The golden rule of management is to have one age and one breed per site to ensure the "all-in, all-out" principle is followed at all times.
The choice of the site for the farm, including the layout of the houses, must prioritise the elimination of all possible sources of contamination. Biosecurity protection is reinforced by hygiene controls.
A changing room should be made available at the entrance of the site. It must be used by everybody entering the farm (incorporating both a shower and a change of clothes).
When the old flock is removed and before the arrival of the new flock, all houses and equipment must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected according to strict procedures and protocols. This should be followed by a rest period of at least 10 days.
Between each flock, cleaning and disinfection of the houses, their annexes,surroundings and access ways are essential to ensure the optimal health conditions required for the incoming flock to maximise its profitability.
There are many factors which affect feed intake of chickens and hence determine nutrient intake level and efficiency of poultry production. Although the spectrum of these factors is very broad, here the focus will be made on management and environment, feed and water, and physical factors. Management and environment play an important role in controlling feed intake and efficiency. Poultry producers should, therefore, make use of the current technology and recent research works aiming at optimising management practices and micro-environment for better feed intake and utilisation.
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age.
All of the above poultry-keeping methods are used in the developing world,but the majority of the enterprises are backyard poultry and farm flock production. The poultry and egg sectors are highly fragmented. Most of the production is carried out by a large number of farmers, each with a very small flock. The greater part of produce is sold in markets close to the farms.
Day-old chicks are usually obtained from local hatcheries licensed by international hybrid breeding companies. Farmers or cooperatives of farmers may choose between varieties of chickens for egg production and meat production.
The small chicks can be either naturally or artificially brooded. If artificially brooded, small chicks must be placed in a separate house from laying chickens and it is necessary to protect the chicks from predators, diseases and catching colds.
This stage of brooding lasts for eight weeks. In the first four weeks of life, small chicks need to be housed in a brooding box. Some typical types of brooders are shown below and on the previous page.
Typically, a layer’s production cycle lasts just over a year (52-56 weeks). During the production cycle many factors influence egg production; therefore, the cycle must be managed effectively and efficiently in order to provide maximum output and profitability.
This is an essential tool for poultry management. Lighting is the unavoidable management practice for successful poultry rearing. Present ppt prepared based on the basic rule of light required for chicken with practical aspect. I hoped students will be benefited with this presentation.
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age. They remain laying eggs continuously till their 72-78 weeks of age. They can produce about one kg of eggs by consuming about 2.25 kg of food during their egg laying period. For the purpose of producing hybrid eggs layer, consider the various characteristics of cock and hen before breeding. There are various types of highly egg productive layer breeds available throughout the world.
Most people who are involved in commercial egg production,have seen management guides for different strains of layers before and may think “if you have seen one, you’ve seen them all”. Others take the contents more seriously and expect frequent updates to find specific data which apply to the current generation of layers and current management practices.
Newcomers in the business may need more detailed explanations than can be presented in this compact format.
We hope that each reader will find some useful information,to confirm proven management practices or to stimulate improvements.
There are many factors which affect feed intake of chickens and hence determine nutrient intake level and efficiency of poultry production. Although the spectrum of these factors is very broad, here the focus will be made on management and environment, feed and water, and physical factors. Management and environment play an important role in controlling feed intake and efficiency. Poultry producers should, therefore, make use of the current technology and recent research works aiming at optimising management practices and micro-environment for better feed intake and utilisation.
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age.
All of the above poultry-keeping methods are used in the developing world,but the majority of the enterprises are backyard poultry and farm flock production. The poultry and egg sectors are highly fragmented. Most of the production is carried out by a large number of farmers, each with a very small flock. The greater part of produce is sold in markets close to the farms.
Day-old chicks are usually obtained from local hatcheries licensed by international hybrid breeding companies. Farmers or cooperatives of farmers may choose between varieties of chickens for egg production and meat production.
The small chicks can be either naturally or artificially brooded. If artificially brooded, small chicks must be placed in a separate house from laying chickens and it is necessary to protect the chicks from predators, diseases and catching colds.
This stage of brooding lasts for eight weeks. In the first four weeks of life, small chicks need to be housed in a brooding box. Some typical types of brooders are shown below and on the previous page.
Typically, a layer’s production cycle lasts just over a year (52-56 weeks). During the production cycle many factors influence egg production; therefore, the cycle must be managed effectively and efficiently in order to provide maximum output and profitability.
This is an essential tool for poultry management. Lighting is the unavoidable management practice for successful poultry rearing. Present ppt prepared based on the basic rule of light required for chicken with practical aspect. I hoped students will be benefited with this presentation.
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age. They remain laying eggs continuously till their 72-78 weeks of age. They can produce about one kg of eggs by consuming about 2.25 kg of food during their egg laying period. For the purpose of producing hybrid eggs layer, consider the various characteristics of cock and hen before breeding. There are various types of highly egg productive layer breeds available throughout the world.
Most people who are involved in commercial egg production,have seen management guides for different strains of layers before and may think “if you have seen one, you’ve seen them all”. Others take the contents more seriously and expect frequent updates to find specific data which apply to the current generation of layers and current management practices.
Newcomers in the business may need more detailed explanations than can be presented in this compact format.
We hope that each reader will find some useful information,to confirm proven management practices or to stimulate improvements.
Modern hybrid layers can be reared successfully in floor and cage brooding systems in developing countries. However, they need more careful management than village chicks, which are better able to cope with temperature fluctuations.
Prior to chick arrival, it is important to clean and disinfect the cages or the floor brooding area. The brooders should be set up the day before delivery, at 34 to 36 °C for cage brooding or 35 to 36 °C for floor brooding. Drinkers need to be full or the drinking system in operation, to encourage birds to drink. If nipple drinkers are used, the water pressure should be reduced so that birds can see the drop of water hanging on the drinker. Feed should be placed on paper if birds are reared in cages. Feeders on the floor should be filled and kept under high light intensity for 20 to 22 hours per day for the first week, to attract the birds.
Poultry egg and meat are important sources of high quality proteins, minerals and vitamins to balance the human diet. Specially developed breeds of egg type chicken are now available with traits of quick growth and high feed conversion efficiency.
Depending on the farm-size, layer (for eggs) farming can be main source of family income or can provide income and gainful employment to farmers throughout the year. Poultry manure has high fertilizer value and can be used for increasing yield of all crops.
If you plan to start or have started raising chickens for egg production, you need to understand flock production capabilities. You need to know how to gauge the number of eggs your flock can produce and be aware of the variables that affect egg production. You should be able to identify which hens are laying and determine why your hens are not laying. By having a firm grasp of these factors, you will help ensure the success of your flock.
Poultry production can be divided into four sectors:
1. industrial and integrated, 2.commercial high bio-security, 3. commercial low bio-security, 4. village, and family or backyard poultry. The focus here is largely on sectors 3 and 4 but there may be some overlap.
‘Family poultry’ as defined by the International Network for Family Poultry Development, covers sectors 3 and 4 which encompass small - scale poultry production.
There are numerous poultry handbooks which cover sectors 2 and 3, but this hand book has attempted, in two manuals, to cover mainly sector 3 while not ignoring the great importance of bio-security particularly in the face of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1). It is envisaged that, given time, some producers, now in sector 3 may move into sector 2.
The two manuals are pitched at two different levels.
The Trainer’s (instructor) manual assumes that the trainer has qualifications and/or experience in a branch of agricultural science but not necessarily in poultry production. Some of the material included is beyond that necessary to give an initial course in poultry production but may be useful as the farmer progresses from sector 3 to sector 2. The trainee’s manual has numerous illustrations and is aimed at a lower level than for the trainer.
The farmer may be interested in starting a poultry enterprise is already producing poultry in a small - scale commercial or semi-commercial (opportunistic) situation but would like to make poultry farming more permanent. The course will allow the farmer to increase his/her knowledge and skills and to become aware of a number of important issues (e.g. managing the environment, disease surveillance) of his/her enterprise.
In order to minimise repetition, there is some material in the trainee’s manual that is not in the trainer’s manual. Trainers should familiarise themselves thoroughly with both manuals.
The third manual is for the millions of families, worldwide, in low – income,
developing countries who keep backyard poultry, mainly unmanaged, with few inputs, but nevertheless are of great importance by providing, some security, income and high – quality protein. It is hoped that this manual will make families aware of the possibility of improving output with a minimum of input.
Much of the information has been taken from a range of sources as well as the author’s own experience of working in several developing countries over 25 years.
Ideally, there should be a small-scale demonstration unit or a poultry farm available so that the trainees can see, first hand, and better understand the main points in these manuals and observe how commercial poultry production should be practised.
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
Broiler Farming Management Guide is designed to help Aviagen’s customers achieve optimum performance from their birds. While not intended to provide definitive information on every aspect of management, this manual does draw attention to important issues that if overlooked or inadequately addressed may depress flock performance. The objective of this manual is to provide management techniques that help growers achieve good overall bird performance from day one through to processing while promoting bird health and welfare.
