Harvard vs Von Neumann Architecture
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Computer Science - Harvard and Von Neumann Architecture The aspects of both architectures are highlighted through the presentation along with their advantages and disadvantages.
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Von Neumann vs Harvard Architecture
The Von Neumann and Harvard architectures are two common computer architectures. The Von Neumann architecture uses a single memory to store both programs and data, accessed via a shared bus, while the Harvard architecture separates memory and uses two separate buses for program and data access. The Von Neumann architecture has advantages of simpler design and lower cost while the Harvard allows parallel instruction and data processing but has higher development costs. They differ primarily in their memory structure and bus configurations.
ROM(Read Only Memory )
ROM(Read Only Memory ) is computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
Memory system
The document discusses various types of computer memory technologies, including RAM types like DRAM, SRAM, DDR, DDR2, and DDR3. It explains the memory hierarchy from registers to cache to main memory to disks. Key points covered include how DRAM works using capacitors that must be periodically refreshed, advantages of SDRAM over regular DRAM like pipelining commands. Generations of DDR memory are compared in terms of clock speeds, data rates, and other features.
Processors
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
Bus aribration
Bus arbitration is the process of determining which device will become the bus master when multiple devices request access to the bus simultaneously. There are two main types of bus arbitration: centralized arbitration and distributed arbitration. Centralized arbitration uses a single bus controller to manage arbitration, while distributed arbitration allows each device to perform self-arbitration without a central controller. Bus arbitration is needed to avoid conflicts when multiple devices like the CPU and DMA controllers need simultaneous access to the bus. Direct memory access (DMA) allows high-speed transfer of large blocks of data between peripherals and memory without using the CPU.
Computer memory
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
register
Registers are small data holding places within a computer's processor. They typically hold instructions, addresses, or data and perform fetch, decode, and execute functions. The main types of registers include memory address registers, memory data registers, index registers, general purpose registers, program counters, pointer registers, accumulator registers, stack control registers, and flag registers. Flag registers in particular contain status flags that indicate conditions like carry, zero, or overflow from executed instructions.
Random access memory
This document provides an overview of random access memory (RAM). It discusses that RAM is a type of volatile memory used to store running programs and data. The document outlines the history, technologies, components, types (SRAM and DRAM), capacities, manufacturers, and advantages/disadvantages of RAM. It also includes diagrams of a RAM block and the positioning and structure of RAM modules.
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Von Neumann vs Harvard Architecture
The Von Neumann and Harvard architectures are two common computer architectures. The Von Neumann architecture uses a single memory to store both programs and data, accessed via a shared bus, while the Harvard architecture separates memory and uses two separate buses for program and data access. The Von Neumann architecture has advantages of simpler design and lower cost while the Harvard allows parallel instruction and data processing but has higher development costs. They differ primarily in their memory structure and bus configurations.
ROM(Read Only Memory )
ROM(Read Only Memory ) is computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
Memory system
The document discusses various types of computer memory technologies, including RAM types like DRAM, SRAM, DDR, DDR2, and DDR3. It explains the memory hierarchy from registers to cache to main memory to disks. Key points covered include how DRAM works using capacitors that must be periodically refreshed, advantages of SDRAM over regular DRAM like pipelining commands. Generations of DDR memory are compared in terms of clock speeds, data rates, and other features.
Processors
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
Bus aribration
Bus arbitration is the process of determining which device will become the bus master when multiple devices request access to the bus simultaneously. There are two main types of bus arbitration: centralized arbitration and distributed arbitration. Centralized arbitration uses a single bus controller to manage arbitration, while distributed arbitration allows each device to perform self-arbitration without a central controller. Bus arbitration is needed to avoid conflicts when multiple devices like the CPU and DMA controllers need simultaneous access to the bus. Direct memory access (DMA) allows high-speed transfer of large blocks of data between peripherals and memory without using the CPU.
Computer memory
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
register
Registers are small data holding places within a computer's processor. They typically hold instructions, addresses, or data and perform fetch, decode, and execute functions. The main types of registers include memory address registers, memory data registers, index registers, general purpose registers, program counters, pointer registers, accumulator registers, stack control registers, and flag registers. Flag registers in particular contain status flags that indicate conditions like carry, zero, or overflow from executed instructions.
Random access memory
This document provides an overview of random access memory (RAM). It discusses that RAM is a type of volatile memory used to store running programs and data. The document outlines the history, technologies, components, types (SRAM and DRAM), capacities, manufacturers, and advantages/disadvantages of RAM. It also includes diagrams of a RAM block and the positioning and structure of RAM modules.
