Functional anatomy of pituitary gland
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The document provides an overview of the functional anatomy and physiology of the pituitary gland and growth hormone. It discusses the gland's histology and role in controlling various metabolic functions through the release of hormones like growth hormone. Growth hormone is synthesized and released by somatotroph cells in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone and other factors. It stimulates bone and cartilage growth through insulin-like growth factors. Conditions like gigantism and acromegaly can result from excess growth hormone secretion.
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Physiology of pituitary gland
The document discusses several hormones produced by the pituitary gland and their effects. It begins by describing growth hormone (GH) and its role in promoting insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which cause cell growth. GH increases growth during childhood and maintains muscle and bone mass in adults. Thyroid stimulating hormone regulates thyroid hormones, while follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone control reproduction. Prolactin induces milk production. The hypothalamus regulates pituitary hormone secretion through releasing and inhibiting hormones. Conditions caused by pituitary hormone imbalances like gigantism, dwarfism, and acromegaly are also summarized.
Growth hormone (applied physiology)
1. The document discusses growth hormone hypersecretion and hyposecretion disorders including gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, acromicria, and Simmond's disease.
2. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of each condition.
3. Key points include that gigantism results from growth hormone hypersecretion before epiphyseal closure, leading to excessive growth, while acromegaly occurs after closure and results in thickening of bones and tissues. Dwarfism is caused by growth hormone deficiency as a child.
Hormones of pituitary gland
The document summarizes the hormones of the pituitary gland. It discusses that the pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, controls other endocrine glands by secreting hormones. These hormones include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. It provides details on the function and regulation of each hormone. Common diseases associated with hormonal imbalances are also mentioned.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and is divided into two lobes - the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones regulating growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Growth hormone produced by the anterior pituitary stimulates growth in children and regulates metabolism. Too little growth hormone causes dwarfism while too much causes gigantism or acromegaly.
anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is divided into three parts: the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. The pars distalis makes up most of the anterior pituitary and produces six major hormones. These hormones include growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The hypothalamus regulates hormone production and secretion in the anterior pituitary through releasing and inhibitory hormones.
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
The document discusses the hypothalamic factors and anterior pituitary hormones. It begins by describing the structure and functions of the anterior pituitary gland and its connection to the hypothalamus. It then summarizes the six main hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary - growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. It explains how these hormones control various target glands and metabolic functions throughout the body. Finally, it discusses how the hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion through releasing and inhibitory hormones, and provides examples of anterior pituitary hyperactivity and hypoactivity disorders.
hypothalamus & Pituitary gland
The document summarizes the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. It describes the major classes of hormones, their functions, regulation, and pharmacological applications. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which secretes hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone to regulate other endocrine glands. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone controls the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary. The posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin and vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone in response to physiological signals.
Pituitary hormones
PITUITARY GLAND
(HYPOPHYSIS)
DIAMETER: 1 CM
WEIGHT: 0.5-1 GM
LIES: SELLA TURCIA
TWO PORTIONS
1- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)
2-POSTERIOR PITUITARY
(NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
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Physiology of pituitary gland
The document discusses several hormones produced by the pituitary gland and their effects. It begins by describing growth hormone (GH) and its role in promoting insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which cause cell growth. GH increases growth during childhood and maintains muscle and bone mass in adults. Thyroid stimulating hormone regulates thyroid hormones, while follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone control reproduction. Prolactin induces milk production. The hypothalamus regulates pituitary hormone secretion through releasing and inhibiting hormones. Conditions caused by pituitary hormone imbalances like gigantism, dwarfism, and acromegaly are also summarized.
Growth hormone (applied physiology)
1. The document discusses growth hormone hypersecretion and hyposecretion disorders including gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, acromicria, and Simmond's disease.
2. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of each condition.
3. Key points include that gigantism results from growth hormone hypersecretion before epiphyseal closure, leading to excessive growth, while acromegaly occurs after closure and results in thickening of bones and tissues. Dwarfism is caused by growth hormone deficiency as a child.