Aviagen applies a balanced approach to genetic progress, concentrating on commercial traits such as growth rate, feed conversion ratio, livability and meat yield, while improving bird welfare in areas such as leg health, cardiovascular fitness and robustness.
Achieving the genetic potential of the birds depends on three key factors:
• Management to provide birds with their required environment.
• A dietary regimen that offers nutrients in the appropriate profile.
• Effective biosecurity and disease control programs.
These three sectors, environment, nutrition and health, are interdependent. A shortfall in anyone will bring negative consequences to the others and if any one of these elements is sub-optimal, broiler performance will suffer.In reality, the guidance of a manual such as this cannot wholly protect against performance variations that may occur for a wide variety of reasons. While every attempt has been made to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the information presented, Aviagen accepts no liability for the consequences of using this information for the management of chickens. Information presented in this manual combines data derived from internal research.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
Poultry Business Guide ,Those Who are Interested to Start Their Own.Advice for those thinking of starting their own chicken flock for meat or eggs from Dr Tom Tabler, Dr Dustan Clark, Jessica Wells, Dr Wei Zhai and Dr Haitham Yakout with the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Maintaining a small flock of poultry can be a rewarding experience and is an excellent
venture for a small or part-time farmer. People keep backyard flocks for many reasons –
for meat or eggs, as a hobby for adults or children, or perhaps for show and exhibition.
Backyard poultry can supplement family food supplies, and small producers may choose to sell their products to several niche markets. These can include brown eggs, free-range meat and eggs, live birds for the increasing number of ethnic markets, and organic meat and eggs. Whatever the reason, if you are considering managing a backyard flock,
you must be aware that raising poultry requires time, labour and money.
Birds need care seven days a week, including weekends and holidays. Before you buy
any birds, be sure you are willing and able to give that care. Also, do your homework,
starting with research and planning.
Genetic progress over the last 10 years has steadily improved broiler economic performance. One component of this is growth potential which has increased each year by 60 grams at six weeks of age. In order to achieve a standard processing weight (of e.g. 2kg), the age at which a flock of broilers are killed has fallen by, on average, 1 day per year over this time. Birds of 2kg that were killed at 49 days in 1988 are now killed at 39 days.
The consequence of this change is that the brooding period now takes up a much bigger proportion of the whole growing period and is more important in the final performance of the flock. Over the same 10 year period, the equipment used in brooding and starting chickens has changed, and some of these changes have significant consequences for the well-being of the day-old chick.
Our customers have become more focussed on the predictability of performance and uniformity of the product at all stages, especially in the processing plant. Many features of broiler management can affect uniformity and, in some cases, small changes in management technique can make a previously unimportant factor critical (e.g. the need for more feeding space once feed intake control is initiated) This Ross Tech is aimed at encouraging better general management and especially brooding management for broiler flocks, to improve performance and uniformity
Broiler poultry farming is a lucrative business. Generally highly meat productive birds or poultry breeds are called broiler poultry. But broiler chicken is a special species of poultry, which is a great secret. Only four countries of the world knows about this secret and they supply and maintain all the demand of broiler chickens. Broilers are like other common poultry birds. But this broiler is made in a scientific way for producing more meat in a short time. Basically, broilers are only for meat production.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
The liver is the central laboratory of a chicken’s body. It is essential that this organ is kept in an excellent condition in order to maintain a healthy bird. Understanding the metabolic function and causes of disruptions in liver functions helps us to provide the birds with the right feed and health treatment.
When we cut open the body of a chicken, the first organ that is most likely revealed is the liver. The message is clear. Nature wants us to examine the liver carefully before
proceeding to the other organs.The liver contains great functional reserve capacity, which is very important in domestic animals subjected to high production requirements. This organ adapts easily to different conditions by increasing the intensity of its functions.
Particularly in broilers, the liver has to cope with many challenges, including
high energy level feed, the addition of chemotherapeutics, coccidiostats
and others, whose desired metabolites must be maintained in equilibrium by hepatic homeostasis.Incidental treatments with highly hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic antibiotics
or sulfonamides pose serious risks and cause situations of difficult prognosis during a 40-45 day period in which the body acquires satisfactory muscular mass. What is the function of the liver and what might be the cause of malfunctioning?
नाबार्ड लेयर पोल्ट्री फार्मिंग प्रोजेक्ट हिंदी में विशेष जानकारी के लिए हमारे वेबसाइट पर जायें www.growelagrovet.com
कुक्कुट पालन किसानों की आर्थिक अवस्था सुधारने का महत्वपूर्ण उद्योग है। कुक्कुट पालन से कम समय व कम व्यय में अधिक आय प्राप्त की जा सकती है। देश में अभी प्रति व्यक्ति अंडा सेवन व मांस सेवन अन्य विकासशील पश्चिमी देशों की तुलना में बहुत ही कम है। मुर्गी पालन से रोजगार की विपुल संभावना है। कुक्कुट पालन से देश के करीब 6-7 लाख व्यक्तियों को रोजगार मिल रहा हैं। मुर्गी पालन से बहुत लाभ है, इससे परिवार को अतिरिक्त आय, कम विनियोग पर ज्यादा लाभ प्राप्त होता है।
अंडे उत्पादन के लिए व्हाइट लेग हार्न सबसे अच्छी नस्ल है। इस नस्ल का शरीर हल्का होता है। जल्दी अंडा देना प्रारंभ कर देती है। मांस उत्पादन हेतु कार्निश व व्हाइट रॉक नस्ल उपयुक्त हैं। ये कम उम्र में अधिक वजन प्राप्त कर लेती हैं। तथा इस नस्ल में आहार को मांस में परिवर्तन करने की क्षमता होती है।
कुक्कुट पालन के लिये और बहुत सी जरूरी बातें हैं, जिन्हें ध्यान में रखकर व्यवसाय प्रारंभ करना चाहिए जैसे कुक्कुट पालन के स्थान से निकट बाजार की स्थिति व मुर्गी उत्पादन की मांग प्रमुख है। कुक्कुट पालन के स्थान मांस व अंडे की खपत वाले स्थान के पास हो तो ठीक रहता है। मुर्गीशाला ऊंचाई पर व शुष्क जगह पर बनानी चाहिए। मुर्गीशाला में आवागमन की सुविधा का भी ध्यान रखना होगा। कुक्कुट शाला में स्वच्छ व शुद्ध जल के साथ बिजली का प्रबंध होना चाहिए। मुर्गी शाला के स्थान में अधिक नमी नहीं होनी चाहिये तापमान लगभग 27 डिग्री सेंटीग्रेड के आसपास ठीक रहता है। कुक्कुट शाला पूर्व पश्चिम दिशा में मुख करते हुए बनाना चाहिए। मुर्गी आवास में दो प्रकार की विधियाँ प्रचलित हैं। पहली- पिंजरा पद्धति तथा दूसरी डीपलिटर पद्धति।
ABSTRACT- Fresh water resources are not unlimited. The high rate of increase of human population of Nepal and the
rapid rate of industrialization have created problems of disposal of waste water products. The domestic wastes, excretory
materials of both human and animals and industrial effluents are discharged into the nearly lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
tanks and even in the catchment area of the above water bodies. The undesirable substances are regularly mixed into the
water of pond through surface run-off that degrades the water quality. Since last several years, there have been added an
array of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, which are further seriously aggravating the problem of pollution both for
public health and aquaculture. The detailed information of water quality and status of affected living organisms of water
bodies are necessary for the implementation of any management plan. The present investigation encompasses on plankton
identifying the ecological quality of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal. Seasonal sampling from all the sampling sites (site
A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2014 – October 2015) at 9:00-11: 00
AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be
maximum (774.4 unit/L) during summer and minimum (539.2 unit/L) during the rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Biological productivity, Habitat degradation
The golden rule of management is to have one age and one breed per site to ensure the "all-in, all-out" principle is followed at all times.
The choice of the site for the farm, including the layout of the houses, must prioritise the elimination of all possible sources of contamination. Biosecurity protection is reinforced by hygiene controls.
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
Maintenance of aseptic condition, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Aseptic technique
Sterilizing the culture vessels and instruments
Sterilization of culture media
Sterilizing Transfer area
Sterilizing culture rooms
Sterilizing Plant material
Transfer of the explants
Conclusions
References
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
How To Do Poultry Farming in Summer? The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Poultry Square magazine, May – 2021 edition.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Domestication of the European rabbit probably occurred in monasteries during the Middle Ages. By the middle of the 17th century, rabbits were commonly raised in England and continental Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus, one of the more successful mammals of the world, is both prolific and adaptable.
Most of the fancy breeds were developed within the past 100 years, and only since the early 1900s have rabbits been raised domestically in the United
States. The first commercial colonies were started in southern California. Meat rationing during World War II gave the infant industry a push. Today, approximately 200,000 people are engaged in some phase of the rabbit business
in the United States, and animals are produced in every state. Meat processors serving major cities market more than 10 million pounds of rabbit meat annually.
