The document discusses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It defines HIV as a retrovirus that infects and damages the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells. The three stages of HIV infection are described as primary infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. The structure, life cycle, transmission modes, types (HIV-1 and HIV-2), diagnostic tests, treatment options, and goals of antiretroviral therapy are summarized. Recommended first and second-line antiretroviral regimens are also provided.
It contain all information like introduction,stages,life cycle,treatment , laboratory diagnosis and first people on earth who cured from the infection with HIV.
It contain all information like introduction,stages,life cycle,treatment , laboratory diagnosis and first people on earth who cured from the infection with HIV.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome by Dr Bashir Associate Professor Medicine...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
The most important way to stop HIV/AIDS is education. People can get HIV from sex and from blood. Children can also get HIV from their mothers (when they grow inside pregnant mothers and when they drink breast milk.) Sex is one way to get HIV. If people use condoms when they have sex, there is a much smaller chance of catching HIV.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Structure of Virus, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, biochemical basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome by Dr Bashir Associate Professor Medicine...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
The most important way to stop HIV/AIDS is education. People can get HIV from sex and from blood. Children can also get HIV from their mothers (when they grow inside pregnant mothers and when they drink breast milk.) Sex is one way to get HIV. If people use condoms when they have sex, there is a much smaller chance of catching HIV.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Structure of Virus, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, biochemical basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Etiology, pathophysiology, Pharmacotherapy of AIDS .pptxdrsriram2001
Definition of AIDS:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a late stage of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. It is characterized by a severe depletion of the immune system, making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
2. Etiology (HIV):
HIV Structure:
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily targets CD4+ T cells, a crucial component of the immune system.
The virus has two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the most common and virulent worldwide.
3. Transmission:
Modes of Transmission:
HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
It can also be transmitted through sharing of contaminated needles, from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare now due to blood screening).
4. Clinical Stages:
Acute HIV Infection:
Occurs within the first few weeks after exposure.
Presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
Chronic HIV Infection (Asymptomatic Stage):
Can last for several years with few or no symptoms.
The virus is actively replicating, and the immune system is gradually compromised.
Symptomatic HIV Infection (Symptomatic Stage):
As the immune system weakens, symptoms such as persistent fever, weight loss, and diarrhea may occur.
AIDS:
Diagnosed when the immune system is severely compromised, typically when the CD4+ T cell count falls below a critical threshold.
Opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia) and certain cancers (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma) become more common.
5. Preventive Measures:
Condom Use:
Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual intercourse helps prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP):
Antiretroviral medications, when taken consistently by HIV-negative individuals at high risk, can prevent HIV infection.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
Emergency treatment with antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.
Needle Exchange Programs:
Reducing the sharing of needles among injecting drug users helps prevent the transmission of HIV.
A LECTURE ON AIDS FOR FIRST MBBS STUDENTS, DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY.
A CLASS ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, VIROLOGY,HIV-MORPHOLOGY, GENOME, LIFE CYCLE,MODE OF TRANSMISSION, IMMUNOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
Oral Manifestation of Human Immunodeficiency VirusDr Jinki Singha
A seminar on HIV. In part one, I have covered the basic information about viruses, classication, the structure and life cycle of HIV, stages and clinical manifestations. In part two, I have covered the oral manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
4. H = Infects only Human beings
I = Immunodeficiency virus weakens the
immune system and increases the risk of
infection
V = Virus that attacks the body
HIV DEFINITION
5. A unique type of virus (a retrovirus)
Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in
the body of the host (defense
mechanism of a person)
Threatening a global epidemic.
Preventable, manageable but not
curable.
6. Icosahedral (20 sided), enveloped virus of the
lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses.
Retroviruses transcribe RNA to DNA.
Two viral strands of RNA found in core
surrounded by protein outer coat.
Outer envelope contains a lipid matrix within which
specific viral glycoprotein's are imbedded.
These knob-like structures responsible for binding to
target cell.
STRUCTURE OF HIV
7.
8. The outer shell of the virus is
known as the Viral enevlope.
Embedded in the viral envelope is
a complex protein known as env
which consists of an outer
protruding cap glycoprotein (gp)
120, and a stem gp14. Within the
viral envelope is an HIV protein
called p17(matrix), and within this
is the viral core or capsid, which is
made of another viral protein
p24(core antigen).
9. (a) HIV (red) attaches to two cell-surface receptors (the CD4
antigen and a specific chemokine receptor).
