The document summarizes the stages of stopping blood loss and the coagulation process. It discusses vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation of blood as the three main stages. It then provides more details on the factors involved in coagulation, the pathways, and disorders that can cause issues with coagulation like hemophilia.
Blood and its applied aspect related to oral healthRiddhikaKochar1
This document provides an overview of the composition, properties, and functions of blood. It discusses the main components of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Key points covered include the stages of erythropoiesis and hemostasis, properties of red blood cells and white blood cells, tests for blood clotting, blood groups, and pathological variations in blood counts and cell morphology.
Blood Anatomy and Physiology by Vikas Chouhanvikaschouhan17
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
The document discusses hematologic disorders and the hematopoietic system. It covers the main components and functions of blood, including transportation of gases, nutrients, and waste. The three major cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - are described. Common blood disorders like iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia are summarized, outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches.
The document summarizes key information about blood and its components. It discusses that blood is composed of plasma and blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions in oxygen transport, immunity, and hemostasis. The document also covers hematopoiesis, blood groups, coagulation, and normal blood values.
This document provides information on the components and functions of blood and urine, as well as abnormal conditions that can arise. It discusses the main components of blood including plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. For each, it describes their composition and role, as well as pathological states like anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia. The document also outlines normal and abnormal constituents of urine and diseases they can indicate such as diabetes, kidney damage, and jaundice.
This document discusses hematological disorders involving red blood cells, including anemia and polycythemia. It defines different types of anemia such as iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle cell anemia. For each type it discusses causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing considerations. It also covers polycythemia vera, defining it as a disorder where the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, and discusses its pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and treatment options.
1. The document discusses the composition and functions of blood. It describes the formed elements of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
2. The stages of erythropoiesis and factors affecting erythropoiesis are explained. Erythropoiesis occurs within the red bone marrow in adults and produces red blood cells through stem cell differentiation.
3. The functions of plasma and plasma proteins are outlined. Plasma proteins such as albumin help maintain colloid osmotic pressure and transport substances through the blood.
Blood and its applied aspect related to oral healthRiddhikaKochar1
This document provides an overview of the composition, properties, and functions of blood. It discusses the main components of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Key points covered include the stages of erythropoiesis and hemostasis, properties of red blood cells and white blood cells, tests for blood clotting, blood groups, and pathological variations in blood counts and cell morphology.
Blood Anatomy and Physiology by Vikas Chouhanvikaschouhan17
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
The document discusses hematologic disorders and the hematopoietic system. It covers the main components and functions of blood, including transportation of gases, nutrients, and waste. The three major cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - are described. Common blood disorders like iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia are summarized, outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches.
The document summarizes key information about blood and its components. It discusses that blood is composed of plasma and blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions in oxygen transport, immunity, and hemostasis. The document also covers hematopoiesis, blood groups, coagulation, and normal blood values.
This document provides information on the components and functions of blood and urine, as well as abnormal conditions that can arise. It discusses the main components of blood including plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. For each, it describes their composition and role, as well as pathological states like anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia. The document also outlines normal and abnormal constituents of urine and diseases they can indicate such as diabetes, kidney damage, and jaundice.
This document discusses hematological disorders involving red blood cells, including anemia and polycythemia. It defines different types of anemia such as iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle cell anemia. For each type it discusses causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing considerations. It also covers polycythemia vera, defining it as a disorder where the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, and discusses its pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, and treatment options.
1. The document discusses the composition and functions of blood. It describes the formed elements of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
2. The stages of erythropoiesis and factors affecting erythropoiesis are explained. Erythropoiesis occurs within the red bone marrow in adults and produces red blood cells through stem cell differentiation.
3. The functions of plasma and plasma proteins are outlined. Plasma proteins such as albumin help maintain colloid osmotic pressure and transport substances through the blood.
Blood is composed of plasma and three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis mainly in the bone marrow and spleen. Hemoglobin inside red blood cells transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, nutrient deficiencies, or diseases. Common types of anemia include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia from B12 or folate deficiencies, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia.
