people with weak immune systems, especially
children.

11. • Droplets containing the virus fly into the air and land
on surfaces.
• They can cause cold-like symptoms, fever, sore
throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhea.
• They’re very contagious. They can spread when
someone who's infected coughs or sneezes.

12. Brain swelling
CONJUNCTIVITIS

14. DIAGNOSIS
MOLECULAR DETECTION
PCR
PARTIAL OR FULL GENOME
SEQUENCING
ANTIGEN DETECTION
VIRUS ISOLATION AND
VIRUS NEUTRALISATON
WITH SPECIFIC ANTI SERA
LABORATOTY
DIAGNOSIS FOR
TESTING HUMAN
ADENOVIRUS
The diagnosis can be confirmed by demonstrating a
rise in antibody titer between acute-phase and
convalescent-phase sera or by virus detection or
isolation.

15. METHODS OF TESTING
• Blood test: sample of our blood from a vein in
their arm.
• Urine test: our urine is collected in a cup
• Swab test: use a cotton swab to get a sample
of mucus from nose.
• Stool test: collection of your poop
• Chest X-ray: a small amount of radiation is used
to take pictures of the inside of their chest. This
will give a closer look at their heart and lungs.

17. SYMPTOMS
• You can get an adenovirus infection at any age. People
with weakened immune systems or existing respiratory
or cardiac disease are more likely than others to get
very sick from an adenovirus infection…
• Each type of adenovirus can affect you differently:
• Bronchitis : Cough, runny nose, fever, chills
• Colds and other respiratory infections: Stuffy and runny
nose, cough, sore throat, and swollen glands
• Croup: Barking cough, trouble breathing, high-pitched
sound when breathing in
• Ear infection : Ear pain, irritability, fever

18. • Pneumonia: Fever, cough, trouble breathing
• Stomach and intestinal
infections: Diarrhea, vomiting, headache,
fever, stomach cramps
• Swelling of the brain and spinal cord
(meningitis and encephalitis): Headache, fever,
stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting (this is rare)
• Urinary tract infections: Burning and pain while
urinating, frequent need to go, blood in your
urine
• Pink eye(conjunctivitis): Red eyes, discharge from
your eyes, tearing, feeling like there's something
in your eye

19. • Some people infected with adenoviruses,
especially those who have weakened immune
systems, can have ongoing infections in their
tonsils, adenoids, and intestines that do not
cause symptoms. They can shed the virus for
weeks or longer.
• Always call the doctor if a baby under 3 months
old has symptoms of an adenovirus infection.
• Trouble breathing
• Swelling around their eyes
• Fever that doesn't go away after a few days
• Signs of Dehydration -such as few tears or less
wet diapers

20. LIFE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS
• Life cycle of adenovirus comprises of several steps
like attachment, internalization, Uncoating,
replication, biosynthesis, assembly and release of
virus progeny.
• After releasing from the host cell, it infects new cells
and can cause infections either for a short term or
long term.
• The life cycle of adenovirus involves three major
stages like infection, replication and multiplication
phases.

22. • Attachment
Initial interaction: In this stage, attachment of penton
fibre occurs with the host cell receptor. A knob of the fibre
protein attaches to the cell receptors of CAR
family (Coxsackievirus Adenovirus Receptor). CD46 is the
most common receptor, for all the serotypes of adenovirus.
Secondary interaction: In this stage, attachment of penton
base occurs with the αV integrin protein of the host cell.
Secondary interaction also refers to as “Co-receptor
interaction”.
 Internalization : There is a special motif found in the
structure of the adenovirus, which refers as “Arginine glycine
aspartate motif ”. The configuration of the arginine glycine
aspartate motif helps an adenovirus to get internalized into the
host cell. Process of internalization is very specific or selective

23. • Endocytosis : The process of internalization of by the
host cell membrane into the cytoplasm commonly
refers to as “Endocytosis”. The binding of Arginine
glycine aspartate motif of the penton base with the
αV Integrin protein of the host cell results in the
endocytosis of the adenovirus. The endocytosis
occurs by means of CCPs (Clathrin coated pits) of
the host cell membrane. A process of endocytosis also
refers to as “Receptor-mediated endocytosis”.
• Vesicle Formation: When an adenovirus enters into
the host cell, a vesicle forms around it refers to as
“Endosome”. And there is a unique feature, where the
whole virus gets into the cytoplasm of the host cell
rather than the genetic material.