Internal memory
A computer uses a hierarchy of internal and external memory systems. Internal memory includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which provide fast access but are more expensive per byte. RAM allows independent access to each memory location and is used for main memory. ROM permanently stores data and is used for boot programs. Cached memory uses SRAM for faster access than RAM. External memory includes hard disks and USB drives, which provide large, inexpensive storage but are much slower to access.
Memory organisation ppt final presentation
Memory is an essential component of computers that is used to store programs and data. Computers typically have three levels of memory: main memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. Main memory is fast memory that stores programs and data being executed. Secondary memory is permanent storage for programs and data used less frequently. Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for faster access. Memory is also classified by location, access method, volatility, and type. The different types include registers, main memory, secondary memory, cache memory, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
Memory organization (Computer architecture)
Memory is organized in a hierarchy with different levels providing trade-offs between speed and cost.
- Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for fastest access.
- Main memory (RAM) is where active programs and data reside and is faster than auxiliary memory but more expensive.
- Auxiliary memory (disks, tapes) provides backup storage and is slower than main memory but larger and cheaper.
Virtual memory manages this hierarchy through address translation techniques like paging that map virtual addresses to physical locations, allowing programs to access more memory than physically available. When data is needed from auxiliary memory a page fault occurs and page replacement algorithms determine what data to remove from main memory.
Computer organization memory
The document discusses the memory system in computers including main memory, cache memory, and different types of memory chips. It provides details on the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the different levels of memory hierarchy including main memory, cache memory, and auxiliary memory. It describes the basic concepts of memory including addressing schemes, memory access time, and memory cycle time. Examples of different types of memory chips are discussed such as SRAM, DRAM, ROM, and cache memory organization and mapping techniques.
Random Access Memory ppt
RAM allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. There are two main types: static RAM and dynamic RAM. Static RAM keeps data without refreshing but is more expensive, while dynamic RAM needs refreshing but is cheaper. RAM is a temporary memory that does not store data permanently once power is turned off. Future RAM technologies aim to provide smaller, faster, and cheaper memory chips compared to today's options like DDR3 RAM.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices.
Primary memory (main memory)
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It holds the data and instructions currently being processed. Primary memory is generally made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is removed, while ROM retains its data permanently. There are different types of RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR that have evolved over time. ROM includes mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash ROM, which have different characteristics regarding read/write capabilities and whether they need power to retain data.
Stored program concept
for the students who are learning computer organisation as their subject of study and will be too helpful for them
Types of rom
There are three main types of ROM: PROM, which can be programmed once using a special device; EPROM, which can be erased and reprogrammed using ultraviolet light; and EEPROM, which can be electrically erased and reprogrammed and is commonly used on circuit boards to store small amounts of data and instructions.
Computer Memory
This document provides an overview of computer memory. It discusses the different types of memory including internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is further divided into DRAM and SRAM. ROM includes PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash ROM. The document also describes the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest as registers, cache memory, main memory, and secondary storage. Cache memory is introduced between CPU and main memory to improve system performance.
Memory organization in computer architecture
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
Programed I/O Modul..
This document discusses programmed input/output (I/O) mode for data transfer. It explains that programmed I/O involves (1) the program waiting for the device to signal ready status by repeatedly testing status bits before each transfer, and (2) data is only transferred once the other end is ready. While this ensures the processor is dedicated to I/O, it can result in prolonged wait states which are inappropriate for asynchronous devices that can trigger events unpredictably, like keyboards. The document provides examples of reading and writing data using programmed I/O mode.
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Hierarchy
The memory unit is an essential component in any digital computer since it is needed for storing programs and data
Not all accumulated information is needed by the CPU at the same time
Therefore, it is more economical to use low-cost storage devices to serve as a backup for storing the information that is not currently used by CPU
auxiliary memory
main memory
cache memory
RAM– Random Access memory
Random Access Memory Types
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
Ram and-rom-chips
RAM is the main memory that allows bidirectional transfer of data via its data bus. It has a capacity of 128 bytes addressed by a 7-bit address. ROM can only read and can store more data than RAM in the same size chip. A memory address map assigns addresses to RAM and ROM chips. RAM uses address lines 1-7 and is selected by address lines 8-9 through a decoder. ROM uses address lines 1-9 and is selected by address line 10.
Computer architecture and organization
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
Introduction to Microcontroller
The document discusses microcontrollers, including:
- What a microcontroller is, its basic anatomy and how it works to serve as a bridge between the physical and digital worlds.
