The document discusses endocrine disorders and their causes, including hypofunction and hyperfunction of endocrine glands. It describes the four main types of hormones and provides examples. Signs and symptoms of endocrine disorders are widespread and can include changes in energy, weight, sexual function, mood and sleep. The pituitary gland and its role in controlling other endocrine glands is explained. Common pituitary gland disorders like Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, and gigantism are summarized. The causes, signs, and treatments of hypopituitarism are covered at a high level. Diabetes insipidus and SIADH, disorders of the posterior pituitary, are defined and their pathophysiology, risks, diagnostic
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and pituitary gland. It discusses that the endocrine system and nervous system control body systems through hormone secretion. It describes the different types of hormones and how they are regulated. It focuses on disorders of the pituitary gland including hypopituitarism, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, Sheehan's syndrome, and pituitary tumors. It also discusses diabetes insipidus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone. Nursing diagnoses and management are mentioned for various endocrine disorders.
The document discusses the endocrine system and various endocrine disorders. It provides an overview of the pituitary gland and hormones it secretes including ACTH, TSH, growth hormone, and others. Specific endocrine disorders covered include Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Treatment options are discussed for each condition along with nursing considerations.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands. It has anterior and posterior lobes. Pituitary disorders can involve over or under secretion of hormones and cause issues like acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, or hypopituitarism. Pituitary tumors are usually benign growths that can affect hormone production and cause headaches and vision problems. Diagnosis involves imaging and hormone level tests, while treatment may include surgery, radiation, or medication.
1) Endocrine diseases are often difficult to diagnose due to low hormone levels that require specialized assays for detection. Hormone levels also vary based on timing of tests and dynamic testing is often needed.
2) Common causes of pituitary diseases include tumors, trauma, infections, and genetic disorders which can cause either hormone excess or deficiency.
3) Pituitary tumors are usually benign adenomas that can be classified based on size and hormone production. Larger tumors may cause local pressure effects while smaller tumors often only cause hormone imbalance.
The document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, focusing on the pancreas and disorders related to insulin and glucagon production. It describes the key functions of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, including the alpha, beta, and delta cells that produce glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin respectively. It then summarizes diabetes mellitus, distinguishing between type 1 caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 related to insulin resistance. The diagnosis and management of diabetes is also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system for students. It outlines four learning objectives related to identifying endocrine structures and functions, comparing hormone mechanisms of action, determining alterations in endocrine gland function, and applying nursing principles to endocrine disorders. Key topics covered include the pituitary gland and its hormones, disorders of the anterior and posterior pituitary, hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism, disorders of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and specific conditions like Cushing's disease, diabetes insipidus, and hyperthyroidism.
The pituitary gland is a small structure located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones controlling other endocrine glands. Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland fails to secrete sufficient hormones, causing weight loss, hair loss, and hypometabolism if hormones are not replaced. Pituitary tumors can cause gigantism, acromegaly, or Cushing's syndrome depending on location and are assessed using imaging and hormone level tests. Surgical removal of the pituitary treats tumors but requires lifelong hormone replacement.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system with a focus on the pituitary gland. It begins with learning objectives about the endocrine system and pituitary gland. It then defines the endocrine system and its glands. The rest of the document discusses the anatomy and hormones of the pituitary gland, disorders of the pituitary gland including hyperpituitarism and hypopituitarism, associated signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It concludes with definitions of specific pituitary hormones and references.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and pituitary gland. It discusses that the endocrine system and nervous system control body systems through hormone secretion. It describes the different types of hormones and how they are regulated. It focuses on disorders of the pituitary gland including hypopituitarism, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, Sheehan's syndrome, and pituitary tumors. It also discusses diabetes insipidus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone. Nursing diagnoses and management are mentioned for various endocrine disorders.
The document discusses the endocrine system and various endocrine disorders. It provides an overview of the pituitary gland and hormones it secretes including ACTH, TSH, growth hormone, and others. Specific endocrine disorders covered include Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Treatment options are discussed for each condition along with nursing considerations.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands. It has anterior and posterior lobes. Pituitary disorders can involve over or under secretion of hormones and cause issues like acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, or hypopituitarism. Pituitary tumors are usually benign growths that can affect hormone production and cause headaches and vision problems. Diagnosis involves imaging and hormone level tests, while treatment may include surgery, radiation, or medication.
1) Endocrine diseases are often difficult to diagnose due to low hormone levels that require specialized assays for detection. Hormone levels also vary based on timing of tests and dynamic testing is often needed.
2) Common causes of pituitary diseases include tumors, trauma, infections, and genetic disorders which can cause either hormone excess or deficiency.
