Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as an ocular route to administer. Depending on the condition being treated, they may contain steroids, antihistamines, sympathomimetics, beta receptor blockers, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, prostaglandins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, antifungal, or topical anesthetics. Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions. Eye drops have less of a risk of side effects than do oral medicines, and such risk can be minimized by occluding the lacrimal punctum, (i.e. pressing on the inner corner of the eye) for a short while after instilling drops. Eye drops are also used for stopping itching and redness of the eyes

1. PREPARED BY :-
BHASKAR DEWANGAN
B. Pharmacy
University Institute Of Pharmacy
Pt. R. S. University, Raipur(C.G.)
Ophthalmic
Solutions and
Suspensions

2.  Ophthalmic drug delivery
 Pharmaceutic requirements
 Packaging ophthalmic solutions and
suspensions
 Proper administration of ophthalmic solutions
and suspensions

3. infections
allergic or inflammation
elevated intraocular pressure
dry-eye

4. Special consideration for ophthalmic
preparations:
 sterility
 preservation
 isotonicity
 buffering
 viscosity
 ocular bioavailability and packaging

5.  Ophthalmic solutions/suspensions could be
sterilized by
- autoclaving at 121C for 15 minutes
- bacterial filters
 To maintain sterility during patient use,
antimicrobial preservatives generally are
included in ophthalmic formulations.

6. The preservatives used in ophthalmic
solutions/suspensions are
 benzalkonium chloride , 0.004-0.01%;
 benzethonium chloride, 0.01%;
 chlorobutanol, 0.5%;
 phenylmercuric acetate, 0.004%;
 phenylmercuric nitrite, 0.004%;
 thimerosal, 0.005-0.01%

7.  Isotonic solution: a solution that has the
same salt concentration as the normal cells
of the body and the blood.
 Hypotonic, solutions with a lower osmotic
pressure than body fluids or a 0.9% sodium
chloride solution are commonly referred to
as hypotonic.
 Hypertonic, solutions have a greater osmotic
pressure are termed hypertonic.

8.  Boric acid has a molecular weight of 61.8, and thus
61.8 g in 1000 g of water should produce a freezing
point of -1.86C. therefore:
1.86(C )/0.52(C )=61.8 (g)/x(g)
X=17.3 g
 17.3 g of boric acid in 1000g of water theoretically
should produce a solution isosmotic with tears and
blood.

9. The aims for adjusting the pH of an
ophthalmic preparation:
 for greater comfort to the eye;
 to render the formulation more stable;
 to enhance the aqueous solubility of the drug;
 to enhance the drug’s bioavailability;
 to maximize preservative efficacy.

10.  The pH of normal tears is considered to be about
7.4.
 For maximum comfort, an ophthalmic solution
should have the same pH as the lacrimal fluid.
 A compromise pH is generally selected for solution
and maintained by buffers to permit the greatest
activity while maintaining stability.

11.  Viscosity for ophthalmic solutions is
considered optimal in the range of 15 to 25
cps.
 In the preparation of ophthalmic solutions, a
suitable grade of methylcellulose or other
thickening agent (hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol) is
frequently added to increase the viscosity.

12. There are physiologic factors which can
affect a drug’s ocular bioavailability,
including
 protein binding,
 drug metabolism
 lacrimal drainage

13. Soft plastic containers
2, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 30 mL

14.  wash hands thoroughly
 inspect for color and clarity
 be shaken thoroughly prior to
administration (ophthalmic
suspensions)
 not to touch the dropper to the
eye, eyelid or any other surface

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