- The main components of a microcontroller including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, timers, and ADC/DAC.
- Types of microcontrollers such as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit varieties as well as external vs embedded memory architectures.
- Popular microcontroller families like 8051, PIC, AVR, and ARM.
- Applications of microcontrollers in devices like home appliances, industrial equipment, and computers.
memory hierarchy
This document discusses the memory hierarchy in computers. It begins by explaining that computer memory is organized in a pyramid structure from fastest and smallest memory (cache) to slower and larger auxiliary memory. The main types of memory discussed are RAM, ROM, cache memory, and auxiliary storage. RAM is further divided into SRAM and DRAM. The document provides details on the characteristics of each memory type including access speed, volatility, capacity and cost. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like RAM, ROM, cache levels and auxiliary devices. Virtual memory is also briefly introduced at the end.
Computer Organization : CPU, Memory and I/O organization
This document provides information on CPU, memory, and I/O organization. It begins with an overview of the main components of a computer including the processor unit, memory unit, and input/output unit. It then describes the CPU in more detail including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and CPU block diagram. The document discusses the system bus and its various lines. It also covers CPU registers, instruction cycles, and status and control flags. The document provides an overview of instruction set architecture and compares RISC and CISC processor designs.
Internal memory
The document summarizes different types of computer memory. It describes RAM as volatile memory that can be randomly accessed. There are two main types of RAM: DRAM uses capacitors and must be refreshed, while SRAM uses flip-flops and does not need refreshing. The document also discusses cache memory, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, memory organization, errors and interleaving.
13.computer buses
Computer buses are conducting wires that carry electrical signals between computer system components. There are three main types of computer buses: data buses carry data between components using parallel lines and are bidirectional; address buses carry address signals using parallel lines in a unidirectional fashion; and control buses use a single line to unidirectionally carry control signals like read/write indicators between the processor and other components.
Von Neumann Architecture
The Von Neumann architecture is a design for digital computers that features a memory that can store both data and programs. In 1945, Jon Von Neumann proposed a more flexible computer architecture where the program processing the data would also be stored in the same memory. This allowed computers to be reprogrammed more easily by changing the stored program, rather than rewiring the entire machine. The key features of the Von Neumann architecture include a memory to hold data and programs, input/output systems for user interaction, an arithmetic logic unit to perform calculations, and a control unit to manage program execution and data movement in memory.
N301 Von Neumann Architecture
The document discusses the von Neumann architecture, which is still the fundamental design of modern computers. It introduced the concept of a stored program, where both program instructions and data are stored in memory. This allows programs to be changed by modifying memory contents rather than rewiring the computer. The von Neumann architecture uses four main components - memory, input/output, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit - connected by a bus. The control unit directs the fetching and executing of instructions from memory in sequential order through the other components.
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Internal memory
A computer uses a hierarchy of internal and external memory systems. Internal memory includes RAM, ROM, and cache, which provide fast access but are more expensive per byte. RAM allows independent access to each memory location and is used for main memory. ROM permanently stores data and is used for boot programs. Cached memory uses SRAM for faster access than RAM. External memory includes hard disks and USB drives, which provide large, inexpensive storage but are much slower to access.
Memory organisation ppt final presentation
Memory is an essential component of computers that is used to store programs and data. Computers typically have three levels of memory: main memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. Main memory is fast memory that stores programs and data being executed. Secondary memory is permanent storage for programs and data used less frequently. Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for faster access. Memory is also classified by location, access method, volatility, and type. The different types include registers, main memory, secondary memory, cache memory, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
Memory organization (Computer architecture)
Memory is organized in a hierarchy with different levels providing trade-offs between speed and cost.
- Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for fastest access.
- Main memory (RAM) is where active programs and data reside and is faster than auxiliary memory but more expensive.
- Auxiliary memory (disks, tapes) provides backup storage and is slower than main memory but larger and cheaper.
Virtual memory manages this hierarchy through address translation techniques like paging that map virtual addresses to physical locations, allowing programs to access more memory than physically available. When data is needed from auxiliary memory a page fault occurs and page replacement algorithms determine what data to remove from main memory.
Computer organization memory
The document discusses the memory system in computers including main memory, cache memory, and different types of memory chips. It provides details on the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the different levels of memory hierarchy including main memory, cache memory, and auxiliary memory. It describes the basic concepts of memory including addressing schemes, memory access time, and memory cycle time. Examples of different types of memory chips are discussed such as SRAM, DRAM, ROM, and cache memory organization and mapping techniques.