3) Pituitary tumors are usually benign adenomas that can be classified based on size and hormone production. Larger tumors may cause local pressure effects while smaller tumors often only cause hormone imbalance.
The document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, focusing on the pancreas and disorders related to insulin and glucagon production. It describes the key functions of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, including the alpha, beta, and delta cells that produce glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin respectively. It then summarizes diabetes mellitus, distinguishing between type 1 caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 related to insulin resistance. The diagnosis and management of diabetes is also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system for students. It outlines four learning objectives related to identifying endocrine structures and functions, comparing hormone mechanisms of action, determining alterations in endocrine gland function, and applying nursing principles to endocrine disorders. Key topics covered include the pituitary gland and its hormones, disorders of the anterior and posterior pituitary, hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism, disorders of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and specific conditions like Cushing's disease, diabetes insipidus, and hyperthyroidism.
The pituitary gland is a small structure located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones controlling other endocrine glands. Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland fails to secrete sufficient hormones, causing weight loss, hair loss, and hypometabolism if hormones are not replaced. Pituitary tumors can cause gigantism, acromegaly, or Cushing's syndrome depending on location and are assessed using imaging and hormone level tests. Surgical removal of the pituitary treats tumors but requires lifelong hormone replacement.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system with a focus on the pituitary gland. It begins with learning objectives about the endocrine system and pituitary gland. It then defines the endocrine system and its glands. The rest of the document discusses the anatomy and hormones of the pituitary gland, disorders of the pituitary gland including hyperpituitarism and hypopituitarism, associated signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It concludes with definitions of specific pituitary hormones and references.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate many endocrine systems. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through neural and hormonal signals. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe and is very small, sitting at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit different hormone releases from the anterior pituitary gland to regulate other endocrine glands.
Pituitary gland disorders include acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes insipidus, empty sella syndrome, hypopituitarism and pituitary tumors. Pituitary problems can be caused by pituitary tumors, most of which are benign.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones and regulate bodily functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal gland, ovaries and testes. Hormones produced by these glands influence growth, metabolism, sexual development, and other processes. Diseases can arise if the glands produce too much or too little of certain hormones, leading to conditions such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and Cushing syndrome.
The endocrine system regulates physiological activities through hormones secreted by glands. There are four types of chemical messengers: endocrine messengers (hormones), paracrine messengers (act locally), autocrine messengers (control source cells), and neurocrine messengers (neurotransmitters and neurohormones). The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain regulates many other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe; the anterior lobe secretes hormones that regulate other glands while the posterior lobe stores hormones from the hypothalamus. Major hormones discussed include prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and antidiuretic hormone.
Disorders of pituitary gland (( THE MASTER )) BY M.SASIcardilogy
The pituitary gland acts as the control center of the endocrine system. Disorders of the pituitary gland can cause either pituitary hyperfunction (hyperpituitarism) or hypopituitarism. Pituitary hyperfunction is usually caused by a pituitary adenoma and can result in excess secretion of hormones like prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH, or TSH. Prolactinomas, which cause excess prolactin secretion, are the most common type of pituitary adenoma. Symptoms of a prolactinoma include menstrual irregularities in women, infertility, and galactorrhea. Diagnosis involves measuring prolactin levels and treating the underlying cause.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its glands. It discusses that hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate physiological functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, and reproductive organs. It then provides detailed information about the hormones produced and functions of the pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. It concludes by discussing some diseases related to abnormalities in the endocrine system.
Panhypopituitarism is a condition where the anterior pituitary gland does not produce sufficient hormones, resulting in the destruction or malfunction of the gland. It can be congenital or develop over time. Gigantism occurs pre-puberty and is caused by excessive growth hormone during development, resulting in extreme height. Acromegaly occurs post-puberty and is also due to excessive growth hormone, causing enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. Both can be caused by non-cancerous pituitary tumors and are treated through surgery, medication, or radiation therapy to regulate hormone levels.
The document discusses disorders of the pituitary gland, including hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism. It provides details on the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and their functions. Hypopituitarism is caused by an underactive pituitary gland and can result in diseases like dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, and Addison's disease. Hyperpituitarism is caused by overproduction of pituitary hormones and can result in conditions like acromegaly and Cushing's disease. The document discusses various pituitary disorders in detail, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
The document provides information about the endocrine system and pituitary gland disorders. It begins with an overview of the pituitary gland, its location and hormones secreted. These include TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin from the anterior pituitary. The intermediate pituitary secretes MSH, while the posterior pituitary secretes ADH and oxytocin. Hypopituitarism is then discussed, defined as a failure of the pituitary gland to produce one or more hormones. Causes can include tumors, trauma, infections, and genetic disorders. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the deficient hormones. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy tailored to the specific deficiencies.