कुखरा पालन (ब्रोइलर) पूर्ण रोजगारीका साथ मनग्य आम्दानी गर्न सकिने भरपर्दो पेशा हो । यो रोजगारी भएका तर समय बचत गर्न सक्ने व्यक्तिका लागि पनि उपयुक्त हुन्छ । न्यून आय भएका अर्धबेरोजगार व्यक्तिका लागि थप आयआर्जन गर्न यो पेशा सहायक सिद्ध हुन सक्छ । यो पेशा थोरै जग्गा तथा कम लगानीमै सञ्चालन गर्न सकिन्छ । यसको उत्पादन ५–६ हप्तामै भित्र्याउन सकिन्छ र वर्षमा ६–७ पटकसम्म कुखुरा बेच्न सकिन्छ । यो व्यवसाय गर्न धेरै ठूलो तालिमको आवश्यकता समेत पर्दैन ।
नेपालमा यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालनका लागि आवश्यक सामग्री सहज उपलब्ध छन् । साथै, सहज बजार पहुँचले उत्पादनपछिको विक्रीवितरणमा समेत समस्या छैन । यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्दा प्रारम्भमा सानो आकार अर्थात् १ सयदेखि २ सयबाट शुरू गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ । र, बिस्तारै कुखुरा पालनको अनुभव बटुली व्यावसायिक रूपमा यो पेशा सञ्चालन गर्न सजिलो हुन्छ ।
नेपालमा बाख्रापालनबाट राम्रो फाइदा लिन सकिन्छ । चाहना राख्ने धेरैले बाख्रापालन सम्कन्धि पूर्ण जानकारी पाएका छैनन् । यसले धेरैलाई सहयोग पुग्नेछ । तपाई र तपाईको कर्मका लागि पनि उपयोगी हुन सक्नेछ ।
व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन गर्दा कुनै पनि सरकारी निकायहरु जस्तैः जिल्ला पशु सेवा कार्यालय, सहकारी कार्यालय वा मान्यताप्राप्त अन्य निकायबाट व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन दर्ता गरेको अवस्थामा सहुलियत पाउन सकिन्छ ।
बुंगुर पालेको ठाउँमा बथानमा संक्रमक रोगको प्रसार तथा एक ठाउँको बथानबाट अर्को ठाउँको बथानमा रोग प्रसार न्युनगरी बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा रोग प्रदत जोखीम न्युनीकरण गर्ने गरी गरिने व्यवस्थापकीय व्यवहारीक व्यवस्थापनको अर्को नाम हो बंगुरपालनका जैविक सुरक्षा । आफुले पालेको बंगुरको उपयुक्त जैविक सुरक्षा व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको व्यवसायको आपेक्षा गरिएको आम्दानी प्राप्त हुनेमा ढुक्क हुनु पनि हो ।
बंगुर पालन गरेको ठाउँमा उचित जैविक सुरक्षाको व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको बंगुरलाई लाग्न सक्ने स्थानीय स्तरमा स्थापित रोग तथा अन्यत्रबाट भित्रन सक्ने, माहामारी जन्य, सरुवा तथा संक्रमक रोगबाट बचाउन सुरक्षात्मक उपाय पनि मानिन्छ । बंगुरको खोर गोठमा कुनै नौलो अन्यत्रबाट सरी आएको रोग निर्मुल पार्न, रोकथाम गर्न, उपचार गर्न, खर्चिलो मात्र हुदैन बरु त्यस्ता रोगले अझ बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा गम्भिर असर पार्न सक्छ ।
मुर्गियों में बीमारियां से बचाव और टीकाकरण :
मुर्गियों में कई तरह की बीमारियां पाई जाती हैं। जैसे पुलोराम, रानीखेत, हैजा, मैरेक्स, टाईफाइड और परजीविकृमी आदि रोग होते हैं। जिससे मुर्गीपालकों को हर साल भारी नुकसान उठाना पड़ता है। बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए समय -समय पर मुर्गियों का टीकाकरण बहुत ही जरुरी है ,कुछ बीमारियां की रोक-थाम केवल टीकाकरण से ही संभव है। मुर्गियों में बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियमों ) का पालन करना बहुत ही जरुरी और महत्वपूर्ण है।
बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) :
ग्रोवेल एग्रोवेट प्राइवेट लिमिटेड के विशेषज्ञों का मानना है कि यदि योजनाबद्ध तरीके से ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन किया जाए तो कम खर्च में अधिक आय की जा सकती है। बस तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देने की जरूरत है। वजह, कभी-कभी लापरवाही के कारण इस व्यवसाय से जुड़े लोगों को भारी क्षति उठानी पड़ती है। इसलिए मुर्गीपालन में ब्रायलर फार्म का आकार और बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए। मुर्गियां तभी मरती हैं जब उनके रखरखाव में लापरवाही बरती जाए।
ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन में हमें कुछ तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए। जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम का भी पालन होना चाहिए। एक शेड में हमेशा एक ही ब्रीड के चूजे रखने चाहिए। आल-इन-आल आउट पद्धति का पालन करें। शेड तथा बर्तनों की साफ-सफाई पर ध्यान दें। बाहरी व्यक्तियों का प्रवेश वर्जित रखना चाहिए। कुत्ता, चूहा, गिलहरी, देशी मुर्गी आदि को शेड में न घुसने दें। मरे हुए चूजे, वैक्सीन के खाली बोतल को जलाकर नष्ट कर दें, समय-समय पर शेड के बाहर विराक्लीन ( Viraclean ) का छिड़काव व टीकाकरण नियमों का पालन करें। समय पर सही दवा का प्रयोग करें। पीने के पानी में एक्वाक्योर (Aquacure) का प्रयोग करें।
मुर्गा मंडी की गाड़ी को फार्म से दूर खड़ा करें। मुर्गी के शेड में प्रतिदिन 23 घंटे प्रकाश की आवश्यकता होती है। एक घंटे अंधेरा रखा जाता है। इसके पीछे मंशा यह कि बिजली कटने की स्थिति में मुर्गियां स्ट्रेस की शिकार न हों।
दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय या डेयरी फार्मिंग छेटे व बड़े स्तर दोनों पर सबसे ज्यादा विस्तार में फैला हुआ व्यवसाय है। दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय व्यवसायिक या छोटे स्तर पर दूध उत्पादन किसानों की कुल दूध उत्पादन में मदद करता है और उसकी आर्थिक वृद्धि को बढ़ाता है। इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं है कि, भारत में कई वर्षों से डेयरी व्यवसाय या दूध उत्पादन ने आर्थिक वृद्धि में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। कुल दूध उत्पादन ने हमारे देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में बड़े स्तर पर भागीदारी की है और बहुत से गरीब किसानों को अपना व्यवसाय स्थापित करने में सहयोग किया है। यदि किसी के पास दूध उत्पादन का व्यवसाय स्थापित करने के लिए प्रारंभिक पूँजी है तो, इस (दूध उत्पादन) व्यवसाय को किसी भी क्षेत्रों में आसानी से स्थापित किया जा सकता है।
Pig is the only species of livestock from which major portion of the total investments made for establishing the farm can be earned back within 1½ – 2 years. Thus, the farmer is assured of getting over 60 per cent of profit margin from a marginal piggery unit. As a thumb rule, pigs have to put on more than 10 kg of body weight per month by consuming concentrate feed or agricultural byproducts or processed wastes from food industries. Though the white pigs have the western origin (temperate climate), they are better adapted to the Indian agro-climatic conditions. Nevertheless, the Large White Yorkshire breed is the widely accepted breed for pork (bacon, a cured meat from the back and side portions of the pig) production in the global scenario. Strategies have also been formulated to produce lean meat from synthetic strains of pigs through recent research approach, which would create better export opportunities. Hence, farmers without any doubt, can venture into farming this prolific species for their livelihood as well to contribute more to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to which contribution from livestock sector is, now-a-days, on the increase (from 4 to 8%).
The objective of commercial fish farming is to produce fish for sale and
earn profits. Therefore, production should be planned from the onset to
target identified markets. This means one should:
1. have the required product (size and form) available when the
market wants it,
2. be able to produce adequate volumes to sustain targeted markets,
3. produce at a competitive price and profit.
When making a production and business plan for table fish, one should
endeavor to answer the following questions beforehand.
1. Where is the market? – its location, what category of people are
likely to buy the fish I produce, etc
2. What does the market want? – type of fish, how much, what size,
how frequently, fresh or processed, etc.
3. What resources do I have? – number of pond(s), size of pond(s),
water for production (quantity, quality, flow rates), feeds, labour,
seed, etc.
4. From where and when should I source my seed and feed?
5. What is the quality of feed I intend to use? This is important
because it limits possible FCRs, water quality and carrying capacity.
6. How much feed and seed shall I require?
7. What technology do I have at my disposal and which would be the
best to adopt?
8. How frequently do I need to harvest for the market? (complete
harvest/partial harvests)
9. How do I get my fish to the market?
10. What returns can I expect from the above?
Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
The aim of this booklet is to assist you in more effective use of pasture to achieve high sheep production. Essential for this are the ability to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock and knowledge of animal feeding needs.