Hormones of pituitary gland
The document summarizes the hormones of the pituitary gland. It discusses that the pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, controls other endocrine glands by secreting hormones. These hormones include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, oxytocin, and vasopressin. It provides details on the function and regulation of each hormone. Common diseases associated with hormonal imbalances are also mentioned.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and is divided into two lobes - the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones regulating growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Growth hormone produced by the anterior pituitary stimulates growth in children and regulates metabolism. Too little growth hormone causes dwarfism while too much causes gigantism or acromegaly.
anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is divided into three parts: the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. The pars distalis makes up most of the anterior pituitary and produces six major hormones. These hormones include growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The hypothalamus regulates hormone production and secretion in the anterior pituitary through releasing and inhibitory hormones.
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
The document discusses the hypothalamic factors and anterior pituitary hormones. It begins by describing the structure and functions of the anterior pituitary gland and its connection to the hypothalamus. It then summarizes the six main hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary - growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. It explains how these hormones control various target glands and metabolic functions throughout the body. Finally, it discusses how the hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion through releasing and inhibitory hormones, and provides examples of anterior pituitary hyperactivity and hypoactivity disorders.
hypothalamus & Pituitary gland
The document summarizes the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. It describes the major classes of hormones, their functions, regulation, and pharmacological applications. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which secretes hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone to regulate other endocrine glands. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone controls the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary. The posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin and vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone in response to physiological signals.
Pituitary hormones
PITUITARY GLAND
(HYPOPHYSIS)
DIAMETER: 1 CM
WEIGHT: 0.5-1 GM
LIES: SELLA TURCIA
TWO PORTIONS
1- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)
2-POSTERIOR PITUITARY
(NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
Introduction to Endocrine Dr. Pandian M.
Arnold Berthold conducted early endocrine experiments in 1849 showing that castration caused changes in roosters that could be reversed by testicular extracts, demonstrating the endocrine role of the testes. Claude Bernard established that hormones travel via blood to regulate the internal environment. The endocrine and nervous systems both integrate stimuli and responses but differ in their modes of communication. Hormones are categorized into peptides/proteins, amino acid derivatives, steroids, and fatty acid derivatives. Key aspects of hormone function, synthesis, regulation, and control are discussed.
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The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which are produced in the hypothalamus and travel down nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary. Growth hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, promotes growth and protein synthesis throughout the body and has effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Its secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus.
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Gigantism and acromegaly are disorders caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. Gigantism occurs when excess growth hormone is secreted during childhood, leading to abnormal growth and extremely tall stature over 7 feet. Acromegaly occurs when excess growth hormone is secreted in adulthood, after bone growth plates have fused, resulting in thickening of bones in hands, feet, and face. Dwarfism is caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary during childhood, leading to stunted growth. Cretinism is a form of dwarfism caused by congenital hypothyroidism.
4. pituitary gland
The anterior pituitary gland regulates several endocrine organs through the release of hormones. It consists of two lobes - the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary releases growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. These hormones work through feedback loops called axes to regulate target endocrine glands. The axes include the growth hormone axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and prolactin axis. The posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
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This document provides information about the endocrine system and its glands. It discusses the three main types of glands - endocrine, exocrine, and heterocrine glands. The key endocrine glands discussed include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas. For each gland, the document outlines their anatomy, hormones secreted, functions of those hormones, and diseases related to under or overproduction of hormones. The pituitary gland regulates other endocrine glands by secreting TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, growth hormone, and prolactin. Imbalances in these hormones can result in issues like gigantism, acromegaly, hyp
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and other hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus. Diseases of the pituitary gland include hyperpituitarism due to overproduction of hormones and hypopituitarism due to underproduction. Pituitary tumors are also common and can cause hormonal imbalances or pressure effects.
hormone of gonad
The growth hormone is produced by somatotropes cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Its release is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone release inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth and influences metabolism. Deficiencies cause dwarfism while overproduction causes gigantism or acromegaly. The gonads produce sex hormones and germ cells. Androgens are produced in males and influence physiological functions and metabolism. Estrogens are predominantly ovarian hormones and influence the menstrual cycle and female development. Progesterone is required for pregnancy and influences the uterus and mammary glands.
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This document summarizes the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and their functions. It notes that the anterior pituitary contains five types of cells that secrete important hormones: somatotrophs that secrete growth hormone, thyrotrophs that secrete TSH, gonadotrophs that secrete FSH and LH, lactotrophs that secrete prolactin, and corticotrophs that secrete ACTH. It describes the roles of key hormones like growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and ACTH. It also explains that the secretions of these hormones are regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus through negative feedback mechanisms.