This document discusses male reproductive endocrinology and related disorders. It covers the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and testosterone production. It then discusses specific conditions like gynecomastia and male hypogonadism. For gynecomastia, it describes the pathophysiology and treatments. For hypogonadism, it defines it and discusses the etiologies, symptoms, and diagnosis of both primary and secondary hypogonadism.
This document discusses the endocrine system and various endocrine disorders and their implications in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to the endocrine system and hormones. It then describes several endocrine glands - the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal gland. For each gland, it discusses hormone production and regulation, as well as disorders like acromegaly, gigantism, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. It concludes by outlining some orthodontic considerations for patients with endocrine disorders, such as accelerated or delayed tooth movement due to high or low bone turnover.
This document provides an overview of hyperpituitarism, which is defined as excessive secretion of one or more pituitary hormones. The most common cause is a hormone-producing pituitary adenoma arising in the anterior lobe. Pituitary adenomas can be functional (hormone-producing) or nonfunctional and may cause hyperfunction of growth hormone (gigantism and acromegaly), prolactin, or ACTH (Cushing's syndrome). Other conditions like craniopharyngioma or metastatic carcinoma can also cause a mass effect by compressing surrounding structures. The document discusses various pituitary adenoma subtypes and hypersecretory syndromes in detail.
The document discusses disorders of the thyroid gland, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It begins by reviewing the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback system. Hypothyroidism can be congenital or acquired, and if during childhood causes cretinism. Acquired hypothyroidism in adults is called myxedema. Hyperthyroidism results from increased thyroid hormone secretion and can be caused by Graves' disease. Thyroid storm is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism.
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system. It begins by describing the endocrine system and hormones. It then discusses the main groups of hormones and their general characteristics and effects. The document goes on to describe various mechanisms that can cause hormonal alterations. It discusses specific disorders affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system, anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid function. The major manifestations and mechanisms of onset are described for hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and other endocrine disorders.
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system. It begins by describing the endocrine system and hormones. It then discusses the main groups of hormones and their general characteristics and effects. The document outlines various mechanisms that can cause hormonal alterations, including failures of feedback systems or endocrine glands. It provides details on specific disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid function. The major manifestations and mechanisms of onset are described for conditions like hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, and diabetes insipidus.
14 Disorders_of_endocrine_system and possible causes.pptLawalBelloDanchadi
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system. It begins by describing the endocrine system and hormones. It then discusses the main groups of hormones and their general characteristics and effects. The document outlines various mechanisms that can cause hormonal alterations, including failures of feedback systems or endocrine glands. It provides details on specific disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, anterior pituitary gland, thyroid function, and adrenal glands. The major manifestations and mechanisms of onset are described for conditions like hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, diabetes insipidus, and others.
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It produces hormones that control other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, and ovaries/testes. The pituitary can be affected by tumors, trauma, infections, or genetic conditions which can cause it to produce too much or too little of its hormones. This can lead to symptoms like abnormal growth, changes in menstrual cycles, low libido, and weight gain or loss depending on which hormones are affected. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy to address deficiencies.
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate many endocrine systems. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through neural and hormonal signals. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe and is very small, sitting at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit different hormone releases from the anterior pituitary gland to regulate other endocrine glands.
Pituitary gland disorders include acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes insipidus, empty sella syndrome, hypopituitarism and pituitary tumors. Pituitary problems can be caused by pituitary tumors, most of which are benign.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones and regulate bodily functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal gland, ovaries and testes. Hormones produced by these glands influence growth, metabolism, sexual development, and other processes. Diseases can arise if the glands produce too much or too little of certain hormones, leading to conditions such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and Cushing syndrome.
The endocrine system regulates physiological activities through hormones secreted by glands. There are four types of chemical messengers: endocrine messengers (hormones), paracrine messengers (act locally), autocrine messengers (control source cells), and neurocrine messengers (neurotransmitters and neurohormones). The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain regulates many other glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe; the anterior lobe secretes hormones that regulate other glands while the posterior lobe stores hormones from the hypothalamus. Major hormones discussed include prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and antidiuretic hormone.
Disorders of pituitary gland (( THE MASTER )) BY M.SASIcardilogy
The pituitary gland acts as the control center of the endocrine system. Disorders of the pituitary gland can cause either pituitary hyperfunction (hyperpituitarism) or hypopituitarism. Pituitary hyperfunction is usually caused by a pituitary adenoma and can result in excess secretion of hormones like prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH, or TSH. Prolactinomas, which cause excess prolactin secretion, are the most common type of pituitary adenoma. Symptoms of a prolactinoma include menstrual irregularities in women, infertility, and galactorrhea. Diagnosis involves measuring prolactin levels and treating the underlying cause.