Blood functions include transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, and hormones. It also helps regulate pH, temperature, and water content of cells. Blood protects the body from blood loss via clotting and from foreign microbes via white blood cells. The components of blood include formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the fluid portion that contains water, proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, waste, enzymes, and hormones. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. Erythropoiesis involves the formation of red blood cells from stem cells in the bone marrow under the influence of the hormone ery
Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron needed to produce hemoglobin. It develops in stages starting with low iron stores, then reduced red blood cell production, and finally anemia when hemoglobin levels drop below normal. Symptoms include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath. It is diagnosed through blood tests measuring iron, ferritin and hemoglobin levels. Treatment focuses on increasing iron intake through an iron-rich diet, vitamin C to aid absorption, and iron supplements to restore normal iron levels in the body.
Body fluids and blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of
hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors,
transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.
This document contains information about blood and blood cells:
- The human circulatory system contains over 160,000 km of blood vessels. Red blood cells come in 4 main types (A, B, AB, O) and can be positive or negative.
- In an average lifetime, the human heart pumps enough blood to fill 200 train tank cars. Blood can be separated into components like red blood cells, plasma, platelets.
- Red blood cells have an average lifespan of 120 days before being destroyed and recycled by the body. The spleen and liver help break down old red blood cells.
The document discusses blood cells and hematopoiesis. It describes the three main blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It details their production rates, lifespans, and the process of hematopoiesis where they are formed in the bone marrow. The document also discusses erythropoiesis, the formation of red blood cells, and the factors that regulate and influence red blood cell production including erythropoietin and iron metabolism. It concludes by covering red blood cell properties and functions, as well as causes and types of anemia.
The document summarizes the clinical importance of various minerals in blood clotting. It discusses macrominerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate as well as microminerals like iron, copper, and zinc. For each mineral, it provides the normal levels in blood and consequences of deficiencies and excess levels, known as hypotremia/hypernatremia, hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia, and hypozincemia. It also discusses diseases related to mineral imbalances like Wilson's disease which causes copper accumulation. Overall, the document emphasizes that minerals are essential for proper blood clotting and maintaining normal physiological functions.
1. Hematologic disorders are those that produce quantitative or qualitative defects in blood cells or elements related to hemostasis.
2. Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and liver in early gestation, then shifts to the bone marrow by mid-gestation, where it remains the primary site of blood cell production after birth.
3. Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level below the reference level for age and sex, and can be caused by decreased production, increased destruction, or blood loss.
This document summarizes key information about red blood cells (RBCs), including their general features, composition, lifespan, counts in adults and newborns, functions in transporting gases, and regulation of erythropoiesis. It also covers RBC indices, the stages of erythropoiesis, factors that regulate RBC production, common anemias like iron deficiency and sickle cell anemia, jaundice, and physiological neonatal jaundice.
This document provides an outline for a course on blood disorders. It covers topics like anatomy and physiology of blood, hematologic studies, conditions like anemia, sickle cell anemia and leukemia. Specific types of anemia discussed in detail include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias (pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency), and aplastic anemia. Hemolytic anemia and sickle cell anemia are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of red blood cells (RBCs) and red blood cell disorders. It begins with an introduction to RBCs and their characteristics. It then discusses the history of RBC discovery. The document outlines RBC production (erythropoiesis), hemoglobin, and normal RBC measurements like erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume. Major sections cover RBC disorders like anemia, polycythemia, and conditions like iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Management approaches for certain disorders are also summarized.
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
1. The document discusses various blood diseases including different types of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic), their causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches.
2. Microcytic anemias like iron deficiency anemia result in small red blood cells, while macrocytic anemias from folate or B12 deficiency produce large cells. Normocytic anemias maintain normal cell size.
3. Diagnostic tests include complete blood counts and smears to identify cell types and sizes. Management involves treating the underlying cause, blood transfusions, and supplements.
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. White blood cells help protect the body from infection and disease. Platelets are cell fragments that help form blood clots to stop bleeding. Careful matching of blood types is important for safe transfusions, as incompatible blood can cause a dangerous immune response.