This chapter discusses how to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock in relation to animal performance and seasonal pasture needs of sheep. The next chapter deals with setting up grazing rotations and feed budgeting.
Feed planning enables you to objectively match pasture supply and animal feed demands on your whole farm during the year. Some of you may feel daunted by this structured approach, but maximising production and achieving livestock target weights, including supply contracts, means more sophisticated pasture feeding.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form and structure of animals. Physiology deals with the study of functions of the body or any of its parts. A thorough knowledge of the structure of an animal imparts a lot of information about the various functions it is capable of performing.
The course may be used as an introductory course to further studies; to assist you in recognising the normal, in order to determine the abnormal; to help you understand how to diagnose disease or determine if an animal has sustained an injury; to help understand the physical capabilities or limitations of particular species; to understand what happens in the nutrition and growth processes; and to assist you to get better performance from your animals.
Selection or formulation of appropriate diets for companion
and aviary birds is based on wild feeding ecology, digestive anatomy and physiology, and nutritional requirements of related species. Research indicates that requirements of some key nutrients for psittacines vary from those of poultry. Apart from vitamin E, there is no evidence to suggest that vitamin and trace mineral requirements for psittacines are greater than those recommended for poultry.54 While there are substantial differences between production species and companion
bird species, dietary requirements of poultry remain the
standard for estimating the needs of companion birds.
Individual nutrient classes will be discussed with particular
focus on recent research into the nutritional requirements of companion birds.
The decision to own and care for exotic birds is a decision which cannot be taken lightly. A lot of responsibility has to be accepted because a pet bird is not a low-maintenance pet. All pet birds require at least some specialized care.Very few “beginners” know the answers to the questions that arise concerning the management, breeding, rearing,disease prevention, and proper nutrition of birds. The “survivors” in aviculture have successful aviaries because their teacher has been experience, coupled with trial-anderror. Sometimes this teacher is expensive and can result in thousands of dollars of investment being lost. “Beginners” can increase their general knowledge in aviculture and
come up with answers to their questions by reading articles,
traveling to pet bird shows, attending lectures and talking
with people who have experience with pet birds.
Relatively speaking, most dogs today eat a more nutritional diet than their owners do.Though a carnivore, the dog utilises a wide variety of foodstuffs efficiently and can meet nutritional requirements from a diversity of diets.
Dogs regulate their food intake to meet energy requirements proper diets incorporate exact daily nutritional requirements into the amount of food consumed each day for energy.
Salma Karina Hayat is Conscious Digital Transformation Leader at Kudos | Empowering SMEs via CRM & Digital Automation | Award-Winning Entrepreneur & Philanthropist | Education & Homelessness Advocate
How to Build a Diversified Investment Portfolio.pdfTrims Creators
Building a diversified investment portfolio is a fundamental strategy to manage risk and optimize returns. For both novice and experienced investors, diversification offers a pathway to a more stable and resilient financial future. Here’s an in-depth guide on how to create and maintain a well-diversified investment portfolio.
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Explore Tradeasia’s brochure for eco-friendly textile chemicals. Enhance your textile production with high-quality, sustainable solutions for superior fabric quality.
When listening about building new Ventures, Marketplaces ideas are something very frequent. On this session we will discuss reasons why you should stay away from it :P , by sharing real stories and misconceptions around them. If you still insist to go for it however, you will at least get an idea of the important and critical strategies to optimize for success like Product, Business Development & Marketing, Operations :)
Reflect Festival Limassol May 2024.
Michael Economou is an Entrepreneur, with Business & Technology foundations and a passion for Innovation. He is working with his team to launch a new venture – Exyde, an AI powered booking platform for Activities & Experiences, aspiring to revolutionize the way we travel and experience the world. Michael has extensive entrepreneurial experience as the co-founder of Ideas2life, AtYourService as well as Foody, an online delivery platform and one of the most prominent ventures in Cyprus’ digital landscape, acquired by Delivery Hero group in 2019. This journey & experience marks a vast expertise in building and scaling marketplaces, enhancing everyday life through technology and making meaningful impact on local communities, which is what Michael and his team are pursuing doing once more with Exyde www.goExyde.com
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What You're Going to Learn
- How These 4 Leaks Force You To Work Longer And Harder in order to grow your income… improve just one of these and the impact could be life changing.
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2. Commercial Layers Management Guide
2
> GENERAL FARM RULES p. 3
> CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES p. 4
- Insect control p. 4
- Operations prior to cleaning p. 4
- Washing p. 4
- Placing the equipment back into the house p. 4
- Disinfection p. 5
- Sanitary precautions p. 5
- Rodent control p. 5
- Assessing the effectiveness of disinfection p. 5
- Resting period p. 5
- Before the new flock arrives p. 5
> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD p.6
- Stocking density, drinker space and feeding system from day old to 2 weeks old p. 6
- Management of temperature during the rearing period p. 6
- Stocking density, drinker space and feeding system from 2 to 5 weeks old p. 7
- Stocking density, drinker space and feeding system between 5 weeks old and transfer p. 7
- Beak trimming p. 7
- Monitoring bodyweight and uniformity p. 8
- Health programmes p. 8
- Grit and grain p. 9
> LIGHTING PROGRAMMES p.10
- General rules p. 10
- Various situations p. 11
- Lighting programme in light-controlled rearing houses p. 12
- Lighting programme in semi-dark or open rearing houses p. 13
- Lighting programme in hot climate p. 14
> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE PRODUCTION PERIOD p. 15
- Transfer p. 15
- Lighting programme during the production period p. 15
- Light intensity management during the production period p. 15
- Management of the egg weight p. 15
> WATER QUALITY p. 16
> NUTRITION p. 17
- Nutrient recommendations per 1000 kcal (Mcal) of Metabolisable Energy (ME) for rearing period p. 17
- Example of diet specifications for rearing period p. 18
- Nutrient recommendations per 1000 kcal (Mcal) of Metabolisable Energy (ME) for production period p. 19
- Example of diet specifications for the production period p. 20
- Target nutrient intakes at peak of egg output p. 21
- Vitamin and mineral premix recommendations p. 22
3. Commercial Layers Management Guide
3
> GENERAL RULES
The golden rule of management is to have one age and one breed per site to ensure the "all-in, all-out" principle is followed at
all times.
The choice of the site for the farm, including the layout of the houses, must prioritise the elimination of all possible sources of
contamination. Biosecurity protection is reinforced by hygiene controls.
A changing room should be made available at the entrance of the site. It must be used by everybody entering the farm
(incorporating both a shower and a change of clothes).
When the old flock is removed and before the arrival of the new flock, all houses and equipment must be thoroughly cleaned
and disinfected according to strict procedures and protocols. This should be followed by a rest period of at least 10 days.
Between each flock, cleaning and disinfection of the houses, their annexes, surroundings and access ways are essential to
ensure the optimal health conditions required for the incoming flock to maximise its profitability.
Egg-room
Disinfection at site entrance
Cloakroom
Transit silos
Clean surroundings
Footbath
Vehicle Dip
Wire Net
Fence - restricted access
4. Commercial Layers Management Guide
4
> CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES
Insect control
Depending on local regulations, the first application of an organophosphorus-type insecticide is made immediately after the old
breeders have been removed, while the house is still warm. The insecticide is sprayed over the pits, the litter and the lower part
of the walls up to a height of 1 metre. Leave the insecticide to work for 24 hours.
Operations prior to cleaning
● Water tank, pipes and nipples:
◗ empty the complete water system on the litter,
◗ clean and de-scale the complete system with an acid solution and leave for 6 hours to soak,
◗ rinse twice with clean water.
● All the equipment (nests, feeders, drinkers etc.) are removed and stored on a concrete area.
● The entire ventilation system (air inlets and outlets, fans, heating and ventilation ducts if they are present) and individual
radiant or pancake type brooders are brushed and vacuum cleaned.
● Litter is removed.
Washing
When washing, ensure local regulations regarding wash down water are observed. As a general rule, always ensure that the dirty water
is directed towards a pit or suitable internal drain and does not run outside to the house surroundings or access roads and pathways.
● House
◗ Soak and remove the remaining organic matter.
◗ Apply a foaming bactericidal detergent capable of dissolving fats using a machine capable of applying foam products.
◗ Some hours after soaking, wash with a high pressure washer (>50 kg/cm2
) or with hot water, in the following order:
↗ internal roof surfaces, from the top downwards
↗ walls, from the top downwards
↗ finally, pits and concrete floors.
● Equipment
◗ Nests, drinkers and feeding equipment:
↗ soak and remove all organic matter,
↗ apply a foaming bactericidal detergent capable of dissolving fats using a machine capable of applying foam products
↗ ensure every piece of equipment gets a thorough wash, followed by rinsing. Prior to the final rinsing,
↗ immerse the removable parts of the nests perches and nest box bottoms for 24 hours in a disinfectant solution,
↗ dry on a clean disinfected concrete area (different to that used for washing).
Placing equipment back into the house
The vehicles used for this operation must have been carefully washed and sprayed with disinfectant.
