This document provides a guide for those interested in starting a backyard chicken flock for eggs or meat. It outlines important considerations like zoning restrictions, preparing the yard with adequate fencing and housing, purchasing chicks or adult birds, feeding and caring for the flock, and maintaining health. Key responsibilities include giving daily care, preventing disease through biosecurity measures, and understanding the long-term commitment of raising poultry. With proper planning and care, a backyard flock can be a rewarding experience for the family.
Modern hybrid layers can be reared successfully in floor and cage brooding systems in developing countries. However, they need more careful management than village chicks, which are better able to cope with temperature fluctuations.
Prior to chick arrival, it is important to clean and disinfect the cages or the floor brooding area. The brooders should be set up the day before delivery, at 34 to 36 °C for cage brooding or 35 to 36 °C for floor brooding. Drinkers need to be full or the drinking system in operation, to encourage birds to drink. If nipple drinkers are used, the water pressure should be reduced so that birds can see the drop of water hanging on the drinker. Feed should be placed on paper if birds are reared in cages. Feeders on the floor should be filled and kept under high light intensity for 20 to 22 hours per day for the first week, to attract the birds.
Goat Rearing & Breeding Business. Raising Goat for Milk and Meat Production. Commercial Goat Farming Project
Rearing goats is a profitable business. Goat has been rearing since the time immemorial. Generally goat farming means rearing goats for the purpose of harvesting milk, meat and fiber.
Goat Rearing
Goat rearing is very popular because they are very important and valuable domestic animal. They are one of the oldest domesticated animal species. The farm goat of present time, first domesticated from the southwest Asian and eastern European wild goats. Goat is a member of Bovidae family and both goat and sheep are of Caprinae subfamily. There are more than 300 goat breeds throughout the world.
Goats are generally raised for their highly production capacity of milk, meat, hair and skins. The demand of goat milk, meat, hair and skins is very high in the world market.
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New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
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Goat Rearing & Breeding, Goat Farming, Goat Breeding, Commercial Goat Farming, Raising Goats, How to Start a Goat Farm, Goat Breeding and Goat Farming, Goat Farming Business, Goat Meat Production, Goat Farming Project Report, Goat Farming Cost and Profit, Goat Farming Business Plan, Raising Goats for Profit, Profitable Commercial Goat Farm, Profitable Goat Farm Business, Commercial Goat Farming Business, Starting a Goat Farming Business for Beginners, How to Start Profitable Goat Farming Business, Goat Raising, Goat Farming in India, Goat Farming Business for Beginners, How to Raise Goats to Make Money, Goat Farming for Profit, Huge Potential for Goats, Raising Goats for Profit, How to Raise Dairy Goats, Goat Farming Business for Profit, Detailed Project Report on Goat Rearing & Breeding, Project Report on Goat Rearing & Breeding, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Goat Breeding, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Goat Breeding, Feasibility report on Goat Rearing & Breeding, Free Project Profile on Goat Rearing, Project profile on Goat Rearing, Download free project profile on Goat Farming, Profitable Goat Farming Pdf, How to Start Goat Farming Business Pdf, Goat Farming Project Pdf, Goat Farming Business Plan Download, Start Your Own Goat Farm, Livestock Production, Livestock Farming Business Ideas, Most Profitable Livestock Farming, Livestock Farming, Small-scale Livestock Farming, Most Profitable Farm Animals to Raise, How to Start a Farming Business, Livestock Farming Potential, Livestock Farming and Meat Production, Meat Goat Farming Business, Raising Meat Goats, Profitable Breed for Meat Production, How to Get Started in Meat Goat Farming
The emu is the second-largest living bird by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius.
Emus are soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds with long necks and legs, and can reach up to 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) in height. Emus can travel great distances, and when necessary can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph); they forage for a variety of plants and insects, but have been known to go for weeks without eating. They drink infrequently, but take in copious amounts of water when the opportunity arises. They are long lived up to 30years.
Genetic progress over the last 10 years has steadily improved broiler economic performance. One component of this is growth potential which has increased each year by 60 grams at six weeks of age. In order to achieve a standard processing weight (of e.g. 2kg), the age at which a flock of broilers are killed has fallen by, on average, 1 day per year over this time. Birds of 2kg that were killed at 49 days in 1988 are now killed at 39 days.
The consequence of this change is that the brooding period now takes up a much bigger proportion of the whole growing period and is more important in the final performance of the flock. Over the same 10 year period, the equipment used in brooding and starting chickens has changed, and some of these changes have significant consequences for the well-being of the day-old chick.