This presentation explains Physiology of blood, Variations in blood cells-Oral manifestations and Clinical importance, Blood groups and Transfusion of blood
The document provides an overview of tests used to assess the hematology system. It discusses the composition of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and hematopoiesis. Diagnostic tests are outlined including complete blood count, coagulation tests, platelet aggregation test, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase test, serum iron tests, bone marrow examination, lymph node biopsy, and radiological studies. The goal of these tests is to evaluate blood cellular components, clotting ability, and detect any abnormalities in the hematology system.
This document discusses various types of anemia, including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, hypolastic anemia, and haemolytic anemias. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type worldwide, caused by a lack of iron intake. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid, which are needed to produce new red blood cells. Pernicious anemia specifically results from a vitamin B12 deficiency. Hypolastic anemia occurs when bone marrow is damaged and unable to produce red blood cells. Haemolytic anemias cause premature destruction of red blood cells. The document also briefly covers polycythaemia,
This document provides an overview of blood disorders and their classification. It discusses red blood cell disorders such as polycythemia vera, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. It also covers white blood cell disorders, platelet disorders, coagulation disorders, and disease-related coagulopathies. The document defines each disorder, describes their signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment considerations, and oral health implications.
This document provides an overview of blood disorders, focusing on disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation. It begins with an introduction to blood and then covers specific disorders such as polycythemia vera, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and coagulation disorders. For each disorder, it discusses causes, clinical manifestations, oral manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment considerations. The document aims to give healthcare practitioners a comprehensive review of various blood disorders and their impacts.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Blood is composed of plasma and three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis mainly in the bone marrow and spleen. Hemoglobin inside red blood cells transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, nutrient deficiencies, or diseases. Common types of anemia include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia from B12 or folate deficiencies, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia.
Blood functions include transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, and hormones. It also helps regulate pH, temperature, and water content of cells. Blood protects the body from blood loss via clotting and from foreign microbes via white blood cells. The components of blood include formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the fluid portion that contains water, proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, waste, enzymes, and hormones. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. Erythropoiesis involves the formation of red blood cells from stem cells in the bone marrow under the influence of the hormone ery
Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron needed to produce hemoglobin. It develops in stages starting with low iron stores, then reduced red blood cell production, and finally anemia when hemoglobin levels drop below normal. Symptoms include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath. It is diagnosed through blood tests measuring iron, ferritin and hemoglobin levels. Treatment focuses on increasing iron intake through an iron-rich diet, vitamin C to aid absorption, and iron supplements to restore normal iron levels in the body.
Body fluids and blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of
hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors,
transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.
This document contains information about blood and blood cells:
- The human circulatory system contains over 160,000 km of blood vessels. Red blood cells come in 4 main types (A, B, AB, O) and can be positive or negative.
- In an average lifetime, the human heart pumps enough blood to fill 200 train tank cars. Blood can be separated into components like red blood cells, plasma, platelets.
- Red blood cells have an average lifespan of 120 days before being destroyed and recycled by the body. The spleen and liver help break down old red blood cells.
The document discusses blood cells and hematopoiesis. It describes the three main blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It details their production rates, lifespans, and the process of hematopoiesis where they are formed in the bone marrow. The document also discusses erythropoiesis, the formation of red blood cells, and the factors that regulate and influence red blood cell production including erythropoietin and iron metabolism. It concludes by covering red blood cell properties and functions, as well as causes and types of anemia.
The document summarizes the clinical importance of various minerals in blood clotting. It discusses macrominerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate as well as microminerals like iron, copper, and zinc. For each mineral, it provides the normal levels in blood and consequences of deficiencies and excess levels, known as hypotremia/hypernatremia, hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia, and hypozincemia. It also discusses diseases related to mineral imbalances like Wilson's disease which causes copper accumulation. Overall, the document emphasizes that minerals are essential for proper blood clotting and maintaining normal physiological functions.
1. Hematologic disorders are those that produce quantitative or qualitative defects in blood cells or elements related to hemostasis.
2. Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and liver in early gestation, then shifts to the bone marrow by mid-gestation, where it remains the primary site of blood cell production after birth.
3. Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level below the reference level for age and sex, and can be caused by decreased production, increased destruction, or blood loss.
This document summarizes key information about red blood cells (RBCs), including their general features, composition, lifespan, counts in adults and newborns, functions in transporting gases, and regulation of erythropoiesis. It also covers RBC indices, the stages of erythropoiesis, factors that regulate RBC production, common anemias like iron deficiency and sickle cell anemia, jaundice, and physiological neonatal jaundice.
This document provides an outline for a course on blood disorders. It covers topics like anatomy and physiology of blood, hematologic studies, conditions like anemia, sickle cell anemia and leukemia. Specific types of anemia discussed in detail include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias (pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency), and aplastic anemia. Hemolytic anemia and sickle cell anemia are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of red blood cells (RBCs) and red blood cell disorders. It begins with an introduction to RBCs and their characteristics. It then discusses the history of RBC discovery. The document outlines RBC production (erythropoiesis), hemoglobin, and normal RBC measurements like erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume. Major sections cover RBC disorders like anemia, polycythemia, and conditions like iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Management approaches for certain disorders are also summarized.
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
1. The document discusses various blood diseases including different types of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic), their causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches.
2. Microcytic anemias like iron deficiency anemia result in small red blood cells, while macrocytic anemias from folate or B12 deficiency produce large cells. Normocytic anemias maintain normal cell size.
3. Diagnostic tests include complete blood counts and smears to identify cell types and sizes. Management involves treating the underlying cause, blood transfusions, and supplements.
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. White blood cells help protect the body from infection and disease. Platelets are cell fragments that help form blood clots to stop bleeding. Careful matching of blood types is important for safe transfusions, as incompatible blood can cause a dangerous immune response.
This presentation explains Physiology of blood, Variations in blood cells-Oral manifestations and Clinical importance, Blood groups and Transfusion of blood
The document provides an overview of tests used to assess the hematology system. It discusses the composition of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and hematopoiesis. Diagnostic tests are outlined including complete blood count, coagulation tests, platelet aggregation test, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase test, serum iron tests, bone marrow examination, lymph node biopsy, and radiological studies. The goal of these tests is to evaluate blood cellular components, clotting ability, and detect any abnormalities in the hematology system.
This document discusses various types of anemia, including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia, hypolastic anemia, and haemolytic anemias. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type worldwide, caused by a lack of iron intake. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid, which are needed to produce new red blood cells. Pernicious anemia specifically results from a vitamin B12 deficiency. Hypolastic anemia occurs when bone marrow is damaged and unable to produce red blood cells. Haemolytic anemias cause premature destruction of red blood cells. The document also briefly covers polycythaemia,
This document provides an overview of blood disorders and their classification. It discusses red blood cell disorders such as polycythemia vera, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. It also covers white blood cell disorders, platelet disorders, coagulation disorders, and disease-related coagulopathies. The document defines each disorder, describes their signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment considerations, and oral health implications.
This document provides an overview of blood disorders, focusing on disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation. It begins with an introduction to blood and then covers specific disorders such as polycythemia vera, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and coagulation disorders. For each disorder, it discusses causes, clinical manifestations, oral manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment considerations. The document aims to give healthcare practitioners a comprehensive review of various blood disorders and their impacts.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Coagulation.pptx
1. Stoppage of blood loss- Stages –
Vasoconstriction – After injury there is constriction of blood vessels
this decreases loss of blood from damaged vessel. Activated platelets
secrete serotonin and causes vasoconstriction. Prothrombin activator is
formed due to damage of vessels.
Formation of platelet plug- When platelet adhere to collagen of
ruptured blood vessel these secrete ADP and Thromboxane Az. These
two substances attract more and more platelets and activate them. More
platelets aggregate and form plug which closes the vessel and prevents
the blood loss.
Coagulation of blood – When blood shed it looses its liquidity and
becomes a jelly like mass structure known as clotting.