5. Commercial Layers Management Guide
5
> CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF POULTRY HOUSES
Disinfection
● Water pipes
◗ Prepare a highly concentrated chlorine solution (200 ppm) in the water tank.
◗ Open the tank to fill the pipes with this solution and leave for 24 hours. Afterwards, drain the water circuit. Do not
forget to seal the water tank to protect it from dust.
● House
◗ House and equipment disinfection is achieved using a homologous bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal disinfectant,
applied with a hand held or low pressure sprayer or a foam-producing machine.
◗ The list of homologous approved disinfectants may vary from one country to another. We recommend that you consult
the relevant local Authorities for a list of approved disinfectants and the required concentrations when used for
poultry applications.
● Feed Storage Silos
◗ Scrape, brush wash and after drying, fumigate using fungicidal candles following manufacturers guidelines.
● Heating and ventilation ducts (if they are present)
◗ Disinfection using fungicidal, virucidal and bactericidal candles following manufacturers guidelines.
● House surroundings and road and path access ways
◗ Spread a disinfecting product, such as:
↗ caustic soda (50 to 100 kg/1000 m2
)
↗ or quicklime (400 kg/1000 m2
).
Sanitary precautions
Place clean boots and overalls in the changing room. Replenish footbaths with an appropriate disinfectant.
Rodent control
Rodents may be vectors of numerous bacterial diseases such as salmonellosis.
Rodent control is often based on the use of toxic baits which generally contain anticoagulants. These are left in places frequented by
the rodents following a site risk assessment. A poorly prepared rodent control programme may give variable or poor results. We the-
refore advise using a specialised rodent control service.
Assessing disinfection effectiveness
● Visual examination
◗ Check for dirt stains in the house and on the equipment.
● Bacteriological analysis
◗ Contact plates or swabs are applied to equipment and to different places in the house. These are rapidly forwarded
to a laboratory for bacteriological assessment following an agreed protocol with the laboratory.
Resting period
This starts only when all the above operations have been achieved and lasts for at least 10 days, in order for the house to dry properly.
Before the new flock arrives
● 3 days before the new flock arrives, a residual insecticide is sprayed on all surfaces.
● Fresh litter is placed (never use mouldy material) and its surface sprayed with a larvicidal insecticide.
● Equipment is prepared in the brooding area.
● 24 hours before the new flock arrives, the final disinfection is performed by fogging.
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> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD
Stocking density, drinker space and feeding space from day old to 2 weeks old
FLOOR CAGES
Temperate climate Hot climate Temperate climate Hot climate
Stocking density 30 birds/m2
25 birds/m2
50 birds/m2
45 birds/m2
Starter drinkers 1 for 80 chicks 1 for 70 chicks 1 for 50 chicks 1 for 50 chicks
Hanging drinkers 1 for 150 birds 1 for 150 birds
Nipple drinkers 1 for 12 birds 1 for 10 birds 1 for 15 birds 1 for 10 birds
Starting feed pans 1 for 50 chicks 1 for 50 chicks
Linear chain feeders 2.5 cm per bird 2.5 cm per bird
Pan feeders 1 for 30 birds 1 for 30 birds
● Circular brooder guards (rings or surrounds)
◗ these confine chicks to the brooder area
◗ choose a diameter of 3 to 4 m at day old but ensure the ring can be enlarged 48 hours after the arrival
◗ ensure the surround can be easily removed after the birds have familiarised themselves with the location of the
drinker and feeder systems
● Starting in cages
◗ pay attention on drinking
◗ cave a light intensity high enough for the chicks to find the nipple drinkers or water system
◗ make sure that the relative humidity is 55 to 60 % to prevent dehydration of the chicks
Management of the temperature during the rearing period
Under the brooder Near the circular guard Room temperature Relative humidity
Week 1 35 – 33°C 32 – 31°C 30 – 28°C 55 – 60%
Week 2 32°C 30 – 28°C 28 – 26°C 55 – 60%
Week 3 28°C 28 – 26°C 26 – 24°C 55 – 60%
Week 4 22 – 20°C 55 – 60%
Week 5 21 – 20°C 60 – 65%
Week 6 20 – 19°C 60 – 65%
Week 7 19 – 18°C 60 – 70%
Week 8 19 – 17°C 60 – 70%
Till transfer 19 – 17°C 60 – 70%
● Check the distribution and behaviour of the chicks to adapt and manage the temperature.
● Raise the house temperature at least 36 hours before chick arrival to 29°C – 30°C.
● Take into account the temperature at chick level.
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> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD
Stocking density, drinker space and feeding space from 2 to 5 weeks old
FLOOR CAGES
Temperate climate Hot climate Temperate climate Hot climate
Stocking density 15 birds/m2
15 birds/m2
40 birds/m2
30 birds/m2
Hanging drinkers 1 for 100 birds 1 for 75 birds
Nipple drinkers 1 for 12 birds 1 for 10 birds 1 for 15 birds 1 for 10 birds
Linear chain feeders 4 cm per bird 4 cm per bird
Pan feeders 1 for 25 birds 1 for 25 birds
Stocking density, drinker space and feeding space between 5 weeks old and transfer
FLOOR CAGES
Temperate climate Hot climate Temperate climate Hot climate
Stocking density 12-14 birds/m2
8-10 birds/m2
25 birds/m2
20 birds/m2
Hanging drinkers 1 for 100 birds 1 for 75 birds 1 for 100 birds 1 for 70 birds
Nipple drinkers 1 for 12 birds 1 for 10 birds 1 for 12 birds 1 for 10 birds
Linear chain feeders 6 cm per bird 6 cm per bird
Pan feeders 1 for 25 birds 1 for 25 birds
● Important points:
◗ Pre-heat the whole house 30 to 40 hours prior to chick arrival ensuring the floor is fully warmed before placement.
◗ Never overheat the chicks and give them a choice within the desired temperature range.
◗ Depending on the brooder design, place the brooders high enough above the litter (at least 1.5 m) at an angle, to
allow for uniform distribution of the chicks.
◗ Ensure proper ventilation from the moment the chicks arrive (minimum ventilation needs during the brooding period
= 0.8 m3
per kg liveweight per hour). Unless there are cold air drafts in the house, use wire mesh fences or surrounds
instead of cardboard.
◗ If brooding takes place in only part of the house, do not exceed a stocking density of 25 chicks per available m2
. It is
better to allow the chicks to spread quickly over the whole house by 7 days at the latest.
Beak trimming
● Beak trimming is sometimes undertaken where either light intensity can not be controlled due to the design of the house or
when parent stock are kept at a high number of birds per square metre. The beak trimming procedure is performed to prevent
feather pecking and cannibalism under these conditions and also to reduce feed wastage.
● Beak trimming is a delicate operation and should only be carried-out by well-trained and experienced operators. Poor beak trimming
can affect the ability of the birds to eat and drink correctly and leads to unevenness. Attention should be paid to local regulations
regarding beak trimming and it is advisable to seek veterinary advice to ensure the procedures are being correctly applied.
● Beak trimming could be practiced on females at 7-10 days. Under some specific conditions where permitted, a second debeaking may
be undertaken at 8-10 weeks.
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> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD
● Before beak trimming:
◗ check that the birds are healthy
◗ do not beak trim when the birds are reacting to vaccinations
◗ add vitamin K to the drinking water (to prevent haemorrhaging)
◗ check that the temperature of the trimming blade is high enough to prevent haemorrhaging, but not too high which
may risk chicks being burned.
● To limit the effect of beak trimming on the feed consumption and water intake, it is important to increase the water level in the
drinkers and the pressure in the pipes. Ensure that the depth of the feed in the feeders is correct.
● As outlined above, in addition to technical recommendations, any local code or regulation concerning animal welfare should be observed.
Monitoring bodyweight and uniformity
● The main objective is to reach the appropriate bodyweight and uniformity targets at different stages of bird development:
◗ at the early stage (4 – 6 week: period of frame development)
◗ at sexual maturity with an even growth curve (a low bodyweight at sexual maturity could affect later performance)
◗ at the start of lay to the peak of production
● Bodyweight control
◗ The birds must be sample weighed weekly from the first week. During the first 4 weeks, collective weights can be taken
in batches of 5 or 10 birds using a bucket. Subsequently, the birds can be weighed individually.
◗ From 26 weeks old, weigh the birds every 2 weeks and monthly from 32 weeks old.
◗ Weigh a sufficient number of birds (around 100) cornered using lightweight screens or frames in 2 or 3 places in the
house. For an accurate interpretation of the result, it is important to weigh all the birds caught in the sample. Weights can
be recorded on a weighing sheet which is available from our technicians.
◗ After weighing, average body weight and uniformity are calculated and immediately plotted on the growing curve chart.
The analysis of the growing curve helps to accurately adjust the feed allowance (the quantities indicated in our Feed section
are only to be considered as a guideline) and, when required, to take the appropriate steps to correct the uniformity.
● Uniformity control
◗ The uniformity target is set to ensure 80 % of the body weights are in a range between within + 10 and -10 % of the flock
mean body weight.