Endocrinology pituitary
The pituitary gland is a small, bean-shaped gland situated at the base of your brain, somewhat behind your nose and between your ears. Despite its small size, the gland influences nearly every part of your body. The hormones it produces help regulate important functions, such as growth, blood pressure and reproduction.
Endocrine gland system psuchology
The endocrine gland system is a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and work closely with the nervous system. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls the functions of the adrenal, thyroid, and gonads by secreting hormones. Abnormal functions of the endocrine glands can affect behavior, such as dwarfism from pituitary deficiencies or hypothyroidism causing cretinism. Hormones from the adrenal glands and gonads also influence behaviors related to stress responses and sexual development.
Endocrinology
The document discusses endocrine glands and hormones. It defines endocrine glands as ductless glands that secrete hormones internally into the bloodstream, in contrast to exocrine glands that secrete through ducts. It provides details on the types of glands, brief history of endocrinology, hormone definitions, mechanisms of hormone action, hormone transport and inactivation, hormone receptors, and the main endocrine glands.
Endocrine gland
The document summarizes key information about endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses that endocrine glands are groups of secretory cells that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, testes, pancreas and pineal gland. Each gland secretes specific hormones that target distant tissues, regulating processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction and homeostasis. Hormone secretion is regulated by negative feedback loops between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
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Thanks to @marietoinette and @SeLipar PuTus for letting me share their slides.
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1. The document discusses several endocrine glands and their hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland.
2. It describes the functions of important hormones like thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, and parathyroid hormone.
3. Laboratory tests for various hormones are listed along with their normal ranges and clinical significance when abnormal. Imaging tests like thyroid scans, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound are also mentioned to evaluate endocrine glands.
Anterior pituitary gland and GH by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP, th...
The document discusses the anterior pituitary hormone growth hormone (GH). It describes GH's structure, secretion, regulation and mechanism of action. GH acts through growth hormone receptors on target tissues and stimulates insulin-like growth factor production, promoting growth. GH also has metabolic effects including increasing protein synthesis and fat utilization while antagonizing insulin. Disorders of excessive or insufficient GH secretion can cause gigantism, acromegaly or dwarfism.
Hypothalamic, Pituitary and Parathyroid hormones
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones regulate target endocrine glands. Hypothalamic hormones such as TRH and GHRH act on the pituitary to stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones including TSH, GH, and gonadotropins. These pituitary hormones then act on target glands like the thyroid and gonads. There is feedback regulation between peripheral hormones and the hypothalamus and pituitary to control hormone levels. Hormones have various therapeutic uses including treatment of hormone deficiencies and regulating hormone secretion.
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The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction and other processes. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other endocrine glands by producing hormones that stimulate or inhibit their secretions. Disorders can occur if the pituitary, hypothalamus or target glands are hypofunctional or hyperfunctional. In children, too little or too much hormone production can impact growth and development.
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The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Key glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries/testes, and pineal gland. Hormones act as chemical messengers to control important processes such as growth, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and homeostasis. Imbalances in hormone levels can cause disorders throughout the body.
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This document provides an overview of endocrine hormones and their functions. It begins with definitions and classifications of hormones, then discusses hormone secretion, transport, clearance, and mechanisms of action. Specific hormones discussed include growth hormone, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcium and phosphate metabolism, vitamin D, insulin, estrogen, and others. The document explains hormone synthesis, storage, release, feedback loops, and transport. It also covers hormone receptor activation and second messenger mechanisms. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to endocrinology and the roles of various hormones in regulating physiological processes.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and help regulate water balance and milk release. Disorders of the pituitary can impact hormone levels and cause wide-ranging symptoms.
pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It has two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe regulates growth, metabolism, stress responses, reproduction and lactation by producing hormones that stimulate other glands. The posterior lobe helps control water balance in the body. The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" as it controls many other glands.
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Introduction to Endocrine Dr. Pandian M.