COAGULATION
BY DR.SHILPA YERME
2. COAGULATION
• When blood looses its fluidity & get converted into
semisolid jelly like substance it is called as coagulation
.
• There are various factors involved in this process.
normally in bloodstream due to presence of natural
anticoagulants it does not coagulate. After rupture of a
vessel coagulating factors from that area of tissue
damage get collected ,actived & forms a clot.
3. FACTORS INVOLVED IN CLOTTING
• Factor I – Fibrinogen
• Factor II – Prothrombin
• Factor III – Thromboplastin ( tissue factor )
• Factor IV – Calcium
• Factor V – Labile factor
• Factor VI – Not named
• Factor VII – Stable factor
• Factor VIII – Antihemophilic factor
• Factor IX – Christmas factor
• Factor X – Stuart – Prower factor
• Factor XI – Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
• Factor XII – Hageman factor
• Factor XIII – Fibrin stabilizing factor
• nature -All clotting factors are protein in nature
6. • .–
• Two pathways
•
• Extrinsic Intrinsic
•
• Tissue trauma Blood trauma
•
• Thromboplastin . Activated XII converts into factor xi activates
factor ix --activates
factor x
• presence of vii ca
. Glycoprotein .. release of phospholipids
phospholipids
.
Factor vii
Convert factor x into actived factor x
• Activated factor x reacts with factor v
• Forms prothrombin activator
• Thrombin activated factor x reacts with platelet
phospholipids
•
• Fibrinogen
•
• Fibrin
7.
8. • Clot Retraction – Once a clot is formed it plugs ruptured
area of blood vessels and stops blood loss. Clot retraction
is consolidation or tightening of fibrin clot. After 30 to 45
min a straw coloured fluid called serum oozes out of clot.
• clotting time is the time interval from oozing of blood after
rupture of vessel & formation of clot. Normal clotting time –
3 to 9 min.
• Hemophilia – Increase in clotting time. It is hereditary
bleeding disorder affects male, females are carriers.
• Affected Queen Victoria’s Son.
• Symptom intramuscular hemorrhage, nose bleeds, Blood in
urine, hemorrhage in Jonits- pain.
9. TYPES
HEMOPHILIA – A) FACTOR VIII - 85%.
HEMOPHILIA – B) CHRISTMAS FACTOR 15
HEMOPHILIA - C) FACTOR XI DEFICIENCY.
RARE DISORDER
ANTICOAGULANTS
• Heparin – it is a powerful anticoagulant in body
secreted by many different cells but mostly from
basophilic mast cells located in pericapillary
connective tissue all over body,these cell
continuously secrete small quantity of heparin
diffuse in circulatory system.basophilic cell of
blood release small amount of heparin in plasma.
10. • Mast cells are also found in lungs ,liver.
• Functions- prevents blood clotting
• Combine with antithrombin III & removes thrombin from
circulation.
• Inactivates active form of other clotting factors.
• EDTA – used as anticoagulant for preserving blood
sample.& intravenously used in lead poisoning.
11. • Oxalate compounds- it is used vitro as a anticoagulant .
• Citrates –sodium ,ammonium, potassium citrates are
used as anticoagulants to preserve blood in laboratory .
• Coumaurin derivatives –warferin , dicoumoral are used
as oral anticoagulants.
Thrombosis –clotting of blood inside the body is
thrombosis.
Common causes –injury to blood vessel ,agglutination
of rbc ‘roughened endothelial lining ,chemical
poisoning ,sluggish blood flow etc.
12. IRON METABOLISM
•
• Iron is necessary for formation of hemoglobin.
Total quantity. – 4 -5 gms.
• 65 to 68 % - In HB
• 4% - Muscle 1% - 0.1% - Transferrin.
• 15 to 30% - stored in R.E.System Liver .
• Dietary Iron – Heme Fish, Meat, Chicken.
• Non heme – Vegetables, grains, cereals.
• Absorption is mainly from small intestine, bile is
necessary for absorption of iron. After absorption
immediately combines with beta globulin called apo
transferrin to form transferrin – Transported in the plasma.