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and its glands. It discusses that hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate physiological functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, and reproductive organs. It then provides detailed information about the hormones produced and functions of the pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. It concludes by discussing some diseases related to abnormalities in the endocrine system.
Panhypopituitarism is a condition where the anterior pituitary gland does not produce sufficient hormones, resulting in the destruction or malfunction of the gland. It can be congenital or develop over time. Gigantism occurs pre-puberty and is caused by excessive growth hormone during development, resulting in extreme height. Acromegaly occurs post-puberty and is also due to excessive growth hormone, causing enlarged hands, feet, and facial features. Both can be caused by non-cancerous pituitary tumors and are treated through surgery, medication, or radiation therapy to regulate hormone levels.
The document discusses disorders of the pituitary gland, including hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism. It provides details on the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and their functions. Hypopituitarism is caused by an underactive pituitary gland and can result in diseases like dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, and Addison's disease. Hyperpituitarism is caused by overproduction of pituitary hormones and can result in conditions like acromegaly and Cushing's disease. The document discusses various pituitary disorders in detail, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
The document provides information about the endocrine system and pituitary gland disorders. It begins with an overview of the pituitary gland, its location and hormones secreted. These include TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin from the anterior pituitary. The intermediate pituitary secretes MSH, while the posterior pituitary secretes ADH and oxytocin. Hypopituitarism is then discussed, defined as a failure of the pituitary gland to produce one or more hormones. Causes can include tumors, trauma, infections, and genetic disorders. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the deficient hormones. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy tailored to the specific deficiencies.
This document discusses male reproductive endocrinology and related disorders. It covers the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and testosterone production. It then discusses specific conditions like gynecomastia and male hypogonadism. For gynecomastia, it describes the pathophysiology and treatments. For hypogonadism, it defines it and discusses the etiologies, symptoms, and diagnosis of both primary and secondary hypogonadism.
This document discusses the endocrine system and various endocrine disorders and their implications in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to the endocrine system and hormones. It then describes several endocrine glands - the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and adrenal gland. For each gland, it discusses hormone production and regulation, as well as disorders like acromegaly, gigantism, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. It concludes by outlining some orthodontic considerations for patients with endocrine disorders, such as accelerated or delayed tooth movement due to high or low bone turnover.
This document provides an overview of hyperpituitarism, which is defined as excessive secretion of one or more pituitary hormones. The most common cause is a hormone-producing pituitary adenoma arising in the anterior lobe. Pituitary adenomas can be functional (hormone-producing) or nonfunctional and may cause hyperfunction of growth hormone (gigantism and acromegaly), prolactin, or ACTH (Cushing's syndrome). Other conditions like craniopharyngioma or metastatic carcinoma can also cause a mass effect by compressing surrounding structures. The document discusses various pituitary adenoma subtypes and hypersecretory syndromes in detail.
The document discusses disorders of the thyroid gland, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It begins by reviewing the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback system. Hypothyroidism can be congenital or acquired, and if during childhood causes cretinism. Acquired hypothyroidism in adults is called myxedema. Hyperthyroidism results from increased thyroid hormone secretion and can be caused by Graves' disease. Thyroid storm is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism.
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system. It begins by describing the endocrine system and hormones. It then discusses the main groups of hormones and their general characteristics and effects. The document goes on to describe various mechanisms that can cause hormonal alterations. It discusses specific disorders affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system, anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid function. The major manifestations and mechanisms of onset are described for hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and other endocrine disorders.
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system. It begins by describing the endocrine system and hormones. It then discusses the main groups of hormones and their general characteristics and effects. The document outlines various mechanisms that can cause hormonal alterations, including failures of feedback systems or endocrine glands. It provides details on specific disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid function. The major manifestations and mechanisms of onset are described for conditions like hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, and diabetes insipidus.
14 Disorders_of_endocrine_system and possible causes.pptLawalBelloDanchadi
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system. It begins by describing the endocrine system and hormones. It then discusses the main groups of hormones and their general characteristics and effects. The document outlines various mechanisms that can cause hormonal alterations, including failures of feedback systems or endocrine glands. It provides details on specific disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, anterior pituitary gland, thyroid function, and adrenal glands. The major manifestations and mechanisms of onset are described for conditions like hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, diabetes insipidus, and others.
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It produces hormones that control other endocrine glands like the thyroid, adrenals, and ovaries/testes. The pituitary can be affected by tumors, trauma, infections, or genetic conditions which can cause it to produce too much or too little of its hormones. This can lead to symptoms like abnormal growth, changes in menstrual cycles, low libido, and weight gain or loss depending on which hormones are affected. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy to address deficiencies.