Random Access Memory ppt
RAM allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. There are two main types: static RAM and dynamic RAM. Static RAM keeps data without refreshing but is more expensive, while dynamic RAM needs refreshing but is cheaper. RAM is a temporary memory that does not store data permanently once power is turned off. Future RAM technologies aim to provide smaller, faster, and cheaper memory chips compared to today's options like DDR3 RAM.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices.
Primary memory (main memory)
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It holds the data and instructions currently being processed. Primary memory is generally made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is removed, while ROM retains its data permanently. There are different types of RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR that have evolved over time. ROM includes mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash ROM, which have different characteristics regarding read/write capabilities and whether they need power to retain data.
Stored program concept
for the students who are learning computer organisation as their subject of study and will be too helpful for them
Types of rom
There are three main types of ROM: PROM, which can be programmed once using a special device; EPROM, which can be erased and reprogrammed using ultraviolet light; and EEPROM, which can be electrically erased and reprogrammed and is commonly used on circuit boards to store small amounts of data and instructions.
Computer Memory
This document provides an overview of computer memory. It discusses the different types of memory including internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is further divided into DRAM and SRAM. ROM includes PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash ROM. The document also describes the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest as registers, cache memory, main memory, and secondary storage. Cache memory is introduced between CPU and main memory to improve system performance.
Memory organization in computer architecture
Memory organization in computer architecture
Volatile Memory
Non-Volatile Memory
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Access Methods
Random Access
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Main Memory
DRAM
SRAM
NVRAM
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Cache Memory
Hit Ratio
Associative Memory
Programed I/O Modul..
This document discusses programmed input/output (I/O) mode for data transfer. It explains that programmed I/O involves (1) the program waiting for the device to signal ready status by repeatedly testing status bits before each transfer, and (2) data is only transferred once the other end is ready. While this ensures the processor is dedicated to I/O, it can result in prolonged wait states which are inappropriate for asynchronous devices that can trigger events unpredictably, like keyboards. The document provides examples of reading and writing data using programmed I/O mode.
Memory Hierarchy
Memory Hierarchy
The memory unit is an essential component in any digital computer since it is needed for storing programs and data
Not all accumulated information is needed by the CPU at the same time
Therefore, it is more economical to use low-cost storage devices to serve as a backup for storing the information that is not currently used by CPU
auxiliary memory
main memory
cache memory
RAM– Random Access memory
Random Access Memory Types
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
ROM(Read Only Memory)
Ram and-rom-chips
RAM is the main memory that allows bidirectional transfer of data via its data bus. It has a capacity of 128 bytes addressed by a 7-bit address. ROM can only read and can store more data than RAM in the same size chip. A memory address map assigns addresses to RAM and ROM chips. RAM uses address lines 1-7 and is selected by address lines 8-9 through a decoder. ROM uses address lines 1-9 and is selected by address line 10.
Computer architecture and organization
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
Introduction to Microcontroller
The document discusses microcontrollers, including:
- What a microcontroller is, its basic anatomy and how it works to serve as a bridge between the physical and digital worlds.
- The main components of a microcontroller including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, timers, and ADC/DAC.
- Types of microcontrollers such as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit varieties as well as external vs embedded memory architectures.
- Popular microcontroller families like 8051, PIC, AVR, and ARM.
- Applications of microcontrollers in devices like home appliances, industrial equipment, and computers.
memory hierarchy
This document discusses the memory hierarchy in computers. It begins by explaining that computer memory is organized in a pyramid structure from fastest and smallest memory (cache) to slower and larger auxiliary memory. The main types of memory discussed are RAM, ROM, cache memory, and auxiliary storage. RAM is further divided into SRAM and DRAM. The document provides details on the characteristics of each memory type including access speed, volatility, capacity and cost. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like RAM, ROM, cache levels and auxiliary devices. Virtual memory is also briefly introduced at the end.
Computer Organization : CPU, Memory and I/O organization
This document provides information on CPU, memory, and I/O organization. It begins with an overview of the main components of a computer including the processor unit, memory unit, and input/output unit. It then describes the CPU in more detail including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and CPU block diagram. The document discusses the system bus and its various lines. It also covers CPU registers, instruction cycles, and status and control flags. The document provides an overview of instruction set architecture and compares RISC and CISC processor designs.