Stored in liver.
13. IRON LOSS
• Loss In males - about 1 mg of iron is excreted every day
through feces. In females the amount of iron loss is high –
(Menstruation)
• 1gm HB Contains 3.34 mg of iron. 100 ml of blood
contains 15 gm HB.
• In females during every menstrual cycle about 50 ml of
blood is lost out of which 25 mg of iron is lost.
• If 450 ml of blood is donated about 225 mg of iron is lost.
14. ANEMIA
• Anemia is a condition in which RBC, HB, PCV, values
decreases.
• Classification –
• Morphological
• Etiological
• A) Morphological -
• Normocytic Normochromic - Size is normal count is
reduced.
• macrocytic normochromic –size normal ,count less
18. • B) Etiological -
• 1) Nutrition Deficiency Anemia - It is of various types
(Most Common in India)
• Iron deficiency - less iron supply. This is due to loss of
blood, decreased intake of iron, poor absorption,
increased demand of iron.
• Protein deficiency – due to deficiency of proteins.
• Atrophy of gastric mucosa - B12 absorption is poor it is
called as pernicious anemia.
• Folic acid –due to deficiency red cell becomes large
odd shapes called megaloblasts.
21. 3)Hemolytic - Excessive destruction of R.B.C -.
• Extrinsic- external factors-Chemical poisoning, like lead,
tar, infections like malaria, septicemia, presence of
isoagglutinins like anti Rh,autoimmune
diseases,burns,renal disorders etc.
• Intrinsic – due to defective RBCS which lives for short
period & destroy soon. ex. Sickle cell anemia
,thalassemia .
2) Hemorrhagic - Any condition in which there is
loss of blood. Accidents, ulcer, uterine bleeding.
Purpura, hemophilia, etc. hemorrhage may be
chronic or acute.
22. • 4) Aplastic - It is due to disorder of redbone marrow.
Bone Marrow depression is due to repeated exposure to
x-ray, bacterial toxins, quinine, gold salts, benzene,
radium etc. TB, hepatitis, HIV.
23.
24. 5) Sickle cell - Congenital anomaly found
mostly in blacks. It is due to abnormal Hbs. Alpha chains
normal beta chains abnormal. R.B.C. becomes, Sickle
crescent shaped, become more fragile leading to hemolysis.
25. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Trait –it means individuals having sickle cell gene & one
normal gene , means they don’t have anemia .
26. • 6) Thalassemia - (Cooley’s anemia) More common in
thailand Mediterranean countries. Inherited disease
having abnormal of Hb.
• a type – Fetal life / Infancy- a chains are less, absent. In
adults B chains are excess & children y- chains are
excess.
• B type – B chains are less in number, absent & excess
of a chains. causes - defective erythropoiesis &
hemolysis.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. • Sign. & Symptoms of Anemia -
• Skin - pale color conjunctiva, lips, ear lobes, Palm & nail
bed.
• Tachycardia. - increase in hart rate.
• Respiration Rate Increases.
• Digestion - anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation.
• Albuminuria.
• Loss of weight.
• Headache. restlessness, irritability, drowsiness,
• Liver enlargement
• Renal function disturbances- albuminuria
• In females menstrual cycle disturbances.
34. NORMAL VALUES
• Blood
• Total blood volume = 5-6 liters – 70 ml /kg
• RBC count – Male –4. 5 to 6.5 million/cu mm, in females
3.9 to 5.6 millions/ cu mm.
• Total WBC count = 4500 to 12000 /cu mm of blood.