Our customers have become more focussed on the predictability of performance and uniformity of the product at all stages, especially in the processing plant. Many features of broiler management can affect uniformity and, in some cases, small changes in management technique can make a previously unimportant factor critical (e.g. the need for more feeding space once feed intake control is initiated) This Ross Tech is aimed at encouraging better general management and especially brooding management for broiler flocks, to improve performance and uniformity
Modern hybrid layers can be reared successfully in floor and cage brooding systems in developing countries. However, they need more careful management than village chicks, which are better able to cope with temperature fluctuations.
Prior to chick arrival, it is important to clean and disinfect the cages or the floor brooding area. The brooders should be set up the day before delivery, at 34 to 36 °C for cage brooding or 35 to 36 °C for floor brooding. Drinkers need to be full or the drinking system in operation, to encourage birds to drink. If nipple drinkers are used, the water pressure should be reduced so that birds can see the drop of water hanging on the drinker. Feed should be placed on paper if birds are reared in cages. Feeders on the floor should be filled and kept under high light intensity for 20 to 22 hours per day for the first week, to attract the birds.
Goat Rearing & Breeding Business. Raising Goat for Milk and Meat Production. Commercial Goat Farming Project
Rearing goats is a profitable business. Goat has been rearing since the time immemorial. Generally goat farming means rearing goats for the purpose of harvesting milk, meat and fiber.
Goat Rearing
Goat rearing is very popular because they are very important and valuable domestic animal. They are one of the oldest domesticated animal species. The farm goat of present time, first domesticated from the southwest Asian and eastern European wild goats. Goat is a member of Bovidae family and both goat and sheep are of Caprinae subfamily. There are more than 300 goat breeds throughout the world.
Goats are generally raised for their highly production capacity of milk, meat, hair and skins. The demand of goat milk, meat, hair and skins is very high in the world market.
See more
https://goo.gl/G1RaQ4
https://goo.gl/Zc58AJ
https://goo.gl/Qn6B6M
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Goat Rearing & Breeding, Goat Farming, Goat Breeding, Commercial Goat Farming, Raising Goats, How to Start a Goat Farm, Goat Breeding and Goat Farming, Goat Farming Business, Goat Meat Production, Goat Farming Project Report, Goat Farming Cost and Profit, Goat Farming Business Plan, Raising Goats for Profit, Profitable Commercial Goat Farm, Profitable Goat Farm Business, Commercial Goat Farming Business, Starting a Goat Farming Business for Beginners, How to Start Profitable Goat Farming Business, Goat Raising, Goat Farming in India, Goat Farming Business for Beginners, How to Raise Goats to Make Money, Goat Farming for Profit, Huge Potential for Goats, Raising Goats for Profit, How to Raise Dairy Goats, Goat Farming Business for Profit, Detailed Project Report on Goat Rearing & Breeding, Project Report on Goat Rearing & Breeding, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Goat Breeding, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Goat Breeding, Feasibility report on Goat Rearing & Breeding, Free Project Profile on Goat Rearing, Project profile on Goat Rearing, Download free project profile on Goat Farming, Profitable Goat Farming Pdf, How to Start Goat Farming Business Pdf, Goat Farming Project Pdf, Goat Farming Business Plan Download, Start Your Own Goat Farm, Livestock Production, Livestock Farming Business Ideas, Most Profitable Livestock Farming, Livestock Farming, Small-scale Livestock Farming, Most Profitable Farm Animals to Raise, How to Start a Farming Business, Livestock Farming Potential, Livestock Farming and Meat Production, Meat Goat Farming Business, Raising Meat Goats, Profitable Breed for Meat Production, How to Get Started in Meat Goat Farming
The emu is the second-largest living bird by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius.
Emus are soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds with long necks and legs, and can reach up to 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) in height. Emus can travel great distances, and when necessary can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph); they forage for a variety of plants and insects, but have been known to go for weeks without eating. They drink infrequently, but take in copious amounts of water when the opportunity arises. They are long lived up to 30years.
Genetic progress over the last 10 years has steadily improved broiler economic performance. One component of this is growth potential which has increased each year by 60 grams at six weeks of age. In order to achieve a standard processing weight (of e.g. 2kg), the age at which a flock of broilers are killed has fallen by, on average, 1 day per year over this time. Birds of 2kg that were killed at 49 days in 1988 are now killed at 39 days.
The consequence of this change is that the brooding period now takes up a much bigger proportion of the whole growing period and is more important in the final performance of the flock. Over the same 10 year period, the equipment used in brooding and starting chickens has changed, and some of these changes have significant consequences for the well-being of the day-old chick.
