Fundamental of computer

1. COMPUTER APPLICATION PROJECT
By
JESHMI GANGULY
BWU/MBA/21/017

2. FUNDAMENTALS
OF
COMPUTER

3. What is Computer?
A computer is an electronic device used to process data.
• A computer can convert data into information.
• It has four distinct parts:
Hardware
Software
Data
User

4. FATHER OF COMPUTER
• English mathematician Charles Babbage
conceives of a steam-driven calculating
machine that would be able to compute tables
of numbers in 1822.
• The project, funded by the English
government, is a failure. More than a century
later, however, the world's first computer was
actually built.
• In 1941 Atanasoff and his graduate student,
Clifford Berry, design a computer that can
solve 29 equations simultaneously. This
marks the first time a computer is able to
store information on its main memory.

5. HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
• Computer hardware includes the
physical parts of a computer, such as the
case, central processing unit (CPU),
monitor, mouse, keyboard, ROM, RAM,
graphics card, sound card, motherboard
etc.
• Software is the set of instructions that
can be stored and run by hardware which
tells a computer how to work.
• Hardware is typically directed by the
software to execute any command or
instruction. A combination of hardware
and software forms a usable computing
system.

6. DATA
• DATA is a collection of independent and
unorganized raw facts, which computer
can manipulate and process to useful
information.
• Computers don’t understand words or
numbers the way humans do, it stores and
reads a data in the form of binary number.
• INFORMATION is the processed and
organized data presented in a meaningful
form.

7. BASIC HARDWARE OF A COMPUTER
• Motherboard
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory Unit
 Primary storage
 Secondary storage
 Cache Memory
 Register memory
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Secondary Storage Devices

8. Motherboard
• A motherboard is the main circuit
board inside a computer that contains
its basic circuitry, it connects the
different parts of a computer together.
• It is the backbone that ties the
computer's components at one spot
and allows them to talk to each other.
• Without it, none of the computer
pieces, such as the CPU, GPU, or hard
drive, could interact.
* BIOS is preinstalled in motherboard.

9. Central Processing Unit
• A Central processing unit (CPU),
also called a central processor, is
the electronic circuitry that executes
instructions comprising a computer
program.
• Principal components of a CPU
include the arithmetic–logic unit
(ALU) that performs arithmetic and
logic operations, Access store or
registers that supply operands to the
ALU and store the results of ALU
operations, and a control unit that
controls the flow of data within the
system.

10. Memory Unit – Primary Storage
• READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) it is
a non-volatile type of memory,
microprocessor can read from it
anytime but cannot write in it, ROM is
pre-programmed from the manufacturer
and contains a specialized program,
Basic Input Output System (BIOS).
• RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
(RAM) is used to store the programs
and data that you will run. Data exists
only when there is power i.e., volatile
memory.

11. Memory Unit – Secondary Storage
• A Hard disk is also known as a
hard drive or fixed disk. Hard disk
is a non-volatile storage device that
contains platters and magnetic
disks rotating at high speeds.
• SSD is also a non-volatile storage
medium. Unlike a hard drive, it
does not have moving components,
so it offers many advantages, such
as faster access time, noiseless
operation, less power consumption,
and more.
• Pendrive
• MicroSD
• CD
• DVD

12. Memory Unit – Cache Memory
• Cache memory is a high-speed
memory, which is small in size but
faster than the main memory (RAM).
The CPU can access it more quickly
than the primary memory. So, it is
used to synchronize with high-speed
CPU and to improve its performance.
• Cache memory can only be accessed
by CPU. It can be a reserved part of
the main memory or a storage device
outside the CPU. It holds the data
and programs which are frequently
used by the CPU.

13. Memory Unit – Register Memory
• Register memory is the smallest and
fastest memory in a computer. It is not a
part of the main memory and is located in
the CPU in the form of registers, which are
the smallest data holding elements.
• A register temporarily holds frequently
used data, instructions, and memory
address that are to be used by CPU. They
hold instructions that are currently
processed by the CPU.
• Registers hold a small amount of data
around 32 bits to 64 bits. The speed of a
CPU depends on the number and size (no.
of bits) of registers that are built into the
CPU..

14. Input Devices
• Any device that feeds data to a computer can be categorized as input
device, some examples are given below:
Keyboard, mouse, joystick, microphone, webcam ,etc.

15. Output Devices
• Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to our
requests and instructions.
• Monitor
• Audio Speakers
• Printer, etc.