Arnold Berthold conducted early endocrine experiments in 1849 showing that castration caused changes in roosters that could be reversed by testicular extracts, demonstrating the endocrine role of the testes. Claude Bernard established that hormones travel via blood to regulate the internal environment. The endocrine and nervous systems both integrate stimuli and responses but differ in their modes of communication. Hormones are categorized into peptides/proteins, amino acid derivatives, steroids, and fatty acid derivatives. Key aspects of hormone function, synthesis, regulation, and control are discussed.
Pituitary hormones and their
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which are produced in the hypothalamus and travel down nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary. Growth hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, promotes growth and protein synthesis throughout the body and has effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Its secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus.
Endocrine applied physiology – disorders BY Dr. PANDIAN M
Gigantism and acromegaly are disorders caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. Gigantism occurs when excess growth hormone is secreted during childhood, leading to abnormal growth and extremely tall stature over 7 feet. Acromegaly occurs when excess growth hormone is secreted in adulthood, after bone growth plates have fused, resulting in thickening of bones in hands, feet, and face. Dwarfism is caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary during childhood, leading to stunted growth. Cretinism is a form of dwarfism caused by congenital hypothyroidism.
4. pituitary gland
The anterior pituitary gland regulates several endocrine organs through the release of hormones. It consists of two lobes - the anterior and posterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary releases growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. These hormones work through feedback loops called axes to regulate target endocrine glands. The axes include the growth hormone axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and prolactin axis. The posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
Endocrine ppt
This document provides information about the endocrine system and its glands. It discusses the three main types of glands - endocrine, exocrine, and heterocrine glands. The key endocrine glands discussed include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas. For each gland, the document outlines their anatomy, hormones secreted, functions of those hormones, and diseases related to under or overproduction of hormones. The pituitary gland regulates other endocrine glands by secreting TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, growth hormone, and prolactin. Imbalances in these hormones can result in issues like gigantism, acromegaly, hyp
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes growth hormone and other hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus. Diseases of the pituitary gland include hyperpituitarism due to overproduction of hormones and hypopituitarism due to underproduction. Pituitary tumors are also common and can cause hormonal imbalances or pressure effects.
hormone of gonad
The growth hormone is produced by somatotropes cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Its release is regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone release inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone promotes growth and influences metabolism. Deficiencies cause dwarfism while overproduction causes gigantism or acromegaly. The gonads produce sex hormones and germ cells. Androgens are produced in males and influence physiological functions and metabolism. Estrogens are predominantly ovarian hormones and influence the menstrual cycle and female development. Progesterone is required for pregnancy and influences the uterus and mammary glands.
Anterior pituitary gland
This document summarizes the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and their functions. It notes that the anterior pituitary contains five types of cells that secrete important hormones: somatotrophs that secrete growth hormone, thyrotrophs that secrete TSH, gonadotrophs that secrete FSH and LH, lactotrophs that secrete prolactin, and corticotrophs that secrete ACTH. It describes the roles of key hormones like growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and ACTH. It also explains that the secretions of these hormones are regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus through negative feedback mechanisms.
Endocrinology pituitary
The pituitary gland is a small, bean-shaped gland situated at the base of your brain, somewhat behind your nose and between your ears. Despite its small size, the gland influences nearly every part of your body. The hormones it produces help regulate important functions, such as growth, blood pressure and reproduction.
Endocrine gland system psuchology
The endocrine gland system is a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and work closely with the nervous system. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls the functions of the adrenal, thyroid, and gonads by secreting hormones. Abnormal functions of the endocrine glands can affect behavior, such as dwarfism from pituitary deficiencies or hypothyroidism causing cretinism. Hormones from the adrenal glands and gonads also influence behaviors related to stress responses and sexual development.
Endocrinology
The document discusses endocrine glands and hormones. It defines endocrine glands as ductless glands that secrete hormones internally into the bloodstream, in contrast to exocrine glands that secrete through ducts. It provides details on the types of glands, brief history of endocrinology, hormone definitions, mechanisms of hormone action, hormone transport and inactivation, hormone receptors, and the main endocrine glands.
Endocrine gland
The document summarizes key information about endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses that endocrine glands are groups of secretory cells that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, testes, pancreas and pineal gland. Each gland secretes specific hormones that target distant tissues, regulating processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction and homeostasis. Hormone secretion is regulated by negative feedback loops between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Growth Hormone
Growth Hormone overview.