Our customers have become more focussed on the predictability of performance and uniformity of the product at all stages, especially in the processing plant. Many features of broiler management can affect uniformity and, in some cases, small changes in management technique can make a previously unimportant factor critical (e.g. the need for more feeding space once feed intake control is initiated) This Ross Tech is aimed at encouraging better general management and especially brooding management for broiler flocks, to improve performance and uniformity
Types Of Poultry Farming in India | Egiyok NewsEgiyok
Types Of Poultry Farming - Find here different types of poultry farms available in India. List the purpose of poultry farming. Classify chicken and other species farms based on utility .For more information visit our website.
Introduction about quail
Advantages of quail farming
Housing
Feeding
Egg and meat production
Nutrient content in egg and meat
Incubation and hatching
Chicks management
Quail diseases and its management
Centers for parent quails and interesting facts about quail etc.,
Livestock play an important role in most small-scale farming systems throughout the world.
They provide traction to cultivate fields, manure to maintain crop productivity, and nutritious food products for human consumption and income-generation.
Despite the importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries.
Thus the feed resources plays a major role in farm animals.
I HOPE THIS MIGHT HELP THOSE STUDENTS WHO ARE HAVING SUBJECTS SUCH AS HELE or TLE (TAKING CARE OF POULTRY).....
I TAUGHT THIS SLIDE TO MY STUDENTS.....
Types Of Poultry Farming in India | Egiyok NewsEgiyok
Types Of Poultry Farming - Find here different types of poultry farms available in India. List the purpose of poultry farming. Classify chicken and other species farms based on utility .For more information visit our website.
Introduction about quail
Advantages of quail farming
Housing
Feeding
Egg and meat production
Nutrient content in egg and meat
Incubation and hatching
Chicks management
Quail diseases and its management
Centers for parent quails and interesting facts about quail etc.,
Livestock play an important role in most small-scale farming systems throughout the world.
They provide traction to cultivate fields, manure to maintain crop productivity, and nutritious food products for human consumption and income-generation.
Despite the importance of livestock, inadequate livestock nutrition is a common problem in the developing world, and a major factor affecting the development of viable livestock industries in poor countries.
Thus the feed resources plays a major role in farm animals.
I HOPE THIS MIGHT HELP THOSE STUDENTS WHO ARE HAVING SUBJECTS SUCH AS HELE or TLE (TAKING CARE OF POULTRY).....
I TAUGHT THIS SLIDE TO MY STUDENTS.....
Goats as Pets.org provides information on keeping a small holding of goats. The site discusses the benefits to the owner such as the supply of milk and meat, and outlines the things to consider when obtaining goat food, appropriate housing and provides more general information on their health and welfare. The site also considers the various goat breeds and which are most suitable for your requirements. The site links to Wendy Hargreaves ebook, ‘Guide To Keeping Goats’, which is available as an electronic download and is suitable for anyone looking for further information on keeping goats.
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
How To Do Poultry Farming in Summer? The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Poultry Square magazine, May – 2021 edition.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Domestication of the European rabbit probably occurred in monasteries during the Middle Ages. By the middle of the 17th century, rabbits were commonly raised in England and continental Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus, one of the more successful mammals of the world, is both prolific and adaptable.
Most of the fancy breeds were developed within the past 100 years, and only since the early 1900s have rabbits been raised domestically in the United
States. The first commercial colonies were started in southern California. Meat rationing during World War II gave the infant industry a push. Today, approximately 200,000 people are engaged in some phase of the rabbit business
in the United States, and animals are produced in every state. Meat processors serving major cities market more than 10 million pounds of rabbit meat annually.