(b) The virus and cell membrane fuse, and the virion core enters
the cell.
(c) The viral RNA and core proteins are released from the virion
core and are then actively transported to the nucleus.
(d) The viral RNA genome is converted into double-stranded DNA
through an enzyme unique to viruses, reverse transcriptase (red
dot).
(e) The double-stranded viral DNA moves into the cell nucleus.
(f) Using a unique viral enzyme called integrase, the viral DNA is
integrated into the cellular DNA.
(g) Viral RNA is synthesized by the cellular enzyme RNA
polymerase II using integrated viral DNA as a template. Two
types of RNA transcripts shorter spliced RNA (h) and full-length
genomic RNA (j) are produced.
(h) Shorter spliced RNAs are transported to the cytoplasm and
used for the production of several viral proteins that are then
modified in the Golgi apparatus of the cell (i).
(j) Full-length genomic RNAs are transported to the cytoplasm (k).
(l) New virion is assembled and then buds off.
(m) Mature virus is released.
Life cycle of HIV
12. Two species of HIV infect humans:
1. HIV-1
More virulent, relatively easy to transmit
Majority of HIV infections globally
3 types of HIV-1: (based on alterations in
env gene)
Clades M, N, and O
2. HIV-2
Less transmittable
Largely confined to West Africa
TYPES OF HIV
14. Symptoms are relatively nonspecific.
HIV antibody test often negative but
becomes positive within 3 to 6 months, this
process is known as seroconversion.
Large amount of HIV in the peripheral
blood.
Primary HIV can be diagnosed using viral
load titer assay or other tests.
Primary HIV syndrome resolves itself and
HIV infected person remains asymptomatic
for a prolonged period of time, often years.
PRIMARY
15. HIV continues to reproduce, CD4 count
gradually declines from its normal value of 500-
1200.
Once CD4 count drops below 500, HIV infected
person at risk for opportunistic infections.
The following diseases are predictive of the
progression to AIDS:
persistent herpes-zoster infection (shingles)
oral candidiasis (thrush)
oral hairy leukoplakia
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
CLINICAL LATENCY
16. Opportunistic infections and malignancies that
rarely occur in the absence of severe
immunodeficiency (eg, Pneumocystis pneumonia,
central nervous system lymphoma).
Persons with positive HIV serology who have ever
had a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL or
a CD4 lymphocyte percentage below 14% are
considered to have AIDS.
AIDS
17. CD4 count drops below 200 person is considered to have
advanced HIV disease
If preventative medications not started the HIV infected
person is now at risk for:
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
cryptococcal meningitis
toxoplasmosis
If CD4 count drops below 50:
Mycobacterium avium
Cytomegalovirus infections
lymphoma
dementia
Most deaths occur with CD4 counts below 50.
18. EARLY SYMPTOM:
Most don’t exhibit symptoms when first
infected
However, may have flu-like symptoms
(fever, headache, tired, enlarged lymph
nodes) 1-2 months after exposure
Very infectious during this period
SYMPTOMS
19. Later Symptoms:
More severe symptoms may not appear until after 10yrs, however this
varies with each individual
Decline in number of CD4 + T cells
The most advanced stage of AIDS is classified as having < 200 CD4+ T
cells/cubic millimeter of blood (in healthy adults CD4+ T-cell counts =
1,000+)
Onset of AIDS is characterized by:
weight loss,
fatigue
rashes/flaky skin,
persistent yeast infections,
Pelvic inflammatory disease in women will not respond to treatments,
short-term memory loss,
frequent and severe herpes infections,
shingles
coma
deaths
21. First serological test developed to detect HIV
infection.
Easy to perform.
Easily adapted to batch testing.
Highly sensitive and specific.
Antibodies detected in ELISA include those
directed against: p24, gp120, gp160 and gp41,
detected first in infection and appear in most
individuals
ELISA
22. Generation of ELISA Tests
First Second Third *Fourth
Uses crude viral
lysate
Detects IgM and IgG in
“Sandwich” EIA
Uses recombinant HIV
antigens or peptides
Detects HIV antibodies
and p24 antigen
*Not US FDA-approved as of
10/1/12
23. •Based on color
change/fluorescence
•Change compared with
standardized cut-off
•Result positive or negative
•No specific antibody reaction
information
•Multiple samples run with
traditional EIA
96-Well Microtiter Plate EIA Interpretation of ELISAs
24. Most popular confirmatory test.
Utilizes a lysate prepared from HIV virus.
