Leukocytosis is an increased white blood cell count in the blood. There are five main types: neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and basophilia. Neutrophilia is most common and usually due to bacterial infection. Eosinophilia can be caused by allergic disorders, parasites, and some cancers. Lymphocytosis is seen with viral infections and lymphomas. Leukopenia and neutropenia involve decreased white blood cell and neutrophil counts respectively, increasing infection risk. Lymphoma involves abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. Leukemia includes acute and chronic forms, with acute being more aggressive and involving immature cells.

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Leukocytosis
BY: Jehad Abdullah

2. Leukocytosis
►Leukocytosis is a white blood cell count
above the normal range in the blood.
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3. ►It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory
response, most commonly the result of
infection, and is observed in certain parasitic
infections. It may also occur after strenuous
exercise, convulsions such as epilepsy,
emotional stress, pregnancy and labour,
anesthesia, and epinephrine administration.
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4. There are five principal types of
leukocytosis:
►Neutrophilia (the most common form)
►Lymphocytosis
►Monocytosis
►Eosinophilia
►Basophilia
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5. Neutrophilia
►Neutrophilia (or neutrophil leukocytosis)
describes a high number of neutrophil
granulocytes in blood.
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6. Causes :
►Neutrophils are the primary white blood cells that
respond to a bacterial infection, so the most
common cause of neutrophilia is a bacterial
infection, especially pyogenic infections.[2]
►Neutrophils are also increased in any
acute inflammation, so will be raised after a heart
attack, other infarct or burns.
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7. Causes :cont
►Some drugs, such as prednisone, have the same effect
as cortisol and Adrenaline epinephrine, causing marginated
neutrophils to enter the blood stream. Nervousness will very
slightly raise the neutrophil count because of this effect.
►A neutrophilia might also be the result of
a malignancy. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML or
chronic myeloid leukaemia) is a disease where the blood cells
proliferate out of control. These cells may be neutrophils.
Neutrophilia can also be caused
by appendicitis and splenectomy.
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8. Eosinophilia
►Eosinophilia is a condition in which
the eosinophil count in the peripheral
blood exceeds 0.45×109/L (450/μl)
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9. Causes :
►Allergic disorders
Asthma
Hay fever
Drug allergies
Allergic skin diseases
►Pemphigus
►Dermatitis herpetiformis
►Parasitic infections
►Some forms of malignancy
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Some forms of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
►Systemic autoimmune diseases[8] (e.g. SLE)
►Some forms of vasculitis
►Cholesterol embolism (transiently)
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10. Basophilia
►Basophilia is a condition where
the basophil quantity is abnormally elevated
(more than 1010 basophils per liter of blood).
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11. Causes :
A- Allergy or inflammation
1. Drug, food, inhalant hypersensitivity
2. diabetes mellitus
3. Estrogen administration
B. Infection Chicken pox , Influenza, Smallpox
, Tuberculosis , Iron deficiency
c. Exposure to ionizing radiation
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12. Monocytosis
►Monocytosis is an increase in the number
of monocytes circulating in the blood
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13. Causes
►Infections: tuberculosis, brucellosis, listeriosis,
subacute bacterial endocarditis, syphilis, and
other viral infections and
many protozoal and rickettsial infections
(e.g. kala azar, malaria, Rocky Mountain
spotted fever).
►Blood and immune causes:
chronic neutropenia and myeloproliferative
disorders.
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14. ►Autoimune diseases and inflammatory bowel
disease.
►Malignancies: Hodgkin's disease and
certain leukaemias, such as chronic
myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML)
and monocytic leukemia.
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15. Lymphocytosis
Lymphocytosis is an increase in the number or
proportion of lymphocytes in the blood
Reactive lymphocytes: Used to describe
transformed or benign lymphocytes.
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16. causes
►Lymphocytosis is a feature of infection,
particularly in children. In the elderly,
lymphoproliferative disorders,
including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
and lymphomas, often present
with lymphadenopathy and a lymphocytosis.
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17. Causes:cont
►acute viral infections, such as infectious
mononucleosis, hepatitis
►some protozoal infections, such as toxoplasmosis and
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)
►chronic intracellular bacterial infections such as tuberculosis
►chronic lymphocytic leukemia
►acute lymphoblastic leukemia
►lymphoma
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Leukopenia

19. Leukopenia
►Leukopenia (also known as leukocytopenia,
or leucopenia, from Greek λευκό - white and πενία -
deficiency) is a decrease in the number of white blood
cells (leukocytes) found in the blood, which places
individuals at increased risk of infection.