कुखरा पालन (ब्रोइलर) पूर्ण रोजगारीका साथ मनग्य आम्दानी गर्न सकिने भरपर्दो पेशा हो । यो रोजगारी भएका तर समय बचत गर्न सक्ने व्यक्तिका लागि पनि उपयुक्त हुन्छ । न्यून आय भएका अर्धबेरोजगार व्यक्तिका लागि थप आयआर्जन गर्न यो पेशा सहायक सिद्ध हुन सक्छ । यो पेशा थोरै जग्गा तथा कम लगानीमै सञ्चालन गर्न सकिन्छ । यसको उत्पादन ५–६ हप्तामै भित्र्याउन सकिन्छ र वर्षमा ६–७ पटकसम्म कुखुरा बेच्न सकिन्छ । यो व्यवसाय गर्न धेरै ठूलो तालिमको आवश्यकता समेत पर्दैन ।
नेपालमा यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालनका लागि आवश्यक सामग्री सहज उपलब्ध छन् । साथै, सहज बजार पहुँचले उत्पादनपछिको विक्रीवितरणमा समेत समस्या छैन । यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्दा प्रारम्भमा सानो आकार अर्थात् १ सयदेखि २ सयबाट शुरू गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ । र, बिस्तारै कुखुरा पालनको अनुभव बटुली व्यावसायिक रूपमा यो पेशा सञ्चालन गर्न सजिलो हुन्छ ।
नेपालमा बाख्रापालनबाट राम्रो फाइदा लिन सकिन्छ । चाहना राख्ने धेरैले बाख्रापालन सम्कन्धि पूर्ण जानकारी पाएका छैनन् । यसले धेरैलाई सहयोग पुग्नेछ । तपाई र तपाईको कर्मका लागि पनि उपयोगी हुन सक्नेछ ।
व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन गर्दा कुनै पनि सरकारी निकायहरु जस्तैः जिल्ला पशु सेवा कार्यालय, सहकारी कार्यालय वा मान्यताप्राप्त अन्य निकायबाट व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन दर्ता गरेको अवस्थामा सहुलियत पाउन सकिन्छ ।
बुंगुर पालेको ठाउँमा बथानमा संक्रमक रोगको प्रसार तथा एक ठाउँको बथानबाट अर्को ठाउँको बथानमा रोग प्रसार न्युनगरी बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा रोग प्रदत जोखीम न्युनीकरण गर्ने गरी गरिने व्यवस्थापकीय व्यवहारीक व्यवस्थापनको अर्को नाम हो बंगुरपालनका जैविक सुरक्षा । आफुले पालेको बंगुरको उपयुक्त जैविक सुरक्षा व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको व्यवसायको आपेक्षा गरिएको आम्दानी प्राप्त हुनेमा ढुक्क हुनु पनि हो ।
बंगुर पालन गरेको ठाउँमा उचित जैविक सुरक्षाको व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको बंगुरलाई लाग्न सक्ने स्थानीय स्तरमा स्थापित रोग तथा अन्यत्रबाट भित्रन सक्ने, माहामारी जन्य, सरुवा तथा संक्रमक रोगबाट बचाउन सुरक्षात्मक उपाय पनि मानिन्छ । बंगुरको खोर गोठमा कुनै नौलो अन्यत्रबाट सरी आएको रोग निर्मुल पार्न, रोकथाम गर्न, उपचार गर्न, खर्चिलो मात्र हुदैन बरु त्यस्ता रोगले अझ बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा गम्भिर असर पार्न सक्छ ।
मुर्गियों में बीमारियां से बचाव और टीकाकरण :
मुर्गियों में कई तरह की बीमारियां पाई जाती हैं। जैसे पुलोराम, रानीखेत, हैजा, मैरेक्स, टाईफाइड और परजीविकृमी आदि रोग होते हैं। जिससे मुर्गीपालकों को हर साल भारी नुकसान उठाना पड़ता है। बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए समय -समय पर मुर्गियों का टीकाकरण बहुत ही जरुरी है ,कुछ बीमारियां की रोक-थाम केवल टीकाकरण से ही संभव है। मुर्गियों में बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियमों ) का पालन करना बहुत ही जरुरी और महत्वपूर्ण है।
बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) :
ग्रोवेल एग्रोवेट प्राइवेट लिमिटेड के विशेषज्ञों का मानना है कि यदि योजनाबद्ध तरीके से ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन किया जाए तो कम खर्च में अधिक आय की जा सकती है। बस तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देने की जरूरत है। वजह, कभी-कभी लापरवाही के कारण इस व्यवसाय से जुड़े लोगों को भारी क्षति उठानी पड़ती है। इसलिए मुर्गीपालन में ब्रायलर फार्म का आकार और बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए। मुर्गियां तभी मरती हैं जब उनके रखरखाव में लापरवाही बरती जाए।
ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन में हमें कुछ तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए। जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम का भी पालन होना चाहिए। एक शेड में हमेशा एक ही ब्रीड के चूजे रखने चाहिए। आल-इन-आल आउट पद्धति का पालन करें। शेड तथा बर्तनों की साफ-सफाई पर ध्यान दें। बाहरी व्यक्तियों का प्रवेश वर्जित रखना चाहिए। कुत्ता, चूहा, गिलहरी, देशी मुर्गी आदि को शेड में न घुसने दें। मरे हुए चूजे, वैक्सीन के खाली बोतल को जलाकर नष्ट कर दें, समय-समय पर शेड के बाहर विराक्लीन ( Viraclean ) का छिड़काव व टीकाकरण नियमों का पालन करें। समय पर सही दवा का प्रयोग करें। पीने के पानी में एक्वाक्योर (Aquacure) का प्रयोग करें।
मुर्गा मंडी की गाड़ी को फार्म से दूर खड़ा करें। मुर्गी के शेड में प्रतिदिन 23 घंटे प्रकाश की आवश्यकता होती है। एक घंटे अंधेरा रखा जाता है। इसके पीछे मंशा यह कि बिजली कटने की स्थिति में मुर्गियां स्ट्रेस की शिकार न हों।
दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय या डेयरी फार्मिंग छेटे व बड़े स्तर दोनों पर सबसे ज्यादा विस्तार में फैला हुआ व्यवसाय है। दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय व्यवसायिक या छोटे स्तर पर दूध उत्पादन किसानों की कुल दूध उत्पादन में मदद करता है और उसकी आर्थिक वृद्धि को बढ़ाता है। इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं है कि, भारत में कई वर्षों से डेयरी व्यवसाय या दूध उत्पादन ने आर्थिक वृद्धि में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। कुल दूध उत्पादन ने हमारे देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में बड़े स्तर पर भागीदारी की है और बहुत से गरीब किसानों को अपना व्यवसाय स्थापित करने में सहयोग किया है। यदि किसी के पास दूध उत्पादन का व्यवसाय स्थापित करने के लिए प्रारंभिक पूँजी है तो, इस (दूध उत्पादन) व्यवसाय को किसी भी क्षेत्रों में आसानी से स्थापित किया जा सकता है।
