The document summarizes the journey from HIV infection to AIDS, including details on:
1) HIV is a retrovirus that can be categorized into HIV-1 and HIV-2, which infects CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying these cells.
2) The virus has an RNA genome that is converted to DNA and integrated into the host cell, then uses the cell's machinery to replicate. It buds from the cell to infect others.
3) Without treatment, HIV progressively lowers CD4 counts over many years until the immune system is too weak to fight off infections, at which point AIDS is diagnosed.
Structure of Virus, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, biochemical basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
The presentation is about the disease, hepatitis, its causing agent, symptoms, treatment and cure. the presentation focusses on the virus causing the disease, its morphology and life cycle. It has also discussed the different types of hepatitis disease and the virus causing them
A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV.
Prepared By : AFC Shah Zeb Khan
Student of ICAP for CA. at RAET PAC Lahore.
Also Student of BS Botany at University of Sargodha.
Structure of Virus, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, biochemical basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
The presentation is about the disease, hepatitis, its causing agent, symptoms, treatment and cure. the presentation focusses on the virus causing the disease, its morphology and life cycle. It has also discussed the different types of hepatitis disease and the virus causing them
A detailed description of HIV covering virology, morphology, pathogenesis, clinical stages and manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategy, and therapeutic options and prevention.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV.
Prepared By : AFC Shah Zeb Khan
Student of ICAP for CA. at RAET PAC Lahore.
Also Student of BS Botany at University of Sargodha.
HIV is a lentivirus which can not only infect actively dividing cells but also non-dividing cells such as macrophages. AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection. HIV primarily attacks T- helper cells resulting into low activated T-cytotoxic cells and suppression of immune system. thus leading to AIDS.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
For Better Surat #ℂall #Girl Service ❤85270-49040❤ Surat #ℂall #Girls
Immuno presentation: hiv
1. The journey from HIV infection to
AIDS
Aindrila Saha
Roll Number- 14110098
2. HIV
●
Retrovirus : A subgroup of Lentivirus (Retrovirideae family).
●
Human Immunodeficiency Virus : RNA virus.
●
Two types of HIV : HIV-1, which has high virulence, high infectivity,
a global prevalence and preferably originated from the
chimpanzees. HIV-2, which has comparatively lower virulence, low
infectivity, prevalent in Western Africa and originated from the Sooty
Magabey.
●
Mode of infection : Through transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid,
pre-ejaculate and breast milk (as free virus particlkes and host
immune cells infected with virus).
●
Entry into target cell --> ss RNA converted to dsDNA (reverse
transcriptase encrypted by ssRNA) --> viral DNA imported into host
nucleus and integrated into host genome (integrase + host
cofactors) --> Latent phase followed by lytic phase.
3. HIV structure
● Roughly spherical, 1/60 times the size of an RBC.
● Two copies of positive ssRNA (encodes for 9 viral genes)
+ canonical capsid (2000 copies of capsid protein p24) .
● The ssRNA is tightly bound to nucleocapsid proteins p7 and
enzymes for viral development such as reverse
transcriptase, protease, ribonuclease and integrase.
● Viral integrity maintained by matrix of viral protein p17 and
the viral envelope (lipids deriuved from human cells + viral
envelope proteins consisting of a cap made of 3
glycoproteins gp120 and a stem of 3 gp41 molecules +
proteins from host cell).
5. HIV Genome
● RNA genome has 7 structural landmarks (LTR, TAR,
RRE, PE, SLIP, CRS, INS) and 9 genes (gag, pol,
env, tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu and sometimes a 10th
tev).
● Gag, pol, env encode structural proteins for new virus
particles (eg, env encode gp160 which is cleaved into
envelope protein gp120 and gp41).
● tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu encode regulatory proteins
controlling various phases of viral relication and life
cycle in host including infection.
8. Tropism
● Viral Tropism : Cell types that a virus can infect.
● HIV can infect CD4+ T cells, macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells
and microglial cells.
● HIV-1 infects host cell through interaction with viral envelope
glycoprotein gp120 with CD4 receptors of target cells and
chemokine coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4.
● M-tropic or non-syncitia-inducing strain (R5) of HIV-1 use CCR5
beta chemokine receptor along with CD4 receptors and can primarily
infect both Macrophages and Th cells.
● T-tropic or syncitia inducing strain (X4) of HIV-1 infect CD4
expressing T cells and alpha chemokine CXCR4 receptors in
macrophages to infect the host cell.
● Dual (R5X4) strains use both chemokine corecptors along with
CD4 receptors for host cell infection.
9. Viral Replication Cycle
1. Entry into Host cell:
● Adsorption of glycoproteins on viral envelope with host cell receptors,
CD4 and chemokine coreceptors.
● Interaction between trimeric envelope complex (gp160 spike containing
binding domains for host cell receptors) and CD4 + CXCR4/CCR5.