The lysate is electrophoresed to separate out the HIV proteins
(antigens).
The paper is cut into strips and reacted with test sera.
After incubation and washing anti-antibody tagged with
radioisotope or enzyme is added.
Specific bands form where antibody has reacted with
different antigens.
Most critical reagent of test is purest quality HIV antigen.
The following antigens must be present: p17, p24, p31, gp41,
p51, p55, p66, gp120 and gp160.
WESTERN BLOT
25. Human HIV Antibodies
(from patient serum)
Y YY Y
HIV Western blot Strip
YY
HIV Antigens
(on Western blot)
YY Y
Antihuman IgG Antibodies
Enzyme Detector
Color Reagent
26. Sample HIV-1 Western Blot
YY
Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
YY
Y
Y
Antibodies to gp120
Anti-human IgG
Enzyme Detector
HIV gp120 antigen
Color Reagent
Antibodies to p24
Enzyme Detector
HIV p24 antigen
Color Reagent
Anti-human IgG
Test Completed gp120 & p24 bands
Visible
27. Agglutination tests using latex
particles, gelatin particles or
microbeads are coated with
HIV antigen and will
agglutinate in the presence of
antibody
AGGLUTINATION
28.
29. Dot-Blot Testing utilizes paper or
nitrocellulose impregnated with antigen,
patient serum is filtered through, and
anti-antibody is added with enzyme
label, color change is positive.
DOT BLOT TESTING
30.
31. Looks for HIV DNA in the WBCs of a person.
PCR amplifies tiny quantities of the HIV DNA present, each
cycle of PCR results in doubling of the DNA sequences
present.
The DNA is detected by using radioactive or biotinylated
probes.
Once DNA is amplified it is placed on nitrocellulose paper
and allowed to react with a radiolabeled probe, a single
stranded DNA fragment unique to HIV, which will
hybridize with the patient’s HIV DNA if present.
Radioactivity is determined.
PCR
32. Treatment with antiretroviral medicines,
against the retrovirus (HIV), which resides
and multiplies within the human body
HIV; etiological agent of AIDS
Hallmark of HIV; RNA virus that transcripts
DNA from RNA via the Reverse
Transcriptase enzyme
TREATMENT
38. ART (Antiretroviral Therapy)
PMTCT (Prevention of Mother To Child
Transmission)
PEP (Post Exposure Prophylaxis)
PrEP (Pre Exposure Prophylaxis)
USES OF ART
39. Combines at least 3 ARVs from at least 2
different classes.
Why combination?
Synergism
Reduced toxicity
Prevent resistance
40. 2 NRTI + 1 NNRTI
1 NRTI + 1 NtRTI + 1 NNRTI
2NRTI + boosted PI
1 NRTI + 1 NtRTI + boosted PI
3 NRTI (One must be Abacavir)
COMBINATIONS
41. Maximal and durable suppression of viral replication
to prevent development of HIV, drug resistance and
treatment failure
Restoration/ preservation of immunologic function
Reduction of HIV-related morbidity and mortality
Improvement of the patient’s quality of life
Prevention of onward transmission of HIV infection
GOALS OF ART
46. Abstinence :
It is the practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something, typically
alcohol or sex.
Behavioral changes:
Behavior change can refer to any transformation or modification of
human behavior.
Condom usage:
Use condom
Male circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin (prepuce) from the
human penis. In a typical procedure, the foreskin is opened and then
separated from the glans after inspection
Usage of antiretroviral to decrease the HIV.
Trends in prevention
47. Usage of fourth generation ELISA. (ELISA is a popular format of "wet-lab"
type analytic biochemistry assay that uses a solid-
phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a substance,
usually an antigen, in a liquid sample or wet sample)
Home based HIV testing and counseling (HBHTC)
CD4 count test is used to estimate the loads of viral. (CD4 is a glycoprotein
found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes,
macrophages, and dendritic cells.)
[Serostatus. The state of either having or not having detectable antibodies
against a specific antigen, as measured by a blood test (serologic test). For
example, HIV seropositive means that a person has detectable antibodies to
HIV; seronegative means that a person does not have detectable HIV
antibodies.]
Trends in diagnosis and monitoring
48. tenofovir and emtricitabine (new formulations )
Fixed dose combinations.
ART
Synthetic peptides and Env mimic peptide
drugs
HIV entry inhibitors
Trends in HIV management