Pig is the only species of livestock from which major portion of the total investments made for establishing the farm can be earned back within 1½ – 2 years. Thus, the farmer is assured of getting over 60 per cent of profit margin from a marginal piggery unit. As a thumb rule, pigs have to put on more than 10 kg of body weight per month by consuming concentrate feed or agricultural byproducts or processed wastes from food industries. Though the white pigs have the western origin (temperate climate), they are better adapted to the Indian agro-climatic conditions. Nevertheless, the Large White Yorkshire breed is the widely accepted breed for pork (bacon, a cured meat from the back and side portions of the pig) production in the global scenario. Strategies have also been formulated to produce lean meat from synthetic strains of pigs through recent research approach, which would create better export opportunities. Hence, farmers without any doubt, can venture into farming this prolific species for their livelihood as well to contribute more to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to which contribution from livestock sector is, now-a-days, on the increase (from 4 to 8%).
The objective of commercial fish farming is to produce fish for sale and
earn profits. Therefore, production should be planned from the onset to
target identified markets. This means one should:
1. have the required product (size and form) available when the
market wants it,
2. be able to produce adequate volumes to sustain targeted markets,
3. produce at a competitive price and profit.
When making a production and business plan for table fish, one should
endeavor to answer the following questions beforehand.
1. Where is the market? – its location, what category of people are
likely to buy the fish I produce, etc
2. What does the market want? – type of fish, how much, what size,
how frequently, fresh or processed, etc.
3. What resources do I have? – number of pond(s), size of pond(s),
water for production (quantity, quality, flow rates), feeds, labour,
seed, etc.
4. From where and when should I source my seed and feed?
5. What is the quality of feed I intend to use? This is important
because it limits possible FCRs, water quality and carrying capacity.
6. How much feed and seed shall I require?
7. What technology do I have at my disposal and which would be the
best to adopt?
8. How frequently do I need to harvest for the market? (complete
harvest/partial harvests)
9. How do I get my fish to the market?
10. What returns can I expect from the above?
Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
The aim of this booklet is to assist you in more effective use of pasture to achieve high sheep production. Essential for this are the ability to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock and knowledge of animal feeding needs.
This chapter discusses how to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock in relation to animal performance and seasonal pasture needs of sheep. The next chapter deals with setting up grazing rotations and feed budgeting.
Feed planning enables you to objectively match pasture supply and animal feed demands on your whole farm during the year. Some of you may feel daunted by this structured approach, but maximising production and achieving livestock target weights, including supply contracts, means more sophisticated pasture feeding.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form and structure of animals. Physiology deals with the study of functions of the body or any of its parts. A thorough knowledge of the structure of an animal imparts a lot of information about the various functions it is capable of performing.
The course may be used as an introductory course to further studies; to assist you in recognising the normal, in order to determine the abnormal; to help you understand how to diagnose disease or determine if an animal has sustained an injury; to help understand the physical capabilities or limitations of particular species; to understand what happens in the nutrition and growth processes; and to assist you to get better performance from your animals.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
Selection or formulation of appropriate diets for companion
and aviary birds is based on wild feeding ecology, digestive anatomy and physiology, and nutritional requirements of related species. Research indicates that requirements of some key nutrients for psittacines vary from those of poultry. Apart from vitamin E, there is no evidence to suggest that vitamin and trace mineral requirements for psittacines are greater than those recommended for poultry.54 While there are substantial differences between production species and companion
bird species, dietary requirements of poultry remain the
standard for estimating the needs of companion birds.
Individual nutrient classes will be discussed with particular
focus on recent research into the nutritional requirements of companion birds.