Internal memory
The document summarizes different types of computer memory. It describes RAM as volatile memory that can be randomly accessed. There are two main types of RAM: DRAM uses capacitors and must be refreshed, while SRAM uses flip-flops and does not need refreshing. The document also discusses cache memory, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, memory organization, errors and interleaving.
13.computer buses
Computer buses are conducting wires that carry electrical signals between computer system components. There are three main types of computer buses: data buses carry data between components using parallel lines and are bidirectional; address buses carry address signals using parallel lines in a unidirectional fashion; and control buses use a single line to unidirectionally carry control signals like read/write indicators between the processor and other components.
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Computer Organization : CPU, Memory and I/O organization
Computer Organization : CPU, Memory and I/O organization
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Von Neumann Architecture
The Von Neumann architecture is a design for digital computers that features a memory that can store both data and programs. In 1945, Jon Von Neumann proposed a more flexible computer architecture where the program processing the data would also be stored in the same memory. This allowed computers to be reprogrammed more easily by changing the stored program, rather than rewiring the entire machine. The key features of the Von Neumann architecture include a memory to hold data and programs, input/output systems for user interaction, an arithmetic logic unit to perform calculations, and a control unit to manage program execution and data movement in memory.
N301 Von Neumann Architecture
The document discusses the von Neumann architecture, which is still the fundamental design of modern computers. It introduced the concept of a stored program, where both program instructions and data are stored in memory. This allows programs to be changed by modifying memory contents rather than rewiring the computer. The von Neumann architecture uses four main components - memory, input/output, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit - connected by a bus. The control unit directs the fetching and executing of instructions from memory in sequential order through the other components.
Von neumann architecture
This is a slide made to help people understand the basic structure of computer..(it was a forward mail by my teacher)
Von Neumann Architecture
The Von Neumann architecture is characterized by its serial processing nature, fetch-decode-execute cycle, and use of a common bus. It has four main components: a processor, memory, I/O devices, and secondary storage. The processor contains an arithmetic logic unit and control unit, and uses registers like the program counter, memory address register, and accumulator. Instructions are fetched from memory one at a time by the processor and executed sequentially, limiting processor speed.
Read & write
The document discusses read and write operations in computer memory. A write operation transfers the address and data to the memory lines and activates the write control line. A read operation transfers the address and activates the read control line. The memory enable line determines if a read or write occurs based on whether the read/write line is set to 0 or 1. Memory stores data in n-bit words that can be accessed using k address lines, with data input and output lines transferring data during write and read operations respectively.
IS 139 Lecture 2
This document describes the different levels of the computer hierarchy. It begins with the user level (Level 6) and high-level language level (Level 5) where users interact. It then describes lower levels including the assembly language level (Level 4), system software level (Level 3), machine level (Level 2), control level (Level 1), and digital logic level (Level 0) where circuits are implemented. The document also explains the von Neumann model of stored-program computers and how they fetch, decode, and execute instructions in sequential order. Improvements to von Neumann models include adding additional processors for increased computational power.
Processors used in System on chip
The document provides information about the CISC and RISC instruction set architectures. It discusses key characteristics of CISC such as using microcode, building rich instruction sets, and high-level instruction sets. Characteristics of RISC architectures include uniform instruction format, identical general purpose registers, and simple addressing modes. The document also compares CISC and RISC, discusses the von Neumann architecture and its bottleneck, and provides an overview of the Harvard architecture and soft processors. It provides details about IBM's PowerPC architecture and the PPC405Fx embedded processor.
Harvard architecture
The Harvard architecture stores instructions and data in separate physical memory units. It originated from the Harvard Mark I computer which stored instructions on punched tape and data in electromechanical counters. In the Harvard architecture, the instruction and data memories can differ in width, timing, technology and addressing structures. Modern CPU designs often use a modified Harvard architecture, where the CPU contains separate instruction and data caches to enable high performance despite slower main memory access times.
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Computer Structure Slides
The document discusses the structure and components of a basic computer processor. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The processor contains three main parts - the control unit, registers, and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The control unit controls the operation of the registers and ALU. The registers store instructions and memory addresses, while the ALU performs calculations. The processor is connected to main memory and input/output devices via address, data, and control buses which transfer information between these components.
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Harvard architecture
The Harvard architecture stores instructions and data in separate physical memory units. It originated from the Harvard Mark I computer which stored instructions on punched tape and data in electromechanical counters. In the Harvard architecture, the instruction and data memories can differ in width, timing, technology and addressing structures. Modern CPUs often use a modified Harvard architecture, containing separate instruction and data caches to improve speed by allowing parallel memory access.