20. Leukopenia
►Lymphopenia is less common; in addition to
congenital immunodeficiency diseases, it is most
commonly observed in specific settings, such as
advanced HIV infection, following therapy with
glucocorticoids or cytotoxic drugs, autoimmune
disorders, malnutrition, and certain acute viral
infections.
►Only the more common leukopenias involving
granulocytes will be discussed further here.

21. Pathogenesis.
►(1) Inadequate or ineffective granulopoiesis is
observed in the setting of:
►1. Suppression of myeloid stem cells, as occurs
in aplastic anemia and a variety of infiltrative
marrow disorders (tumors, granulomatous
disease, etc.);
► in these conditions, granulocytopenia is
accompanied by anemia and thrombocytopenia.

22. Pathogenesis.
►2. Suppression of committed granulocytic precursors
due to exposure to certain drugs.
►Drugs are responsible for most of the significant
neutropenias . Certain drugs, such as alkylating agents
and antimetabolites used in cancer treatment, produce
agranulocytosis in a predictable, dose-related fashion.
►Because such drugs cause a generalized suppression of
the bone marrow, production of erythrocytes and
platelets is also affected

23. Neutropenia
►subtype of leukopenia, refers to a decrease
in the number of circulating neutrophil
granulocytes, the most abundant white blood
cells. The.
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24. ►Pseudoleukopenia can develop upon the onset of
infection. The leukocytes (predominately neutrophils,
responding to injury first) start migrating towards the
site of infection and can be scanned at the site of
infection. Their migration causes bone marrow to
produce more WBCs to combat infection as well as to
restore the leukocytes in circulation, but as the blood
sample is taken upon the onset of infection, it
contains low amount of WBCs, which is why it is
called "pseudoleukopenia".
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25. lymphopenia
►Lymphocytopenia, or lymphopenia, is the condition
of having an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in
the blood.
►Lymphocytopenia may be present as part of . The
opposite is lymphocytosis, which refers to an
excessive level of lymphocytesa pancytopenia, when
the total numbers of all types of blood cells are
reduced.
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Lymphoma

27. Lymphoma
►Lymphomas are a malignant proliferation of
lymphocytes – either B or T
►3% of all cancers in the US result from lymphomas
►The lymphomas are classified by the appearance of
malignant lymphocytes on biopsy of tumor
►3 categories
Low-grade
Intermediate-grade
High-grade
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28. Functional Presentation of Lymphoma
►People present with swollen,
growing lymph glands (nodal
disease) or tumors in other
organs (extramodal disease)
►Person can be asymptomatic
►Common B symptoms include
fever, drenching night sweats,
loss of 10% of body weight,
and pruritis (severe itching)
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29. Skin Lymphoma and Shoulder Lymphoma
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Leukemia

31. Leukemias
► Acute
immature cells
aggressive
short course
abrupt onset
symptoms include
►anemia
►infections
►bleeding
►bone pain
►enlarged lymph nodes
► Chronic
mature cells
less aggressive
longer course
insidious onset
symptoms include
►fatigue
►pallor
►night sweats
►infections
►splenomegaly
►hepatomegaly
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32. Leukemia
►Acute leukemia is characterized by an abnormal
proliferation of immature white blood cells, called
blasts or progenitor cells
►Two main forms of acute leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
►A cancer at the earliest stages of lymphocyte maturation
►Occurs more often in the young
Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
►Usually a malignancy of the myeloblast
►More common in adults
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33. Functional Presentation of Leukemia
►People with leukemia present with signs and
symptoms of low red blood cell count
(anemia), decreased white blood cells
(granulocytopenia) with infection and fever,
and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
with bleeding
►People will usually present critically
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34. Physical appearance of leukemia
►Specific lesions (leukemia
cutis) are localized or
disseminated infiltrations of
the skin by malignant
leukemic cells which may
involve all layers of the skin.
►Chemotherapy needed for
treatment of Leukemia
usually results in hair loss
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35. Treatment of Leukemia
►The course of treatment includes red blood cell
transfusions to correct the anemia, treatments for
infections caused by the lack of mature white blood
cells, platelet transfusions to stop any bleeding, and
starting chemotherapy to kill the leukemia cells
►Once chemotherapy stops, tumor cells die, the
normal stem cells in the marrow that are resistant to
chemotherapy divide, and their progeny cells mature
and repopulate the marrow over the next 3 weeks
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