The decision to own and care for exotic birds is a decision which cannot be taken lightly. A lot of responsibility has to be accepted because a pet bird is not a low-maintenance pet. All pet birds require at least some specialized care.Very few “beginners” know the answers to the questions that arise concerning the management, breeding, rearing,disease prevention, and proper nutrition of birds. The “survivors” in aviculture have successful aviaries because their teacher has been experience, coupled with trial-anderror. Sometimes this teacher is expensive and can result in thousands of dollars of investment being lost. “Beginners” can increase their general knowledge in aviculture and
come up with answers to their questions by reading articles,
traveling to pet bird shows, attending lectures and talking
with people who have experience with pet birds.
When listening about building new Ventures, Marketplaces ideas are something very frequent. On this session we will discuss reasons why you should stay away from it :P , by sharing real stories and misconceptions around them. If you still insist to go for it however, you will at least get an idea of the important and critical strategies to optimize for success like Product, Business Development & Marketing, Operations :)
Reflect Festival Limassol May 2024.
Michael Economou is an Entrepreneur, with Business & Technology foundations and a passion for Innovation. He is working with his team to launch a new venture – Exyde, an AI powered booking platform for Activities & Experiences, aspiring to revolutionize the way we travel and experience the world. Michael has extensive entrepreneurial experience as the co-founder of Ideas2life, AtYourService as well as Foody, an online delivery platform and one of the most prominent ventures in Cyprus’ digital landscape, acquired by Delivery Hero group in 2019. This journey & experience marks a vast expertise in building and scaling marketplaces, enhancing everyday life through technology and making meaningful impact on local communities, which is what Michael and his team are pursuing doing once more with Exyde www.goExyde.com
Salma Karina Hayat is Conscious Digital Transformation Leader at Kudos | Empowering SMEs via CRM & Digital Automation | Award-Winning Entrepreneur & Philanthropist | Education & Homelessness Advocate
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2. Guide for those thinking of starting their own chicken flock for meat or eggs.
Advice for those thinking of starting their own chicken flock for meat or eggs from
Dr Tom Tabler, Dr Dustan Clark, Jessica Wells, Dr Wei Zhai and Dr Haitham Yakout
with the Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Maintaining a small flock of poultry can be a rewarding experience and is an excellent
venture for a small or part-time farmer. People keep backyard flocks for many reasons –
for meat or eggs, as a hobby for adults or children, or perhaps for show and exhibition.
Backyard poultry can supplement family food supplies, and small producers may choose
to sell their products to several niche markets. These can include brown eggs, free-range
meat and eggs, live birds for the increasing number of ethnic markets, and organic meat
and eggs. Whatever the reason, if you are considering managing a backyard flock, you
must be aware that raising poultry requires time, labour and money.
Birds need care seven days a week, including weekends and holidays. Before you buy
any birds, be sure you are willing and able to give that care. Also, do your homework,
starting with research and planning.
Preparing the Yard
First, check to see if zoning restrictions or property regulations prohibit or restrict raising
poultry on your property. You not only want to be legal but you want to keep peace with
your neighbours as well. In some cases, it would not take much noise, dust, feathers, flies
or odours from your chickens to turn your neighbours un-neighbourly. Discuss your plans
with your neighbors before bringing in the chickens to help prevent future issues.
Do not allow chickens to roam free. Fence in backyard flocks to keep them at home and
to protect them. Many predatory animals, including cats, dogs, skunks, opossums and
hawks, roam free even inside city limits. Chickens are generally considered easy prey.
Fencing should extend all the way to the ground, and the mesh should be small enough
to restrain young chicks. It is wise to cover the top of the enclosure to protect the flock
from flying and climbing predators. Fencing is also a sound biosecurity practice that helps
protect against the spread of disease.
Along with fencing, you should arrange for adequate housing. Remember to allow for
growth of the birds: allot space based on the size of fully-grown birds, not chicks. A good
rule of thumb is to provide 3.0 to 3.5 square feet of floor space for each bird you intend to
put into egg production. For example, you may start with 50 straight-run chicks (a mixture
of males and females) and plan to put 25 into egg production. This leaves 25 available for
meat production and losses along the way. If you allow 3.0 square feet of floor space per
egg layer, that is 75 square feet, making an 8-foot by 10-foot building adequate. Make
sure you can adequately heat the building, especially with young chicks and during colder
weather.
3. It is important to use a good, absorbent litter material for bedding in the houses. The litter
should be clean and dry, not dusty or mouldy. It can be any material that absorbs
moisture in the house and can help insulate during colder weather. Excellent litter choices
include pine shavings, chopped straw, peanut shells and ground corncobs. Hardwood
shavings should not be used as litter because they sometimes produce a mould that can
cause serious infection when inhaled by chicks or humans.