Similar to endocrinedisordersppt--converted.pptx (20)
accidentpreventioninchildren child health nursimgpayalgakhar
Children are naturally curious and prone to accidents due to their developing skills and lack of caution. The document defines accidents and injuries, and discusses how children are at greater risk of accidental harm due to dangers in the adult world like chemicals, appliances, and traffic. It provides data showing accidents are a leading cause of death in children. Common accidental injuries and prevention strategies are covered for different age groups, including preventing falls, burns, suffocation, and ingestion in infants through constant supervision and childproofing hazards. The role of nurses is also outlined as anticipating risks, providing education and a safe environment, and assisting in medical care and policymaking to prevent accidental disability and death in children.
The lymphatic system functions in immunity, lipid transport from the digestive system, and draining interstitial fluid back to blood. It contains lymphatic tissue including macrophages, T cells, B cells, and a reticular connective tissue framework. Lymphatic organs composed of this tissue surrounded by a capsule include lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. Lymphatic nodules are small clumps of lymphatic tissue without a capsule, found in places like MALT, tonsils, and Peyer's patches. Lymphatic circulation transports lymph through capillaries, vessels, trunks and ducts, with flow promoted by muscle contraction and breathing. Lacteals are lymphatic
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system including the structure and functions of skin. It discusses the layers of skin, skin glands, hair structure, nail composition, pigmentation, burns, and skin grafts. Skin is the largest organ and acts as a protective barrier, regulates temperature and moisture, and detects sensations like touch.
This document outlines developmental milestones for preschool-aged children between 3-6 years old. It discusses physical, motor, cognitive, language, and psychosocial development milestones in areas such as walking, running, hopping, balancing, building towers, cutting with scissors, increased vocabulary, understanding of gender, sharing, and following rules. The document provides examples of typical development at ages 3-4 and 4-6, noting skills in areas like dressing independently, riding tricycles, copying shapes, telling stories, counting, recognizing colors and shapes.
Play is a child's way of living and developing. Play therapy uses play to help children communicate and resolve psychosocial issues. There are two main types of play: active play where children enjoy an activity, and passive play where they enjoy watching. Play therapy has advantages like helping sensorimotor, intellectual, social and creative development, as well as releasing stress. The play therapy team includes psychologists, play leaders, doctors and social workers. Toys should be age-appropriate, non-toxic, and used with supervision to benefit children's development and well-being.
This document outlines the typical growth and development of infants from 1-12 months. Key milestones include being able to lift the head by 2 months, follow objects with their eyes by 3 months, sit with support by 5-6 months, crawl by 8-9 months, stand with support by 9-10 months, walk holding furniture by 10-12 months, and speak 3-5 meaningful words by 10-12 months. The document provides details on infants' physical, cognitive, social, and language development month by month during the first year.
This document discusses various types of birth injuries including definitions, risk factors, and clinical features. It covers injuries to the head such as cephalhematoma and subgaleal hemorrhage. It also discusses other types of injuries like brachial plexus injuries, facial nerve palsy, and spinal cord injuries. For each type of injury, the document provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood. It can be caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys such as dehydration, surgery, or heart problems. It can also be caused by issues with urine flow from kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate. Symptoms include vomiting, nausea, swelling, and fatigue. Treatment focuses on fluid balance, electrolytes, and sometimes dialysis. Prevention involves staying hydrated and treating infections promptly.
This document discusses the role of knowledge management in the decision making process. It begins by defining decision making as one of the most crucial business processes. It then defines knowledge management as the strategies, systems, and processes that enable creation, capture, sharing, and use of organizational knowledge. The document outlines the knowledge management process, which includes identification, storage, codification, creation, diffusion, and use of knowledge. It also discusses how knowledge is transferred between tacit and explicit forms. The impact of knowledge management strategies on decision making is discussed. Technological applications that can support decision makers are also covered. The document concludes by noting how globalization increases the complexity of strategic decision making problems due to more stakeholders with varying concerns.
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to control blood clotting. It is passed down from mothers to their sons and manifests mostly in males. There are three main types - Hemophilia A involves a lack of clotting Factor VIII, Hemophilia B involves Factor IX, and Hemophilia C involves Factor XI. The severity is determined by the level of the deficient clotting factor, with severe cases having less than 1% of normal levels. Treatment involves replacing the deficient clotting factor through commercially prepared concentrates or therapies like desmopressin acetate to stimulate endogenous release. Dental procedures in hemophiliacs require careful management to prevent bleeding through measures
This document discusses play therapy and the importance of play for child development. It defines play therapy as a form of counseling that uses play to help children communicate and resolve psychosocial issues. The advantages of play therapy include supporting sensorimotor, intellectual, social, and creative development as well as providing therapeutic benefits by allowing children to process life experiences. The document outlines appropriate play materials for different age groups from infants to school-aged children and provides safety guidelines for toy selection.
national health progrmmes for children.pptxpayalgakhar
This document summarizes several national health programs in India for children, including the Reproductive and Child Health Program, Universal Immunization Program, Integrated Child Development Services, School Health Program, and nutritional programs. It provides details on the objectives, services provided, implementation, and strategies of these programs, which aim to improve child health, reduce mortality and malnutrition, and make health services more accessible to children and mothers across India.