● Binding of gp120 with CD4 causes structural changes in envelope
complex expressing chemokine binding domains of gp120 and allowing
their interaction with chemokine coreceptors.
● Formation of stable two pronged attachment allows N-terminal fusion
peptide to fuse with the host cell membrane.
● Interaction between gp41, HR1 and HR2 causes collapse of extracellular
gp41 into a hairpin bringing viral and host membranes closer allowing
fusion and subsequent entry of viral genome into host cell.
● Other mechanisms: Infection of dendritic cells by mannose specific C-
type lectin receptors, Clathrin dependent endocytosis
11. Viral Replication Cycle (ctd.)
2. Replication and Transcription:
● ss(+)RNA is converted to cDNA by reverse transcriptase. (error prone
process leading to drug resistance and immune cell attacking).
● Degradation of ss(+)RNA by ribonuclease activity lof reverse transcriptase.
● Creation of sense DNA from anti-sense cDNA strand by DNA dependent
DNA polymerase.
● Formation of dsDNA and integration into host genome by integrase activity.
● Integrated DNA lie dormant in latent stage and require certain transcription
factor activators like NF-kB (expressed by activated T cells) to be present.
(Cells most likely to be killed by HIV are the ones fighting infection).
● Integrated DNA provirus transcribed into RNA --> RNA splicing to result in
mature mRNA --> exported into cytoplasm --> translation of viral regulatory
proteins Tet and Rev.
● Some of them bind to mature mRNA allowing them to serve as new viral
genome while some synthesize components of viral coatings and help in
packaging the genome into the capsid and envelope (gag-env).
13. Viral Replication Cycle (ctd.)
3. Recombination:
● Rapid recombination events (2-20 times per relication
cycle) between the two copies of ss(+) RNA of viral
genome.
● Copy-choice Recombination : During reverse transcription,
nascent cDNA can switch multiple imes between the two
RNA stands.
● Evolutionarily significant in developing resistance to anti-
retroviral therapy.
● Mechanism of recombination is an adaptive measure for
tackling damage caused due to reactive oxygen species
produced by ongoing infection.
14. Viral Replication Cycle (ctd.)
4. Assembly and Release:
● Assembly of HIV-1 virions occur in plasma membrane of host
cell.
● Env polypeptide assemly in Golgi-ER pathway, gp160 cleaved
into gp120 and gp41 by furin.
● Gp41 and gp120 transported to membrane where gp41 anchors
gp120 to the membrane.
● Gag(p55) and Gag-Pol(p160) proteins also associate with inner
membrane along with HIV genomic RNA (budding virus).
● Assemble of all virus components after cleavage of gag proteins
into structural components of matrix, capsid and envelope.
● Release of mature HIV after cellular lysis.
16. Viral Replication Cycle (ctd.)
5. Spread within the Body:
● Hybrid spreading Mechanisms: Cell to cell spread and cell free
spread.
● Cell free spread: Virus particles from an infected cell bud out,
released into the body fluid, attack another healthy cell and infect
that new cell (involves a chance factor).
● Cell-to-cell spread: Two mechanisms – either by formation of
virological synapse between two closely packed cells, one of which
is infected or when an APC transmit HIV to T cell which involves
productive infection or capture and tansfer of virions in trans.
● Dual mechanisms (cell-to-cell spread more effective than cell free
spread) allow more stringent infection and evolution of species that
are resistant to the anti-retroviral drugs due to the vast diversity
generated.
18. Diagnosis
● Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HIV-
1 antibodies. Non-reactive result --> HIV -ve.
● Reactive Result --> Duplicated.
● Confirmatory test by Western Blot or Immunofluorescence
assay.
● Modern day assays:
i) HIV-1(+) & HIV-2(-): HIV-1 antibodies detected.
ii) HIV-1(-) & HIV-2(+): HIV-2 antibodies detected.
Iii) HIV-1(+) &HIV-2(+): HIV antibodies detected.
iv) HIV-1(-) & HIV-2(- or indeterminate) : Nucleic acid test to
detect acute infection of HIV-1 or its absence.
19. Fig: Generalized graph of the relationship
between viral load and CD4 count over average
course of untreated HIV infection
20. Fig: HIV deaths in 2014 in different
countries other than US
22. AIDS
● Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.
● Acute stage of HIV infection, symptoms arise 8-10
years after HIV infection.
● Due to destruction of CD4(+) T cells, the body is prone to
life threatening infections and cancers.
● Diagnosis of AIDS: AIDS defining condition and CD4
count below 200cells/mm3.
● Symptoms: HIV related encephalopathy,
Cytomegalovirus Retinopathy (associated with
blindness), Pneumocystis jeroviciae Pneumonia, Chronic
Intestinal Sporoidiosis, Invasive Cervical Cancer etc.