blood lec 6.pptx
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This document summarizes several blood disorders including anemia, polycythemia, hemophilia, sickle cell disease, and leukemia. It describes the normal ranges for hematocrit in males and females and how testosterone impacts red blood cell production. It also discusses various causes and characteristics of anemia like iron deficiency, megaloblastic, and pernicious anemia. Polycythemia, hemophilia, sickle cell disease, and the four main types of leukemia are also outlined.
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
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It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...ayushrajshrivastava7
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Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
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Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
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Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Foundation of Yoga, YCB Level-3, Unit-1
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une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
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The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
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- 2. • Hematocrit (or PCV-L/L) • The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs • The normal range of hematocrit for, • Adult females is 38–46% • Adult males, it is 40–54% • Testosterone, present in much higher concentration in males than in females, stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO) • Impact of menstruation • Anemia • A significant drop in hematocrit
- 3. • Polycythemia • Abnormally high number of RBCs • Hematocrit may be 65% or higher • Raises Blood viscocity • Increase PVR • More difficult for the heart to pump • High blood pressure and increased risk of stroke • Causes of polycythemia include, • Abnormal increases in RBC production • Tissue hypoxia • Dehydration • Blood doping or the use of EPO by athletes. • SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA • Whenever the tissues become hypoxic the blood-forming organs automatically produce large quantities of extra red blood cells • Physiologic polycythemia • A subtype of secondary polycythemia • In natives who live at altitudes of 14,000 to 17,000 feet
- 4. Anemia • A condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced • Characterized by, • Reduced number of RBCs • or a Decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood • Skin appears pale, due to the low content hemoglobin • Iron-deficiency anemia • Inadequate absorption of iron • excessive loss of iron • increased iron requirement • or insufficient intake of iron • Women are at greater risk • Microcytic, hypocrhomic cells with low MCV and MCHC
- 5. • Megaloblastic anemia • Inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic acid • Red bone marrow produces large, abnormal RBCs • Pernicious anemia • Resulting from an inability of the stomach to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed for absorption of vitamin B12 • Hemorrhagic anemia • Excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding • Hemolytic anemia • RBC plasma membranes rupture prematurely • The released hemoglobin pours into the plasma and may damage the filtering units (glomeruli) in the kidneys • Thalassemia • Deficient synthesis of hemoglobin occurs • The RBCs are small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic), and short-lived • Aplastic anemia • Destruction of red bone marrow • Caused by toxins, gamma radiation, and certain medications
- 6. Hemophilia • An inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after only minor trauma • Hemophilia is characterized by spontaneous or traumatic subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhaging, nosebleeds, blood in the urine, and hemorrhages in joints that produce pain and tissue damage • Treatment involves transfusions of fresh blood plasma or concentrates of the deficient clotting factor to relieve the tendency to bleed
- 7. Sickle Cell Disease • Affected people have an abnormal kind of haemoglobin called Hb-S • Erythrocyte bend into a sickle shape • The sickled cells rupture easily
- 8. Leukemia • Cancerous condition of WBCs • Results in, • Easy fatigability • Fever • Clotting problems • There are four major types of leukemia: • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common leukemia in children, but adults can also get it. • Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) affects both children and adults. • Chronic lymphocytic anemia (CLA) is the most common leukemia in adults, usually those older than 55. • Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mostly in adults