Thanks to @marietoinette and @SeLipar PuTus for letting me share their slides.
NGRTCI Endocrine System Anatomy Lecture
1. The document discusses several endocrine glands and their hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland.
2. It describes the functions of important hormones like thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, and parathyroid hormone.
3. Laboratory tests for various hormones are listed along with their normal ranges and clinical significance when abnormal. Imaging tests like thyroid scans, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound are also mentioned to evaluate endocrine glands.
Anterior pituitary gland and GH by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology DYPMCKOP, th...
The document discusses the anterior pituitary hormone growth hormone (GH). It describes GH's structure, secretion, regulation and mechanism of action. GH acts through growth hormone receptors on target tissues and stimulates insulin-like growth factor production, promoting growth. GH also has metabolic effects including increasing protein synthesis and fat utilization while antagonizing insulin. Disorders of excessive or insufficient GH secretion can cause gigantism, acromegaly or dwarfism.
Hypothalamic, Pituitary and Parathyroid hormones
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones regulate target endocrine glands. Hypothalamic hormones such as TRH and GHRH act on the pituitary to stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones including TSH, GH, and gonadotropins. These pituitary hormones then act on target glands like the thyroid and gonads. There is feedback regulation between peripheral hormones and the hypothalamus and pituitary to control hormone levels. Hormones have various therapeutic uses including treatment of hormone deficiencies and regulating hormone secretion.
Endocrine system in children. Semiotics diseases
The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction and other processes. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other endocrine glands by producing hormones that stimulate or inhibit their secretions. Disorders can occur if the pituitary, hypothalamus or target glands are hypofunctional or hyperfunctional. In children, too little or too much hormone production can impact growth and development.
Anatomy: Endocrine System
The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Key glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries/testes, and pineal gland. Hormones act as chemical messengers to control important processes such as growth, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and homeostasis. Imbalances in hormone levels can cause disorders throughout the body.
Endocrinology and its disorders Khush
Endocrinology and its disorders with reference to dentistry and orthodontics.
endocrine system in detail.
endocrine and orthodontics.
endocrine glands inflencing orthodontic treatment
Hormones in Orthodontics
This document provides an overview of endocrine hormones and their functions. It begins with definitions and classifications of hormones, then discusses hormone secretion, transport, clearance, and mechanisms of action. Specific hormones discussed include growth hormone, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcium and phosphate metabolism, vitamin D, insulin, estrogen, and others. The document explains hormone synthesis, storage, release, feedback loops, and transport. It also covers hormone receptor activation and second messenger mechanisms. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to endocrinology and the roles of various hormones in regulating physiological processes.
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The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates several important bodily functions. It is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and help regulate water balance and milk release. Disorders of the pituitary can impact hormone levels and cause wide-ranging symptoms.
pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is a small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. It has two lobes - the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe regulates growth, metabolism, stress responses, reproduction and lactation by producing hormones that stimulate other glands. The posterior lobe helps control water balance in the body. The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" as it controls many other glands.
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Diuretics are substances whose administration increases urine production. Practical definition of a diuretic is a drug which increases the renal excretion of salt and water.
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Describe the structures, relations, and functions of the adrenal gland.
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Gyn Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is normally produced by the pituitary gland and its main functions are to induce breast development during pregnancy and stimulate lactation. Common causes of hyperprolactinemia include pregnancy, medications that affect dopamine levels, hypothyroidism, and pituitary tumors. Symptoms in women include galactorrhea (non-pregnancy related breast milk production), menstrual irregularities, and infertility. Treatment options aim to suppress prolactin levels and reduce tumor size, with dopamine agonists being the first-line medical treatment.