◗ The following factors play an important role in achieving and maintaining good uniformity:
↗ access to feed and water (see equipment standards)
↗ health status of the flock
↗ disease and parasitism
↗ quality of beak trimming.
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> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE REARING PERIOD
Health programme
● It is impossible to devise a health programme to adequately suit all geographic areas. For this reason, it is strongly recommended
that a local specialist be consulted to help produce a prevention programme adapted to that region.
● This guide limits its comments to the description of some rules for the use of vaccines and other treatments. To be successful,
respecting these rules is as important as choosing the right products.
◗ Staff should be properly trained to carry out veterinary operations. It is useful to create a Standard Operating
Procedure Manual that describes in full details the way to perform each vaccination or treatment.
◗ All the necessary equipment (sprayers, syringes, etc.) must be correctly maintained and checked before each use.
◗ Each operation should be planned and supervised by a technically competent person.
◗ Vaccines and treatments should be stored in appropriate conditions, in suitable quantities considering the requirements
and supply time.
◗ Report carefully in the flock records the details of all operations: date, time, vaccine batch number, route, etc.
◗ Finally, it is useful to have the help of a laboratory in order to anticipate health problems ahead of time and to assess
the efficiency of the operations:
↗ control of disinfection, water and feed quality
↗ serological monitoring
↗ post mortem examination, routine parasite checks.
Grit and grain
● We advise giving the birds grit and grain from 4 to 5 weeks of age to maintain an active feeding behaviour, to aid the development
of the digestive tract and to encourage the birds to scratch the litter.
◗ grit (insoluble stone particles of 2 to 4 mm diameter): 3 to 5 g per week per bird, distributed over 2 or 3 days
◗ grain (broken maize, or whole wheat): 3 g per bird every day, or every other day.
● This is distributed on the litter, a few hours before the dark period.
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> LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
General rules
Sexual maturity and production are largely influenced by the changes in day length to which pullets are exposed. Carefully
chosen lighting programmes will help to optimise the performance of commercial layers. Remember that sexual maturity and
bodyweight at sexual maturity influence egg production, egg size, liveability, and egg shell quality.
It is difficult to advise a universally optimum and perfect lighting programme. The following lighting programmes are examples
and have to be considered as a guideline to help formulate a lighting programme adapted to your own situation.
To establish your own lighting programme, it is important to take into account the following factors:
◗ Your location (changes in light duration (day length) during the year)
◗ The characteristics of the rearing unit (light-controlled, semi-dark or open house type)
◗ Season of the year (increasing or decreasing day length)
◗ Temperature (light duration at the highest temperature)
◗ Date of the hatch (what is the natural day length at the bodyweight targetted when light stimulation will take place?)
◗ Growth of the flock
◗ Past records of performance obtained in this rearing unit.
● Lighting programme during the first weeks of the rearing period
In order to encourage frame development and growth, a slow step down lighting programme is advised for all the conditions of
housing.
The decrease in artificial light duration per day is then adjusted according to the housing type. For an open house system (and
above 20° Latitude), determine the natural light day length that the birds will encounter before 16 weeks of age. This will then
help determine the maximum day length the flock will be given and help avoid an unwanted early light stimulation before the
flock has matured sufficiently. Early light stimulation will be promoted by a natural increase in day length during rearing.
● Lighting programme between 8 weeks old till the age at which light stimulation is targeted
In order to control sexual maturity and to avoid early sexual maturity at an inadequate and immature bodyweight, it is important
to avoid any increase in the light duration each day (due to a natural increase in day length) during this period.
According to the season, in a dark house system, a stable day length can be used between 7 weeks old and the age when light
stimulation is targeted. The light duration during this period can also be adapted according to the growth of the pullets (10, 11 or
12 hours could be used when growth is slow).
In an open house system, which is the most difficult system for controlling sexual maturity, the natural day length the pullets will
be exposed at 16 weeks old will determine the light duration at the plateau to avoid any increase of light duration before 16 weeks old.
● Increasing day length to stimulate egg production
For all the conditions, the main indicator to determine the time of light stimulation is the bodyweight.
● Lighting programme during production
Never decrease the artificial light duration during the production period as this will risk an early decline in egg production.
● Light intensity
A higher light intensity during the brooding period will encourage growth by promoting higher levels of activity of the flock and a higher
feed intake.
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> LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
After 2 or 3 weeks and according to the behaviour of the chicks, the light intensity may be reduced to match the field conditions
and the light intensity the birds will be exposed to during the production period (degree of darkness of the rearing house and the
laying house).
Various housing and lighting situations to consider – example programmes
● Light-controlled rearing house to light-controlled laying house:
◗ Use a slow step down lighting programme until 6 weeks of age
◗ A constant 9 hour day length from 7 weeks to light stimulation (12 hours may used be where needed according to growth)
◗ Increase the light duration by 2 hours when body weight is between 1270-1340 g
◗ Add 1 hour and/or 30 minutes per week until 15.30 hours or 16 hours total light duration is obtained.
● Light-controlled rearing house to open or semi-dark laying house:
◗ Use a slow step down lighting programme until 6 weeks of age
◗ A constant 9-10 hour day length from 7 to 15 weeks of age
◗ Increase light duration by 2 hours when body weight is between 1270-1340 g
◗ Add 1 hour and/or 30 minutes per week until 15.30 hours or 16 hours total light is obtained
◗ Light intensity in rearing should be managed to avoid any dramatic and sudden increase in light intensity at transfer time.
● Open or semi-dark rearing house to light-controlled laying house:
◗ Use a slow step down lighting programme until 6 weeks of age
◗ A constant 9-10 hour (or natural) day length from 7 to 15 weeks of age
◗ Increase light duration by 2 hours at 1270-1340 g of bodyweight when there is a decreasing day length
◗ Increase light duration by 1 hour at 1270-1340 g of bodyweight when there is an increasing day length
◗ Add 1 hour and/or 30 minutes per week until 15.30 hours or 16 hours total light is obtained
◗ Light intensity from transfer time should be managed to avoid any dramatic and sudden decrease of light intensity.
● Open or semi-dark rearing house to open or semi-dark laying house:
◗ Use a slow step down lighting programme until 6 weeks of age
◗ A constant 9-10 hour (or NDL) day length from 7 to 15 weeks of age
◗ Increase light duration by 2 hours at 1270-1340 g of bodyweight when there is a decreasing day length
◗ Increase light duration by 1 hour at 1270-1340 g of bodyweight when there is an increasing day length
◗ Make light stimulation more effective by adding the additional hours of light in the morning instead of the evening
◗ Add 1 hour and/or 30 minutes per week until 15.30 hours or 16 hours total light is obtained.
● In a hot climate:
◗ Use a slow step down lighting programme until 12 weeks of age
◗ A constant natural day length from 12 weeks of age to 2-5% of production
◗ Increase light duration by 1 hour and/or 30 minutes from 2-5% of production in the morning
◗ Add 1 hour and/or 30 minutes per week until 15.30 hours or 16 hours total light is obtained
◗ The light on should be adapted to allow the birds to eat during the cooler part of the day.
● Midnight lighting
It is possible to use an additional 1.00 to 1.30 hours of light in the middle of the dark period in order to promote an optimal feed intake
during the first weeks of production or to compensate for the adverse effect of high temperature during the summer.
This extra light period may be introduced and removed during the production period at any time after the increase in light duration at
the start of lay.
Please do not hesitate to contact directly the NOVOGEN technician in your area for more specific advice.
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> LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
Lighting programme in light-controlled rearing houses (<0,5 lux)
Age Age Bodyweight at Average laying Light duration Light intensity
(weeks) (days) start of the week (g) rate of the week in hours
0 0 to 2 22.00 20-40 lux
1 3 to 7 20.00 20-30 lux
2 8 to 14 19.00 10-20 lux
3 15 to 21 17.00 5-10 lux
4 21 to 28 15.00 5-10 lux
5 29 to 35 13.00 5-10 lux
6 36 to 42 11.00 5-10 lux
7 43 to 49 10.00 5-10 lux
8 50 to 56 09.00 5-10 lux
9 57 to 63 09.00 5-10 lux
10 64 to 70 09.00 5-10 lux
11 71 to 77 09.00 5-10 lux
12 78 to 84 09.00 5-10 lux
13 85 to 91 09.00 5-10 lux
14 92 to 98 09.00 5-10 lux
15 99 to 105 (3) 09.00 (3) 5-10 lux
16 106 to 112 1270-1340 11.00 5-10 lux
17 113 to 119 1350-1425 12.00 5-15 lux
18 120 to 126 1430-1510 0-2% 13.00 5-15 lux
19 127 to 133 1500-1580 0-5% 14.00 (1) 5-15 lux
20 134 to 140 1640-1730 2-30 % 14.30 5-15 lux
21 141 to 147 1685-1780 30-60% 15.00 5-15 lux
22 148 to 154 1720-1810 60-85% 15.30 5-15 lux
23 155 to 161 1745-1840 80-90% 15.30 5-15 lux
24 162 to 168 1765-1860 85-93% 15.30 (2) 5-15 lux
25 169 to 175 1780-1880 88-94% 15.30 (2) 5-15 lux
25+ 176 to 182 15.30 (2) 5-15 lux
183 to 189 15.30 (2)
(1) From 19 weeks of age, midnight lighting could be added.