Good litter quality is essential in maintaining flock health. Manage drinkers properly to
make sure birds do not spill excessive amounts of water. Wet litter encourages pathogen
growth and can lead to health issues, such as breast blisters and footpad dermatitis.
Periodically remove the caked or crusted litter and manure and top dress with fresh litter
as necessary.
Purchasing Your Flock
Choosing a breed or breeds is an important next step. You must decide if you want meat
chickens, egg chickens or a combination. A fast-growing strain of Cornish-type broiler is
recommended for meat production. If your goal is egg production, then small egg-type
strains, such as White Leghorn strains, are recommended for white eggs. However, these
birds are lightweight, weighing 3.5 to 4.0 pounds at maturity, and are not a good choice
for meat.
Medium-weight, dual-purpose strains, such as Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island Red, or first-generation crosses work well for meat and eggs. These breeds lay
brown eggs. There are no differences between white and brown eggs in terms of quality
or nutrition, but brown eggs usually sell for more than white eggs. Other breeds you may
want to consider are Wyandotte and Orpington. These dual-purpose breeds lay fewer
eggs than Leghorn birds but they are large enough to provide more meat.
There are also exhibition-type chickens, such as bantams and exotic breeds, that are
recommended for showing or as pets. These birds are bred strictly for beauty and form,
not for egg or meat production.
Once you know what you want, there are two common ways to get chickens. You can get
adult chickens or fertile eggs from other chicken hobbyists in your area. Personal
preference will dictate whether you purchase adult birds or hatch chicks in an incubator
and raise your own birds. A second popular method is to mail order day-old chicks from a
hatchery supplier. Yes, baby chicks are shipped through the US Postal Service and have
been for over a century!
When a chick hatches, it has a three- to four-day supply of nutrition from the remaining
egg yolk inside its body, which will allow it to survive even without an outside source of
food or water. That way, the first chicks that hatch from a whole nest of eggs can survive
while the hen waits on the remaining eggs to hatch before leaving the nest with her new
4. brood of chicks for the first time. Should you decide to order chicks through the mail,
there are some points to keep in mind:
Make sure the hatchery you select participates in the National Poultry Improvement
Program. This programme helps ensure that birds are healthy and prevents the spread of
diseases, such as pullorum and typhoid, that could affect your flock or others in the area.
If you search for 'hatchery' online, you can find links to dozens of commercial hatcheries
that offer mail-order delivery of not just chickens, but turkeys, pheasants, guineas, geese,
ducks and other poultry as well.
Check shipping options. Many hatcheries offer different shipping options, and while most
chicks do fine with normal delivery times, choosing express shipping if it is offered may
reduce the time in transit and stress on the chicks by a day or so.
You may have a choice of straight-runs (the natural mix of males and females at hatch,
usually about 50:50), all cockerels (males) or all pullets (females). Sexing is available
from many hatcheries but requires an extra step and therefore may be more expensive.
In addition, sexing is not always totally accurate. However, if you plan on raising females
as egg producers and don not need the males, sexing may be worth it. The females will
lay eggs when they reach sexual maturity even without males in the flock. However,
these eggs will be infertile and cannot be used to hatch additional chicks.
Most hatcheries sell different species of poultry and different breeds within the various
species and will allow you to mix and match your order. However, there is usually a
minimum number that must be ordered. The minimum is set to ensure there are enough
birds in the package to generate sufficient body heat to reduce environmental stress until
they reach their destination point.
It would be wise to let your local post office know you are expecting an order of live baby
chicks. Leave a contact number so you can pick up your chicks from the post office when
they arrive. When you pick them up, check inside the package to make sure your chicks
have arrived safely before you leave the post office. Typically, shipping containers are
simply modified cardboard boxes. Often, hatcheries ship chicks in small cardboard boxes
with special air holes on the sides.
Keeping Your Flock Healthy
The greatest expense of raising chickens is the cost offeed. However, incomplete or
unbalanced rations reduce performance and may result in nutritional disease. Therefore,
it is not economical to feed an unbalanced diet. Always provide high quality, commercially
prepared feeds to your birds. The type of feed recommended varies with the specific age
and use of the bird. The multi-purpose birds discussed in this publication require a starter
5. ration from day one to six weeks of age. Expect to feed at least four pounds of starter
feed per bird during this six-week period.
At six weeks, switch to a commercial grower ration and feed this until 18 weeks of age.
Many local feed stores sell a combination starter/grower ration that works well for both
stages of growth. Birds should be started on a 15 to 18 per cent protein layer ration at 18
weeks to prepare them for egg production.
Warning: it is critical that you do not feed layer rations to younger birds or starter/grower
rations to egg-producing birds. Many commercial starter/grower rations are medicated to
control coccidiosis (a disease caused by a microscopic parasite) that infects the intestinal
tract. Keep all medicated feed away from other animals to prevent accidental
consumption, which may cause sickness or death.