Buses in a computer
Buses transfer data and communication signals within a computer. They allow different components like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices to exchange information. The bus width and clock speed determine how much data can be transferred at once and how quickly. Wider buses and faster clock speeds improve performance by allowing more data to be processed in less time. A computer has several types of buses that connect different internal components like the processor, cache, and expansion ports.
Computer system bus
The main Objective of this presentation is to define computer buses , especially system bus . which is consists of data bus , address bus and control bus.
EASA PART-66 MODULE 5.4 : DATA BUSES
Slide for student who want to take EASA part66 exam
Other note you can get at
http://part66.blogspot.com
Types Of Buses
The document discusses several computer bus architectures used to connect components internally in a computer system, including ISA, EISA, VESA Local Bus (VLB), PCI, PCI-X, PCI Express, and RS-232. The ISA bus was introduced in 1981 as a 16-bit standard but has been replaced by newer standards capable of higher data transfer speeds such as 32-bit EISA, VLB, and PCI, as well as serial standards PCI Express and USB. Each new standard aimed to offer improvements in speed, functionality and compatibility over older designs.
Control unit
The control unit is responsible for controlling the flow of data and operations in a computer. It generates timing and control signals to coordinate the arithmetic logic unit, memory, and other components. Control units can be implemented using either hardwired or microprogrammed logic. A hardwired control unit uses combinational logic circuits like gates and flip-flops to directly generate control signals, while a microprogrammed control unit stores control sequences as microprograms in a control memory and executes them step-by-step using microinstructions. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages related to speed, flexibility, cost, and complexity of implementation.
Intro to Buses (Computer Architecture)
Buses are systems that transfer data between computer components like the CPU, memory, and expansion cards. The main types of buses are the front-side bus between the CPU and memory, and expansion buses like PCI and PCIe that connect add-on cards. Buses reduce the number of pathways needed to connect components by using a single channel. Faster buses allow for higher bandwidth and improved performance. Newer standards like PCIe use point-to-point connections to avoid bottlenecks and enable much faster data transfer rates compared to older bus architectures.
Life Beyond the Illusion of Present
Video: https://www.parleys.com/tutorial/life-beyond-illusion-present
Summary: The idea of the present is an illusion. Everything we see, hear and feel is just an echo from the past. But this illusion has influenced us and the way we view the world in so many ways; from Newton’s physics with a linearly progressing timeline accruing absolute knowledge along the way to the von Neumann machine with its total ordering of instructions updating mutable state with full control of the “present”. But unfortunately this is not how the world works. There is no present, all we have is facts derived from the merging of multiple pasts. The truth is closer to Einstein’s physics where everything is relative to one’s perspective.
As developers we need to wake up and break free from the perceived reality of living in a single globally consistent present. The advent of multicore and cloud computing architectures meant that most applications today are distributed systems—multiple cores separated by the memory bus or multiple nodes separated by the network—which puts a harsh end to this illusion. Facts travel at the speed of light (at best), which makes the distinction between past and perceived present even more apparent in a distributed system where latency is higher and where facts (messages) can get lost.
The only way to design truly scalable and performant systems that can construct a sufficiently consistent view of history—and thereby our local “present”—is by treating time as a first class construct in our programming model and to model the present as facts derived from the merging of multiple concurrent pasts.
In this talk we will explore what all this means to the design of our systems, how we need to view and model consistency, consensus, communication, history and behaviour, and look at some practical tools and techniques to bring it all together.
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This is a brief introductory lecture I conducted on von Neumann Architecture. Von Neumann is a fundamental computer hardware architecture based on the store program concept, designed by John von Neumann.
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The von Neumann architecture is a stored program architecture that uses a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output interfaces. It introduced the concept of storing both program instructions and data in memory. The CPU contains a control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers. The control unit fetches instructions from memory and directs data flow. The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations. Registers temporarily store data and instructions. Buses connect the main components and transfer data and instructions throughout the system. This architecture enables computers to be reprogrammable and laid the foundation for modern computer design.
Introduction to Embedded System
this presentation provides a very good information about Embedded and Computer Architecture
Written By Eng: Zakriua Gomma
Basics of micro controllers for biginners
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the basic architecture of microprocessors, including the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It compares RISC and CISC instruction sets. Microcontrollers are defined as single-chip computers containing a CPU, memory, and I/O ports. Common PIC microcontrollers are described along with their characteristics such as speed, memory types, and analog/digital capabilities. The document also outlines best practices for selecting a suitable microcontroller for a project, including identifying hardware interfaces, memory needs, programming tools, and cost/power constraints.