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of people in society based on dimensions like income, wealth, power, and prestige. There are different levels or strata that people are placed in based on these dimensions. Theoretical explanations for social stratification include conflict theory, which views inequality as existing due to exploitation and as impeding progress; functionalist theory, which sees stratification as assuring that the most qualified fill important jobs; and symbolic interactionist theory, which argues that social classes are based on ideas that people accept to maintain the status quo.
Malabsorption is a condition arising from abnormalities in the absorption of nutrients across the gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to malnutrition and various anemias. Malabsorption can be caused by digestive failure from enzyme deficiencies, structural defects, mucosal abnormalities, infectious agents, or systemic diseases affecting the GI tract. Common causes include celiac disease, Crohn's disease, short bowel syndrome, bacterial overgrowth, and Whipple's disease. Symptoms include diarrhea, weight loss, growth issues, edema, anemias, and muscle/bleeding problems. Management involves replacing lost nutrients, fluids, and electrolytes through diet or parenteral administration.
The document outlines the objectives and methodology of a study assessing knowledge and practices regarding home accident prevention among mothers of under-five children in rural Faridkot, Punjab. The study aimed to assess knowledge and practices, examine their relationship, and determine associations with demographic variables. It found most mothers had adequate knowledge but unsatisfactory practices, with a moderate correlation between the two. Mothers' education was significantly associated with knowledge but not practices. The age of children was significantly associated with practices but not knowledge.
There are four main pathological types that can cause nephrotic syndrome: minimal change nephropathy, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. General management includes corticosteroid therapy, controlling edema, preventing infection, and managing complications like hypercoagulability and acute renal failure.
Culture is the shared beliefs, behaviors, and practices of a social group. It includes both material and nonmaterial aspects. Material culture consists of objects like bus passes and churches, while nonmaterial culture includes ideas, attitudes, and beliefs. A society's culture is expressed through its values, beliefs, norms, symbols, and language. Cultural change occurs over time through innovation and cultural diffusion as new ideas and technologies spread. Sociologists view culture through different theoretical lenses such as functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
This document discusses thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies. It begins by describing Hb-A, the major adult hemoglobin, and then defines thalassemias as syndromes arising from decreased or absent globin chain synthesis. It distinguishes thalassemias, where the rate of globin chain synthesis is affected, from hemoglobinopathies, where abnormal hemoglobin variants are synthesized. The document outlines the modes of inheritance of these conditions and how different thalassemias are named based on the affected globin chain. It provides more detailed descriptions of alpha and beta thalassemias, including their genetic causes and clinical presentations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
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2. The nervous system and the interconnected network of
glands known as the endocrine system control body
systems.
Endocrine disorders are the consequences of hypo
function and hyper function of each endocrine gland.
3.
4. The chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands
are called hormones.
The endocrine glands are composed of secretory cells
arranged in minute clusters known as acini.
Glands are ductless with a rich blood supply, so the
hormones they produce enter the bloodstream rapidly.
Hormone concentration in the bloodstream is maintained at
a relatively constant level.
When the hormone concentration increases, further
production of that hormone is inhibited & vice versa.
Negative feedback.
6. Widespread effects on the body and a wide variety of
signs and symptoms
Changes in energy level and fatigue
Tolerance of heat and cold as well as recent changes in
weight:
Changes in sexual function and secondary sex
characteristics
Changes in mood, memory, and ability to concentrate
and altered sleep patterns
7. Changes in skin texture with both hypo function and
hyper-function
Eye changes, such as exophthalmos,
Changes in physical appearance (e.g., appearance of facial
hair in women, "moon face," "buffalo hump," thinning of
the skin, obesity of the trunk and thinness of the
extremities, increased size of the feet and hands, edema)
Vital signs Elevated B.P. may occur with hyper function of
the adrenal cortex or tumor of the adrenal medulla and
Decreased blood pressure may occur with hypo function of
the adrenal cortex.
8. Anatomic and Physiologic Overview
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, about 1.27 cm in
diameter located on the inferior aspect of the brain.
Commonly referred to as the master gland.