24. • Viral Uncoating : The virion gets released from the
endosome as a result of endosome acidification. The
acidification of endosome results in a dissociation of
the protein particles like fibre and capsid into the
cytoplasm. Only the viral DNA moves into the
nucleus of the host cell for the process of replication
and multiplication.
• Replication and Biosynthesis :The viral DNA
replicates inside the nucleus. There is a 55KD
terminal protein acts like a “Primer”, found attached
to the each 5’ end of the viral ds-DNA. This terminal
protein initiates the synthesis of viral DNA. In
adenovirus, two kinds of replication occur, namely:
• An early phase of DNA replication
• The late phase of DNA replication

25. • Bioassembly and Release : After gene expression of
or after the completion of the translation of mRNA,
all the virion protein or particles get assembled. The
viral DNA is first packaged into the capsid along with
penton fibres, refers as the process of “Maturation”.
The mature viral progeny finally release out of the
host cell either through budding or cell lysis and then
infect other cells.
• Multiplication : The adenovirus infects the epithelial
cells of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, intestinal
tract and lining of eyes. it starts replicating and
undergo multiplication in the epithelial cells of
conjunctiva, cornea, pharynx . It can further spread to
the regional lymph nodes of the infected person.
Usually, an adenovirus infection does not spread
beyond the regional lymph nodes but in some cases,
can also affect visceral organs.

26. HOST CELL AND VIRUS
INTERACTION
• The virus progeny release out of the host cell and
mainly produce the following types of infection with
the host cell:
• Productive infection : It also refers as “Lytic
infection”. Productive infection can define as the type
of infection in which the genome of the virus
undergoes complete replication and cause cell death
by releasing viral progenies. Symptoms start
appearing after a few days of infection.
• Abortive infection : It can define as the type of
infection in which a genome of the virus
undergoes incomplete replication. Thus, in abortive
infection, a virus is unable to produce viral progenies,
but the infection remains persistent to the host cell.

27. • Latent infection : It can define as the type of
infection in which the virus particles remain inside
the host cells or tissues. In latent infection, the virus
particles live in a latent or hidden form, but the
symptoms appear when the immunity or resistance of
the host cell becomes low.
• Oncogenic transformation : It is a unique feature of
the adenovirus that it shows an oncogenic property.
Some serotypes like A and B can transform the host
cell into the cancerous cell by integrating its viral
DNA.
• Some of the adenovirus infections are mild and self-
limiting.

28. TREATMENT
• Whole-virus vaccines are not used because of the
potential risk of oncogenesis. recombinant vaccines,
are under development, but adenoviruses do not
represent a serious health hazard.
• Antibiotics won't help adenovirus infections because
these drugs only kill bacteria.
• Clear congestion by drops of saline spray or drops
into their nose or suction out mucus with a bulb
syringe.
• Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin) to
relieve aches and fever.
• There is no specific treatment for people with
adenovirus infection. Most adenovirus infections are
mild and don’t require any medical care

29. • Cidofovir has been used to treat severe
adenovirus infections in people with
immunocompromised systems in specific
situations, however there are no FDA-
approved antiviral drugs for adenovirus
treatment.

31. PREVENTION
• Prevention of adenovirus, as well as other respiratory
illnesses, involves frequent hand washing for more
than 20 seconds, avoiding touching the eyes, face,
and nose with unwashed hands, and avoiding close
contact with people with symptomatic adenovirus
infection. Those with symptomatic adenovirus
infection are additionally advised to cough or sneeze
into the arm or elbow instead of the hand, to avoid
sharing cups and eating utensils, and to refrain from
kissing others. Chlorination of swimming pools can
prevent outbreaks of conjunctivitis caused by
adenovirus

33. HOST IMMUNITY
• The adenovirus infection is characterized by
development of effective and long lasting immunity
against reinfection
• Both cell mediated and humoral immunity are
important.
• Serum antibodies play a vital role for resolving
adenovirus infection.
• The antibodies protect the person from reinfection with
same serotype but not other serotypes
• More over, adenovirus infection confers long lasting
immunity to re-infection with same serotype.