CSA unit5.pptx
Parallel computing involves using multiple processing units simultaneously to solve computational problems. It can save time by solving large problems or providing concurrency. The basic design involves memory storing program instructions and data, and a CPU fetching instructions from memory and sequentially performing them. Flynn's taxonomy classifies computer systems based on their instruction and data streams as SISD, SIMD, MISD, or MIMD. Parallel architectures can also be classified based on their memory arrangement as shared memory or distributed memory systems.
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This document provides an overview of high performance computing infrastructures. It discusses parallel architectures including multi-core processors and graphical processing units. It also covers cluster computing, which connects multiple computers to increase processing power, and grid computing, which shares resources across administrative domains. The key aspects covered are parallelism, memory architectures, and technologies used to implement clusters like Message Passing Interface.
Von neumann architecture
The document discusses the Von Neumann architecture, which was developed by mathematician John von Neumann. It describes the basic concepts of the Von Neumann architecture, which includes storing program instructions in memory along with data. The key components are the I/O interfaces, central processing unit (CPU), and memory, connected by buses. The CPU contains a control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers. The Von Neumann architecture is still used in modern computers today due to its advantages of simplicity, though it also has disadvantages like serial processing.
Parallel & Distributed processing
The document provides an introduction to high performance computing architectures. It discusses the von Neumann architecture that has been used in computers for over 40 years. It then explains Flynn's taxonomy, which classifies parallel computers based on whether their instruction and data streams are single or multiple. The main categories are SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD. It provides examples of computer architectures that fall under each classification. Finally, it discusses different parallel computer memory architectures, including shared memory, distributed memory, and hybrid models.
Embedded systems introduction
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as computing systems with tightly coupled hardware and software that are designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems have characteristics like reliability, efficiency, constrained resources, single-functionality, complex functionality where safety is critical. Common applications include automotive, telecommunications, consumer electronics, industrial equipment, medical devices, and more. The document outlines the design process for embedded systems including hardware/software partitioning and discusses processing engines like microprocessors and microcontrollers. It provides details on memory types, CPU architectures, and concludes with an overview of the software development process.
network ram parallel computing
This document summarizes a seminar on parallel computing. It defines parallel computing as performing multiple calculations simultaneously rather than consecutively. A parallel computer is described as a large collection of processing elements that can communicate and cooperate to solve problems fast. The document then discusses parallel architectures like shared memory, distributed memory, and shared distributed memory. It compares parallel computing to distributed computing and cluster computing. Finally, it discusses challenges in parallel computing like power constraints and programmability and provides examples of parallel applications like GPU processing and remote sensing.
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This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including:
1. It defines what a computer is and describes its core components - hardware, software, data, and users.
2. It discusses early pioneers in computer development like Charles Babbage and John Atanasoff.
3. It describes the basic hardware and software components of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory units, input/output devices, and how they interact.
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Lec 2 (parallel design and programming)
This document discusses parallel computing architectures and concepts. It begins by describing Von Neumann architecture and how parallel computers follow the same basic design but with multiple units. It then covers Flynn's taxonomy which classifies computers based on their instruction and data streams as Single Instruction Single Data (SISD), Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD), Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD), or Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD). Each classification is defined. The document also discusses parallel terminology, synchronization, scalability, and Amdahl's law on the costs and limits of parallel programming.
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Through this PPT you may learned about Operating System, Types of OS, History of OS, Operating System Software, Gives detailed information about Device Management, Memory Management, File Management
RTL new unit-1.pptx
The document provides an overview of the foundations of computer organization and design course. It discusses the following key topics:
- The syllabus covers digital computers, computer architecture, register transfer language, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic logic units, and computer organization.
- A block diagram of a digital computer's major components is presented, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output ports, and peripheral devices.
- The two main computer architectures - von Neumann and Harvard - are described and compared. The von Neumann architecture uses a shared memory bus while Harvard uses separate memory buses for instructions and data.
Mces MOD 1.pptx
The document discusses RISC design philosophy and how it relates to ARM processors. It aims to deliver simple but powerful instructions that execute in a single cycle at a high clock rate with reduced complexity handled by hardware. This allows for greater flexibility and intelligence to be provided in software rather than hardware. RISC follows four major design rules - reduced number of instructions, single cycle execution, fixed length instructions, and separate load/store architecture.