Control the secretion of hormones by other endocrine
glands.
The pituitary itself is controlled by the hypothalamus.
The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior and
posterior lobes.
9. The major hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
Luteinizing hormone (LH),
Prolactin,ACTH,
TSH,
Growth hormone (somatotropin).
Other hormones include melanocyte-stimulating
hormone and beta-lipotropin.
10. The important hormones
Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone orADH,
Oxytocin. (Oxytocin secretion is stimulated during
pregnancy and at childbirth. )
11.
12. disease of the pituitary gland itself or disease of the
hypothalamus,
complication of radiation therapy to the head and neck
area,
total destruction of the pituitary gland by trauma,
tumor, or vascular lesion.
The result is extreme weight loss, emaciation, atrophy of
all endocrine glands and organs, hair loss, impotence,
amenorrhea, hypo metabolism.
13. Cushing's syndrome.( ACTH or growth hormone)
Acromegaly
Gigantism.
Dwarfism.
Panhypopituitarism.
Hypopituitarism may result from destruction of the
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Postpartum pituitary necrosis (Sheehan's syndrome)
14. The most common disorder related to posterior lobe
dysfunction is Diabetes insipidus.
15. Pituitary Tumors
Pituitary tumors are usually benign types of pituitary
tumors represent an overgrowth of
(1) eosinophilic cells,
(2) basophilic cells, or
(3) chromophobic cells (i.e., cells with no affinity for
either eosinophilic or basophilic stains).
16. Definition
Gigantism, an overgrowth of the long bones,
develops in children before the age when the
epiphyses of the bones close. Clients suffering
gigantism may grow to 9 feet tall.
Acromegaly is a disease of adults and develops
after closure of the epiphyses 'of the long
bones.i.e. increase in bone thickness and
hypertrophy of the soft tissues.
19. Clients with gigantism: develop
hyperglycemia. About 10 per cent of the
clients develop full-blown diabetes mellitus.
As the tumor grow, destruction of the entire
pituitary gland, leading to hypopituitarism.
Pressure on the optic nerve, may lead to
blindness.
20. Prognosis: depends on the age at which the
client develops an over secretion of GH and
seeks health intervention.
26. In addition, clients with acromegaly develop
local manifestations such as,
diplopia,
headache
blindness,
and lethargy,
due to compression of brain tissue by the tumor.
27. In advanced cases, clients can suffer from
associated hormonal disturbances such as,
diabetes mellitus,
goiter,
Cushing's disease,
changes in libido and
menstrual disorders.
28. Irradiation of the pituitary gland to destroy the
tumor. This is usually performed through a radiation
implant via the transsphenoidal approach.
29. Sromocriptine (Parlodel) can reduce the levels of
growth hormone and decrease tumor size.
This agent can be used if the levels of growth
hormone remain high after surgery or until the
effects of radiation occur.
30. The treatment of choice for both gigantism and
acromegaly is a surgical hypophysectomy.
Partial or complete removal of the pituitary gland.
Following surgery, the need for cortisone
replacement may be permanent.
31. Nursing Diagnosis:
Knowledge Deficit R/T surgery and possible
outcomes.
High risk for injury R/T postoperative
complications.
Knowledge Deficit R/T self administration of
pituitary replacement hormones.
33. Hypopituitarism is a deficiency of one or more of
the hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the
pituitary.
When both the anterior and posterior lobes
secrete hormones, the condition is
panhypopituitarism. (Simmond’s
fail to
called
disease)
35. Etiology/Pathophysiology
The five most important causes of hypopituitarism
Hypophysectomy
Nonsecreting Pituitary Tumors:
Nonfunctioning chromophobe adenoma and
craniopharyngioma.
Decreased Growth Hormone
Postpartum Pituitary Necrosis
Functional Disorders: anorexia nervosa, severe
anemia, and GIT disorders.
36. Short stature, stunted growth results from either:
- congenital lack of GH or
- the development of space-occupying intracranial tumors,
meningitis, or brain injury during early childhood.
Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency due to
diminished synthesis of ACTH
Hypothyroidism,(diminished TSH)
Sexual and reproductive disorders r/t deficiencies of
the gonadotropins (LH and FSH) can produce sterility,
diminished sexual drive, and decreased secondary
sex characteristics,infertility and amenorrhea,
diminished spermatogenesis, and testicular atrophy.
37. ACTH: secondary adrenal insufficiency.
Cortisol levels: are low in both primary and
secondary hypothyroidism.
Thyroid hormone, TSH levels:
hypothyroidism.
FSH and LH: Sexual and reproductive
disorders
38. Treatment for hypopituitarism involves:
(1) removal, if possible of the causative factor
(e.g., tumors) and
(2) permanent replacement of the hormones
secreted by the target organs.