(2) Could be increased to 16 hours according to feed consumption.
(3) According to the average egg weight requested by the market, it could be possible to light stimulate the pullets one week earlier.
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> LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
Lighting programme in semi - dark or open rearing houses (>0,5 lux)
Age Age Bodyweight Average In decreasing In increasing
(weeks) (days) at start of laying rate day lengh day lengh
the week (g) of the week in hours in hours
0 0 to 2 22.00 22.00
1 3 to 7 20.00 20.00
2 8 to 14 19.00 19.00
3 15 to 21 17.00 17.00
4 21 to 28 15.00 15.00
5 29 to 35 13.00 (or NDL) 13.00 (or NDL)
6 36 to 42 12.00 (or NDL) 12.00 (or NDL)
7 43 to 49 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
8 50 to 56 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
9 57 to 63 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
10 64 to 70 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
11 71 to 77 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
12 78 to 84 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
13 85 to 91 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
14 92 to 98 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
15 99 to 105 10.00 (or NDL) 10.00 (or NDL)
16 106 to 112 1270-1340 +2.00 (or 16.00) +1.00 (or 16.00)
17 113 to 119 1350-1425 +1.00 (or 16.00) +1.00 (or 16.00)
18 120 to 126 1430-1510 0-2% +1.00 (or 16.00) +1.00 (or 16.00)
19 127 to 133 1500-1580 0-5% +1.00(or 16.00)(1) +1.00 (or 16.00)
20 134 to 140 1640-1730 2-30 % +0.30 (or 16.00) +0.30 (or 16.00)
21 141 to 147 1685-1780 30-60% +0.30 (or 16.00) +0.30 (or 16.00)
22 148 to 154 1720-1810 60-85% 16.00 +0.30 (or 16.00)
23 155 to 161 1745-1840 80-90% 16.00 +0.30 (or 16.00)
24 162 to 168 1765-1860 85-93% 16.00 16.00
25 169 to 175 1780-1880 88-94% 16.00 16.00
25+ 176 to 182
NDL: Natural Day Length
(1) From 19 weeks of age, midnight lighting could be added.
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> LIGHTING PROGRAMMES
Lighting programme in hot climate (between 20° North and 20° South)
Age Age Bodyweight Average laying Light duration
(weeks) (days) at start rate of the week in hours
of the week (g)
0 0 to 2 22.00
1 3 to 7 20.00
2 8 to 14 19.00
3 15 to 21 18.00
4 21 to 28 17.00
5 29 to 35 16.00
6 36 to 42 15.30
7 43 to 49 15.00
8 50 to 56 14.30
9 57 to 63 14.00
10 64 to 70 13.30
11 71 to 77 13.00
12 78 to 84 12.30
13 85 to 91 12.00
14 92 to 98 12.00 (or NDL)
15 99 to 105 12.00 (or NDL)
16 106 to 112 1270-1340 12.00 (or NDL)
17 113 to 119 1350-1425 12.00 (or NDL)
18 120 to 126 1430-1510 0-2% 12.00 (or NDL)
19 127 to 133 1500-1580 0-5% +1.00(1)
20 134 to 140 1640-1730 2-30 % +1.00
21 141 to 147 1685-1780 30-60% +1.00
22 148 to 154 1720-1810 60-85% +0.30
23 155 to 161 1745-1840 80-90% +0.30(or16.00)
24 162 to 168 1765-1860 85-93% 16.00
25 169 to 175 1780-1880 88-94% 16.00
25+ 176 to 182
NDL : Natural Day Length
(1) From 19 weeks of age, midnight lighting could be added.
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> FLOCK MANAGEMENT DURING THE PRODUCTION PERIOD
Transfer
Transfer is advised around 16 to 17 weeks of age
◗ Before the appearance of the 1st eggs
◗ After a last vaccine planned 1 week before the transfer
◗ After de-worming of the flock (3 days prior the transfer).
In order to minimize the stress at transfer time, it is important to:
◗ Rear the birds with similar drinking system as they will encounter after transfer
◗ Increase light intensity to encourage water consumption
◗ Maintain temperature as close as temperature experienced by the pullets at the end of the rearing period.
Lighting programme during the production period
The light duration after transfer should be adjusted to match the light duration experienced at the end of the rearing period. The
post transfer light duration should be at least the same length as during the rearing phase. It may be longer according to the plan
for light stimulation.
As the birds remain sensitive to changes in light duration, never decrease the day length during the entire production period.
Light intensity management during the production period
It is possible after the peak of lay to reduce progressively the artificial light intensity. This may limit feed wastage, excessive
activity of the birds and reduce the risk of mortality. Please take into account that light intensity should remain well distributed
all over the house.
Management of the egg weight
The egg weight profile of a flock is mainly determined by the following factors:
◗ Bodyweight at light stimulation (or at sexual maturity).
↗ The larger is the bodyweight at sexual maturity then egg weight will be larger during all the laying period.
↗ The smaller is the bodyweight at sexual maturity then egg weight will be smaller during all the laying period.
↗ To increase average egg weight during the production period then delay the start of egg production.
↗ To decrease average egg weight during the production period then plan an earlier sexual maturity.
◗ Evolution of the bodyweight during the first week of production
◗ Setting up a cyclic lighting programme during the production period may increase the average egg weight under certain
conditions.
◗ Nutrition also has important effects on the evolution of the egg weight during production:
↗ Intake of protein or digestible amino acids
↗ Metabolisable energy of the feed
↗ Linoleic acid and oil content of the feed.
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> WATER QUALITY
Quality
● Water must be monitored on a regular basis (at least twice a year). The following table gives some microbiological and
chemical standards.
● We recommend equipping each farm with a system to control the bacteriological quality of the water (chlorination for instance).
Units Very pure water Drinkable water Suspected water Bad water
Total flora number/ml 0 to 10 10 to 100 1 000 to 10 000 100 000
Salmonella number/ml 0 0 > 0 > 0
E. coli number/ml 0 0 10 to 50 100
Hardness 5 to 15° 15 to 30° 30° 30°
Organic matter mg/l 0 1 3 4.6
Nitrates mg/l 0 0 to 15 15 to 30 30
Ammonia mg/l 0 0 2 10
Turbidity 5 units 25 units
Iron mg/l 0,3 1
Manganese mg/l 0,1 1,5
Copper mg/l 1 1,5
Zinc mg/l 5 15
Calcium mg/l 75 200
Magnesium mg/l 50 150
Sulfates mg/l 200 400
Chlorides mg/l 200 600
pH 7 7 to 8,5 6,5 to 9,2
● A water sample for analysis should be taken at the entry point of the house and/or at the end of the system.
● Sample once a year or twice a year.
Important
● Clean the pipe system during the sanitary break between flocks
● Treat the drinking water with chlorination and monitor the residual active chlorine at the end of the pipe system once a week.
● Clean drinkers on a regular basis
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> NUTRITION
Nutrient recommendations per 1000 kcal (Mcal) of Metabolisable Energy (ME) for rearing period
STARTER GROWER PULLET PRELAY
Age 0-35 days 36-70 days 71-112 days 113-5% of lay
Suggested ME 2900-3000 2800-2900 2700–2900 2700–2900
kcal/kg (1)
Nutrient g / Mcal Total Dig. Total Dig. Total Dig. Total Dig.
Lysine 3.85 3.38 3.42 3.00 2.74 2.41 2.96 2.59
Methionine 1.75 1.62 1.50 1.44 1.24 1.14 1.43 1.32
Meth. & Cystine 2.98 2.64 2.55 2.34 2.31 2.05 2.52 2.23
Tryptophan 0.77 0.64 0.68 0.59 0.64 0.53 0.69 0.57
Arginine 4.00 3.50 3.50 3.10 3.00 2.70 3.00 2.70
Threonine 2.58 2.25 2.22 2.00 1.88 1.64 2.03 1.76
Nutrient g / Mcal Mini Maxi Mini Maxi Mini Maxi Mini Maxi
Calcium 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.9 8.1 9.3
Av. Phosphorus 1.55 1.72 1.50 1.68 1.48 1.63 1.56 1.59
Sodium 0.62 0.69 0.57 0.64 0.59 0.67 0.59 0.67
Chloride 0.55 0.69 0.57 0.71 0.59 0.74 0.59 0.74
Potassium 2.07 2.59 2.14 2.50 1.85 2.59 1.85 2.59
Linoleic acid 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0
(1) ME concentrations will vary according to the ingredients available locally and their cost. Lower ME concentrations are preferred where
possible. To do this requires ingredients with low ME content to be available which should be of reliable nutrient concentration and free
of anti nutritive factors.