COMP-111 Past Paper 2022 complete Solution PU BS 4 Year Program
- SRAM is fixed on the processor or within memory and saves data when powered on, while DRAM is on the motherboard and needs periodic refreshing. DRAM is cheaper to produce and replaced SRAM.
- A computer virus is a malicious software that replicates itself and spreads, often damaging data, hardware or software. Common types are file infectors, boot sector viruses, macro viruses, polymorphic viruses, and worms.
- A graphics card generates and outputs visual images to a display. Integrated graphics are built-in while dedicated cards have their own memory and processing power for demanding tasks like gaming.
Chapter 4
The document discusses operating systems and their functions. It covers:
1) The OS acts as an interface between the user and hardware, allocating and managing resources like memory, CPU time, and I/O devices.
2) The OS supports application software, loads programs into memory, and transforms raw hardware into a usable machine.
3) Key functions of the OS include scheduling processes, managing memory, handling I/O, and allocating resources like the CPU. The OS allows for time-sharing of resources between multiple users and programs.
Ram and types of ram.Cache
The document discusses memory architectures including Harvard and Von Neumann architectures. It provides details on each:
- The Harvard architecture has separate memory for instructions and data allowing parallel access, but is more expensive.
- The Von Neumann architecture shares memory for instructions and data through a common bus, making it simpler but limiting parallelism.
- It also discusses memory types like RAM, SRAM, and DRAM and cache memory levels L1 and L2. RAM is volatile memory used for main memory, while SRAM is faster but more expensive and used for caches. DRAM is cheaper than SRAM but needs refresh cycles. Caches improve performance by storing recently used data and instructions from main memory.
12429908.ppt
This document discusses embedded and real-time systems. It covers several topics:
- The CPU bus, which forms the backbone of computer hardware systems and allows communication between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
- Memory components like DRAM, SRAM, and flash memory that are used in embedded systems.
- Designing embedded computing platforms, including considerations like system architectures, evaluation boards, and the PC as an embedded platform.
- Platform-level performance analysis through measuring aspects like bandwidth of the memory, bus, and CPU fetches when transferring data in the system.
Similar to Harvard vs Von Neumann Architecture (20)
COMP-111 Past Paper 2022 complete Solution PU BS 4 Year Program
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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- 1. Computer Science (A Level) Von Neumann Architecture
- 2. • The Von Neumann architecture has been incredibly successful, with most modern computers following the idea. • You will find the CPU chip of a personal computer holding a control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (along with some local memory) and the main memory is in the form of RAM sticks located on the motherboard. • Von Neumann architecture is also known as Stored-Program architecture. • The most important feature is the Memory that holds both data and program. • It is better for desktop computers, laptops, workstations and high performance computers. Von Neumann
- 3. Von Neumann Advantages • The control unit gets data and instructions in the same way from one memory. It simplifies design and development of the Control Unit. • Data from memory and from devices are accessed in the same way. • Development of Control Unit is cheaper and faster than Harvard. • Easy memory organisation for the user. • It is better for desktop computers, laptops, workstations and high performance computers. • The programs can be optimised in smaller size. • The code is executed serially and takes more clock cycles
- 4. Von Neumann Disadvantages • Bottlenecking is an issue because only one bit of information can be accessed at once • Confusion between data and instructions can lead to a system crash. • Instruction stored in the same memory as the data can be accidently rewritten by an error in a program. • Serial instruction processing does not allow parallel execution of the program. Parallel execution are simulated later by the Operating System. • Only handles one task at a time.
- 5. Computer Science (A Level) Harvard Architecture
- 6. • Harvard is a computer hardware with physically separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data. • The idea of the Harvard Architecture is to split the memory into two parts. One part for data and another part for programs. Each part is accessed with a different bus. This means the CPU can be fetching both data and instructions at the same time. • This architecture is sometimes used within the CPU to handle its caches, but it is less used with main memory because of complexity and cost. • It is used primary for small embedded computers and signal processing (DSP). Harvard
- 7. Harvard Advantages • It has two memories with two buses, this allows a parallel access to data and instructions • Data and instructions are accessed in the same way • Both memories can use different cell sizes
- 8. Harvard Disadvantages • Free data memory cannot be used for instructions and vice-versa • The program cannot write itself. • Development of the control unit is expensive and needs more time • Less chance of program corruption • Instead of one data bus there are now two. Which means more pins on the CPU, a more complex motherboard and doubling up on RAM chips as well as more complex cache design. This is why it is rarely used outside the CPU. • Production of a computer with two buses is expensive and needs more time