• Hemoglobin concentration-
• Males = 14 to 18 gm % and in females 12 to 16
gm%.newborns 14- 20 gm %
• O2 carrying of blood = Hb conc. X 1.34 ml. of O2
35. • Packed Cell Volume –
• Male = 40 to 45%, female= 38 to 42%
• MCV = 78 to 90cu u
• MCH = 27 to 32 p g
• MCHC = 30 to 38%
• Reticulocyte count = 0.5 to 1%
• Color index = 1
• Differential count-
• Neutrophils = 50 to 70%
• Eosinophils = 2 to 5
• Basophils = 0 to 1%
• Lymphocytes = 20 to 30%
• Monocytes = 2 to 6%
36. • ESR -
• Westergren methods = 3 to 7 mm/hour (males)
• = 5to 9 mm/hour (females)
• Wintrobe methods = 0 to 9 mm/hour (males)
• = 0 to 20 mm/hour (females)
• Clotting time = 3 to 9 (average 6 min.)
• Bleeding time = 1-4 (average 3 min.)
• Prothrombin time = 12 to 14 sec
37. • Blood Characters -
• Blood pH = 7.4 specific gravity = 1.052 to 1.061
• Specific gravity of blood plasma = 1.022 to 1.026
• Specific gravity of red blood cells = 1.092 to 1.101
• Fragility of blood = 0.45% to 0.33% of Nacl solution.
• Plasma -
• Total proteins in plasma = 5 to 8 g/dl
39. • Blood chemistry –
• Blood sugar level (fasting) = 80 to 120 mg%
• Blood sugar level (post - prandial) = 120 to 140 mg%
• Random Blood Sugar = 160 to 180 mg%
• Blood urea = 8 to 26 mg/dl
• SGOT = 5 to 40 units (5 to 25 IU/L)
• SGPT = 5 to 35 units (3 to 26 IU/L)
• S. Lactic dehydrogenase = 71 to 207 u/l
• Serum non protein nitrogen (SNPN) = 15 to 35 mg%
• S. bilirubin (Direct) = 0.1 to 0.3 mg/dl
• S. bilirubin (Indirect) = 0.2 to 0.7 mg/dl
• S. cholesterol = 150 to 200 mg%, 15 to 180 mg% in females.
• S. fatty acids = 150 to 200 mg%, 140 to 270 mg% in females.
40. • Blood glucose -100 to 120 mg/dl
• Blood creatinine -0.5 to 1.5 mg /dl
• Cholesterol –up to 200 mg /dl
• Bilirubin -0.5 to 1.5 mg / dl
• Iron -50 to 150 ug /dl
• Copper – 100 to 200 mg / dl
• Calcium -9 to 11 mg / dl
• Magnesium -1.5 to 2.0 mEq/l
• Chloride -100 to 110 mEq/l
• Bicarbonate 22 to 26 mEq/l
• Chlorides = 120 to 250 mEq/l
41. • Normal Clinical Values -
• Pulse = 70 to 80 beats/min.
• Blood pressure = 80 to 120 mm of Hg. Adult 90 to 150 mm
Hg.
• Temperature- 37 to 38oC or 98 to 99oF
• Respiratory rate = 12 to 18 cycles/min. tidal volume = 500 to
600 ml.
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = 1600 to 2500ml.
• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = 1000 to 1600ml.
• Residual volume = 1600ml,
• Total lung capacity = 2 to 6 lit. Vital capacity = 5 to 6 liters,
• Arterial oxygen tension = 95 to 98 mm of HG,
• Arterial CO2 tension = 40 to 45 mm. of Hg.,
42. • Normal basal metabolic rate (BMR) -
• In males it is about 40 cal/sq. meter are/hour.
• In females about 36 cal/sq. meter area/hour.
Urine -
Daily urine output is 1200 to 1500 ml. pale
yellow color.
Specific gravity = 1.002 to 1.030.
pH = 6
43. • ABBREVATIONS USED
• R.B.C. = Red Blood cells or Corpuscles
• W.B.C. = White Blood cells or Corpuscles
• Hb = Hemoglobin B.T = Bleeding time
• C.T = Clotting time E.S.R. = Erythrocyte Sedimentation
Rate
• P.C.V. = Packed Cell volume,Temp. = Temperature
• B.P. = Blood Pressure ,Ppt. = precipitate.
• M.C.H.C. = Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
• M.C.H. = Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
• M.C.V. = Mean corpuscular volume
• mm = Milimeter Wt = Weight
• Sp.gravity = Specific Gravity