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> NUTRITION
Example of diet specifications for rearing period
STARTER GROWER PULLET PRE-LAY
Crumbs Crumbs or mash Coarse mash Coarse mash
Nutrient Low ME High ME Low ME High ME Low ME High ME Low ME High ME
ME kcal/kg (1) 2900 3000 2800 2900 2700 2900 2700 2900
ME kcal/lb 1316 1361 1270 1316 1225 1316 1225 1316
Crude Protein % (2) 20.0-20.5 20.5-21.0 18.5-19.0 19.0-19.5 16.0-17.0 16.5-17.5 16.5-17.0 17.0-17.5
Crude Fat % 3.5 - 5.0 4.0 - 5.5 3.0 – 4.5 3.5 - 5.0 2.5 - 4.0 3.0 - 5.0 3.0 - 4.5 3.5 - 5.0
Crude Fibre % 2.5 - 3.5 2.0 - 3.5 3.0 – 4.0 2.5 - 4.0 3.5 - 6.5 4.0 - 6.0 3.5 - 6.5 4.0 - 6.0
Tot Lysine % 1.12 1.16 0.96 0.99 0.74 0.80 0.80 0.86
Tot Méthionine % 0.51 0.53 0.44 0.45 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41
Tot Méth & Cystine % 0.86 0.89 0.74 0.77 0.62 0.67 0.68 0.73
Tot Tryptophane % 0.211 0.218 0.187 0.193 0.140 0.150 0.151 0.162
Tot Thréonine % 0.75 0.78 0.64 0.67 0.51 0.55 0.55 0.59
Dig Lysine % 0.98 1.01 0.84 0.87 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.75
Dig Méthionine % 0.47 0.49 0.40 0.42 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.38
Dig Méth & Cystine % 0.76 0.79 0.66 0.68 0.55 0.59 0.60 0.65
Dig Tryptophane % 0.185 0.192 0.164 0.170 0.143 0.154 0.154 0.165
Dig Thréonine % 0.65 0.67 0.56 0.58 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.51
Calcium % 1.05-1.10 1.05-1.10 1.00-1.10 1.00-1.10 0.95-1.05 0.95-1.05 2.20-2.50 2.30-2.60
Av. Phosphorus % (3) 0.45-0.50 0.46-0.50 0.42-0.47 0.43-0.48 0.40-0.44 0.42-0.45 0.42-0.45 0.43-0.48
Sodium % 0.18-0.20 0.20-0.22 0.16-0.18 0.16-0.20 0.16-0.18 0.16-0.20 0.16-0.18 0.16-0.20
Chloride % 0.16-0.20 0.16-0.22 0.16-0.20 0.16-0.22 0.16-0.20 0.16-0.22 0.16-0.20 0.16-0.22
Potassium % 0.60-0.75 0.62-0.78 0.50-0.75 0.62-0.78 0.50-0.70 0.52-0.72 0.50-0.70 0.52-0.72
Linoleic acid min % 1.50 1.60 1.40 1.50 1.30 1.40 1.30 1.40
(1) ME concentrations will vary according to the ingredients available locally and their cost. Lower ME concentrations are preferred where possible.
To do this requires ingredients with low ME content to be available which should be of reliable nutrient concentration and free of anti
nutritive factors.
(2) The crude protein concentrations shown are as a guide and will vary according to local ingredients. Try to avoid excess protein wherever possible.
(3) Assumes available phosphorus basis. Special care should be taken on the phosphorus value used for phytase (if used).
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Nutrientrecommendationsper1000kcal(Mcal)ofMetabolisableEnergy(ME)forproductionperiod
LAYER 1 LAYER 2
Age From 5% From 50 weeks
Suggested ME 2750-2900 2720–2900
kcal/kg (4)
Nutrient g/Mcal Total Dig. Total Dig.
Lysine 2.94 2.58 2.90 2.54
Methionine 1.50 1.39 1.48 1.37
Meth. & Cystine 2.52 2.23 2.48 2.19
Tryptophan 0.70 0.58 0.69 0.57
Arginine 3.50 3.19 3.40 3.15
Threonine 2.04 1.77 2.01 1.75
Nutrient g/Mcal Mini/Maxi Mini/Maxi Mini/Maxi Mini/Maxi
Calcium 13.0 13.5 12.5 12.9
Av. Phosphorus 1.53 1.64 1.36 1.47
Sodium 0.58 0.65 0.58 0.65
Chloride 0.58 0.73 0,58 0.73
Potassium 2.18 2.73 2.18 2.73
Linoleic acid 5.5 4.5
(4) ME concentrations will vary according to the ingredients available locally and their cost. Lower ME concentrations are preferred where possible. To
do this requires ingredients with low ME content to be available which should be of reliable nutrient concentration and free of anti nutritive
factors.
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Example of diet specifications for production period
Layer 1 Layer 2 - (3)
Coarse mash Coarse mash
Nutrient Low ME High ME Low ME High ME
ME kcal/kg (1) 2750 2900 2720 2900
ME kcal/lb 1248 1316 1234 1316
Crude Protein % (2) 17.5-18.0 18.0-18.5 17.0-17.5 17.5-18.0
Crude Fat % 3.5 – 4.5 4.0 – 5.0 3.0 – 4.0 3.5 – 4.5
Crude Fibre % 4.0 – 6.0 3.5 – 5.0 4.0 – 6.0 3.5 – 6.0
Daily feed cons. In g < 106 > 106 < 102 > 102 < 113 > 113 < 108 > 108
Tot Lysine % 0.87 0.83 0.90 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.88 0.84
Tot Methionine % 0.44 0.42 0.46 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.45 0.43
Tot Meth & Cystine % 0.74 0.71 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.75 0.72
Tot Tryptophan % 0.194 0.185 0.203 0.194 0.183 0.175 0.200 0.191
Tot Threonine % 0.61 0.58 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.61 0.58
Dig Lysine % 0.77 0.73 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.77 0.74
Dig Methionine % 0.41 0.39 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.42 0.40
Dig Meth & Cystine % 0.66 0.63 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.67 0.64
Dig Tryptophan % 0.170 0.161 0.180 0.170 0.160 0.152 0.170 0.170
Dig Threonine % 0.53 0.50 0.54 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.53 0.51
Calcium % 3.55 – 3.70 3.80 – 3.90 3.40 – 3.50 3.60 – 3.80
Av. Phosphorus % (4) 0.42 – 0.45 0.43 – 0.48 0.37 – 0.40 0.38 – 0.42
Sodium % 0.16 – 0.18 0.17 – 0.20 0.16 – 0.18 0.17 – 0.20
Chloride % 0.16 – 0.20 0.16 – 0.22 0.16 – 0.20 0.16 – 0.22
Potassium % 0.60 – 0.75 0.62 – 0.78 0.60 – 0.75 0.62 – 0.78
Linoleic acid min % 1.50 1.40 1.60 1.50 1.20 1.00 1.30 1.00
(1) ME concentrations will vary according to the ingredients available locally and their cost. Lower ME concentrations are preferred where
possible. To do this requires ingredients with low ME content to be available which should be of reliable nutrient concentration and free of anti
nutritive factors.
(2) The crude protein concentrations shown are as a guide and will vary according to local ingredients. Try to avoid excess protein wherever
possible.
(3) Layer 2 must have the same physical form and use similar ingredients as Layer 1 to ensure a smooth transition.
(4) Assumes available phosphorus basis. Special care should be taken on phosphorus value used for phytase (if used).
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Target nutrient intakes at peak of egg output
Metabolisable energy 310 kcal / day at 20°C in cage
Digestible Amino Acids In mg/day
Lysine 800
Methionine 430
Methionine and Cystine 690
Tryptophan 180
Arginine 990
Threonine 550
Minerals In mg/day
Calcium 4150
Available phosphorus 475
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Vitamin and mineral premix recommendations
Nutrient Starter Starter & grower Pre-lay & layer
Manganese Ppm 80 80 80
Zinc Ppm 80 80 80
Iron Ppm 60 60 60
Copper Ppm 10 10 10
Selenium (2) Ppm 0,2 0,2 0,2
Iodine Ppm 1 1 1
Vit. A U.I./kg 15000 10000 10000
Vit. D3 U.I./kg 3000 2000 2500
Vit. E (1) U.I./kg 50 - 100 30 - 100 20 – 50
Vit. K mg/kg 3 2 3
Thiamine B1 mg/kg 3 2 2
Riboflavin B2 mg/kg 8 6 5
Pantothenic acid B5 mg/kg 15 10 12
Nicotinic acid B3 mg/kg 60 40 40
Pyridoxine B6 mg/kg 4 3 5
Folic acid B10 mg/kg 1.5 1 0.75
Cyanocobalamin B12 mg/kg 0.02 0.01 0.015
Biotine Vit. H (3) mg/kg 0.20 0.10 0.05
Choline (3) mg/kg 700 600 700
(1) The higher dose can help to increase immunity.
(2) Assumes inorganic and organic sources - check local regulations for the maximum permitted amount of selenium.
(3) Biotin levels can be reduced for standard maize and soya based diets by 0.05mg/kg and choline by 400 mg/kg.