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Functional anatomy of pituitary gland
- 1. Functional anatomy of pituitary gland & physiology of growth hormone By: SHANKAR YADAV MSc. Medical Physiology Prachand Man Singh Rajbhandari MSc. Medical Biochemistry Vikram Shrestha MSc. Medical Biochemistry JAWAHARLAL NEHRU MEDICAL COLLEGE
- 2. Contents • Introduction • History • Gross anatomy & development • Histology • Pituitary hormone • Growth hormone • Recent advances
- 3. Introduction • Hypothalamic pituitary unit forms unique component of endocrine gland • Controls many aspects of human physiology • From delivery & feeding of baby to growth & development to adulthood • Then to make individual capable of producing progeny • Controls various metabolism, water homeostasis, thyroid & gonad functions
- 4. History • In 150 AD, Galen –first to describe pituitary • In early 18th century, De Haen described amenorrhea in pituitary tumor patient • In 1742 Joseph Lieutaud, demonstrated hypothalamohypophyseal axis • In 1772 Saucerotte first to describe Acromegaly • In 1794 Frank, distinguished diabetes insipidus from diabetes mellitus • In 1838 Rathke described formation of gland
- 5. Contd…. • In 1887 Minkowiski, linked pituitary gland to number of symptoms • In 1892 Vassle Sacchi, showed that removal of pituitary affect water & mineral metabolism • In 1907 Schloffer, operate pituitary via nasal route • In 1909 Aschner, demonstrated hypophysectomy in growing animal cause Dwarfism • In 1910 Cushing & team, linked between pituitary & reproduction
- 8. Histology
- 11. Synthesis • GH part of hypophyseal-pituitary axis. • Synthesized in somatotroph cells • Response to binding of GHRH to its receptor • Activating gene transcription by cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent mechanisms
- 12. Factors affecting synthesis Factors influence secretion: • peptide hormones GHRH Ghrelin • sex hormone • Choline and L-DOPA by stimulating GHRH • Hypoglycemia, arginin by inhibiting somatostatin release • Deep sleep • Niacin as nicotinic acid (Vitamin B3) • Vigorous exercise
- 13. Factors inhibiting • GHIH – paraventricular nucleus • Circulating concentrations of GH & IGF negative feedback mechanism • Hyperglycemia • Glucocorticoids • Dihydrotesterone
- 14. Release • Central and peripheral mechanisms. • Centrally, its synthesis and release are promoted by GHRH and inhibited by somatostatin • Stress, exercise, malnutrition, and anorexia also stimulate its secretion during the day. • The release is counter-regulated by three negative- feedback loops.
- 15. Circulation, half life & metabolism Plasma level : 2-4 ng/mL Half life : 0-20 minutes Metabolic clearance rate: 350 L/day
- 16. Somatomedin IGF-I (somatomedin -c) IGF-II (MSA) secretion Independent of GH before birth GH stimulates after birth Independent of GH Secretions are constant throughout postnatal growth Plasma level 10-170 ng/mL 300-800 ng/mL Receptor Similar to insulin receptor Mannose-6-phosphate receptor functions Growth stimulating activity Control skeletal & cartilage growth Growth during fetal development
- 20. Actions types Direct IGFs mediated Effect on growth IGF-I Effect on metabolism IGF-II
- 21. Actions
- 22. Action contd… On bone: • GH promotes linear growth by acting on bone cartilage & connective tissue • GH stimulates osteoblast & osteoblast • GH on growth mediated by somatomedins
- 23. Action contd… Effects on mineral metabolism: • Promotes bone mineralization on growing children • Mediated by IGF-1, cause +ve nitrogen balance • Ca2+ , Po4 , Na+ • Promotes retention of Na+, Cl- & K+
- 24. Applied aspects Hyper secretion of GH • Tumors of acidophilic cell – somatotrophs • Depending upon age 1. Gigantism 2. Acromegaly 3. Mixed (acromegalic gigantism)
- 25. Gigantism • Abnormal stature • Large hand & feet • Thick lips • Bilateral gynaecomastia • Loss of libido • Hyperglycemia
- 26. Acromegaly
- 27. Applied aspects cntd… Hyposecretion • Dwarfism: 1. Hypothalamic 2. Pituitary 3. Thyroid 4. ↓sed. liver IGF
- 28. Recent advances • A recent study confirms unliganded GHR are in dimerised state • Cultured human fibroblast can produce IGF-I • GH acts on some target to induce Somatomedin-c, production which in turn acts locally at the site of production
- 29. References • Text book of medical physiology Indu Khurana, section -8 chapter 2, page no. 688-703 • Text book of medical physiology, 2nd edition by G.K. & Pravati Pal,. Section-VI chapter 44 page no. 323-339 • Text book of physiology, 5th edition by A.K. Jain Volume -II, unit- IX page no. 683