39. Injections of HGH successfully treat GH
deficiency
Medications prescribed to replace hormones
include
(1) corticosteroids for correction of secondary
adrenocortical insufficiency,
(2) thyroid hormone for treatment of
myxedema, and
(3) sex hormones to correct hypogonadism.
42. The major disorder of the posterior lobe is
ADH deficiency (diabetes insipidus)
Excessive ADH causes the syndrome of
inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH).
44. Definition
Diabetes insipidus is a deficiency of ADH
resulting in a physiologic imbalance of water.
Incidence
Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder.
45. Primary diabetes insipidus: Abnormalities in the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland from familial or idiopathic causes.
Secondary diabetes insipidus: Destruction of the gland by tumors in
the hypothalamic-pituitary region, trauma, infectious processes,
vascular accidents, or metastatic tumors from the breast or lung.
Medications such as phenytoin (Dilantin), alcohol, and lithium
carbonate, can interfere with the synthesis or release of ADH in
some clients.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: Owing to an inherited defect, the
kidney tubules cannot respond toADH.
46. Risk factors include
head injuries,
infections, and
other factors that lead to destruction of the
gland.
Certain medications also may lead to the
development of diabetes insipidus.
47. The major functions of ADH are to promote water
reabsorption by the kidney and control the osmotic
pressure of the extracellular fluid.
ADH production decreases excessively
kidney tubules fail to reabsorb water
large amounts of dilute urine excreted
diabetes insipidus.
48. Its two major manifestations are
Polyuria (urine is
gravity of 1:001
dilute,
to
with
1.005
a specific
(normal
specific gravity is 1.00 1 - 1.030).
Polydipsia (The client can drink and
excrete 5 to 10 liters of fluid per day.)
49. A water deprivation test.
Instruct the client not to drink water, to concentrate
the urine. Test results are positive for diabetes
insipidus if the urine remains dilute.
50. Pharmacologic Management
Administration of the benzothiadiazine diuretics, either alone
or in combination with sylfonylurea clorpropamide.
Injection of ADH or vasopressin (aqueous Pitressin) can control the
symptoms of diabetes insipidus.
The synthetic polypeptide desmopressin acetate (DDA VP) can be
insufflated through the nose in the morning and at bedtime.
After administering vasopressin, clients need to be assessed for
signs and symptoms of water intoxication, which can lead to fluid
overload, cerebral edema, and seizures .
51.
52. Maintaining adequate hydration,
Electrolyte balance, and
Preventingcomplications.
Assess the effectiveness of the medication.
The client also must learn self-administration
of either the injections or the nasal spray.
If the client undergoes hypophysectomy,
nursing care for the same.
54. Definition
SIADH is a disorder associated with excessive
amounts of ADH, resulting in a water imbalance.
55. Incidence
SIADH is one of the most common causes of
hyponatremia, although the exact incidence of
SIADH itself is not known.
56. Etiology
There are a wide variety of causes of SIADH, including the
stress of surgery and many disorders and medications.
Risk Factors
Treatment of diabetes insipidus with vasopressin can
lead to SIADH if excessive amounts are administered.
A variety of malignancies are risk factors for SIADH.
57. SIADH is the opposite of diabetes insipidus.
Instead of large fluid losses, clients with SIADH may have water
intoxication due to fluid retention.
Under normal circumstances, ADH regulates serum osmolality.
When serum osmolality falls, a feedback mechanism causes
inhibition of ADH.
This, in turn, promotes increased water excretion by the kidneys to
raise serum osmolality to normal.
When this feedback mechanism fails and ADH levels are sustained, fluid
retention results.
Ultimately, serum sodium falls, resulting in hyponatremia and water
intoxication.
58. CNS dysfunction,
alterations in level
characterized by
seizures, and coma,
of consciousness,
can become evident
when serum sodium falls to 120 mEq/L or less.
Hyponatremia can result in diminished
gastrointestinal function, and this problem is
further complicated by the need for fluid
restriction.
60. fluid restriction,
very careful
chloride,
administration
demeclocycline,
replacement of sodium
of diuretics and
and correction of the cause, if possible.
61. Assessment:
Fluid status and electrolytes should be closely monitored.
cardiovascular status also should be assessed regularly so
any alterations are immediately noted.
The client's weight should be recorded, and any gain of more than 2
pounds should be reported to the physician.
The client's neurologic status should be monitored so any
alterations related to the hyponatremia are immediately diagnosed
and treatment can be started.
62. Injury, High Risk for R/T to the danger of
cerebral edema, water intoxication, and CNS
dysfunction.
Fluid Volume Excess R/T excessive
secretion of ADH secondary to SIADH.