Layer rations usually do not contain medication. With complete, balanced diets, 100
lightweight mature layers often eat about 25 pounds of feed per day. An equal number of
heavier, meat-type birds would likely eat about 30 pounds daily.
Birds with access to outdoors will supplement their diets with insects and green plants.
Although many people also choose to supplement their birds’diet with table scraps and
the like to save on feed costs, it is important not to overfeed scraps.
Overfeeding scraps may cause the birds not to eat a balanced diet, which could affect
performance. Feeds marketed as 'complete' poultry feeds are formulated to supply the
nutritional needs of the bird for which it is specified if fed according to label
recommendations. No additional feed is needed. However, many small flock owners
supplement a complete feed with grain mixtures or corn chops. This can also lead to a
nutritional imbalance resulting in poor performance. Therefore, make sure you follow
instructions on the feed tag or consult your feed supplier if you have questions on what to
feed or how to feed it.
Adequate light is necessary to maintain consistent egg numbers. Chickens are very
sensitive to changes in day length. Laying birds require at least 14 to 16 hours of light
each day for maximum year-round production. Less light will stop or slow egg production.
Without supplemental light, egg production will drop off in late fall and winter. When the
days get short enough in the fall, egg production will cease altogether until spring. You
can add supplemental light both before sunrise and after sunset to provide 14 to 16 hours
of light during fall and winter to maintain egg numbers. One 25-watt bulb for each 40
square feet of pen space should provide enough light. However, you should still provide
several hours of darkness for the birds to roost. An inexpensive timer can turn lights on
and off automatically and reduce labour requirements.
Disease prevention and control is vital to any backyard flock. Disease is much easier to
prevent than it is to cure. In fact, many diseases can be prevented using sound
management practices but cannot be cured once they occur in a flock. Depopulation,
6. disinfection, sanitisation and starting over are the only ways to fight some diseases.
Disease most often occurs when birds are under stress from one or more factors at the
same time. Numerous stressors can affect a bird's ability to fight off disease, including
poor nutrition, an unclean environment, overcrowding, poor air quality, injury, poor
management practices and poisons. Like other living creatures, chickens do best in a
clean environment. Drinkers should be cleaned every day with diluted chlorine bleach.
You can also add low levels of chlorine bleach to clean drinking water to inhibit bacterial
growth. It does not take much; one to two teaspoons of bleach for 20 gallons of water is
plenty.
Watch for signs of disease that may indicate a problem in your flock. Difficulty with
breathing, gasping for breath, coughing, sneezing, watery eyes, reduced viability,
decrease in egg production and feed consumption, bloody droppings and an increase in
death losses are all indications of disease. Sick birds will often separate themselves from
the rest of the flock, try to hide under something, avoid moving when approached, appear
weak, or have ruffled feathers. If possible, separate the sick birds from the healthy ones
to limit disease spread. Seek reliable assistance if you suspect a disease problem in your
flock. Your local county Extension agent or veterinarian is a good starting point. Poultry
specialists at Mississippi State University (or your state's land-grant university) and
personnel at your state diagnostic laboratory are also valuable sources of information.
Practicing sound biosecurity measures is absolutely critical to disease control and
prevention, especially in states that have a commercial poultry industry. Mississippi is one
of the leading poultry-producing states in the nation, and it is critical that backyard flock
owners take biosecurity just as seriously as commercial growers do. Backyard flocks can
transmit disease to commercial poultry and possibly put an entire industry in jeopardy. If
you own backyard birds, do not visit commercial farms and never enter someone else's
chicken house. Disease organisms are easily carried on shoes and clothing, and by
rodents, birds, insects, and even on the wind.
If you show birds at fairs or exhibitions, quarantine these birds for at least three weeks
before returning them to the main flock. This will allow time for symptoms to develop from
any diseases they may have picked up from birds at the show. Quarantine any new birds
you purchase as well. It is wise not to accept birds from friends or neighbours even if they
are the same type and age as your birds.
Keeping records is additional work but it is a good idea to keep them. Records of sales,
purchases, shows attended, etc. can help pinpoint events that may be associated with a
disease agent. It is impossible to be too careful where disease prevention and biosecurity
are concerned.
Raising backyard poultry can be a rewarding experience. As a family project, it offers the
opportunity for parents and children to spend quality time together and teaches about
other living creatures. It can also provide your family with a source of high-quality food
and possibly some added income.
7. However, it carries with it a great deal of responsibility– not only for daily care and safe-
keeping of your flock, but also doing your part to keep all other flocks in the area safe as
well. Do your homework before you start and understand the commitment you are
making. But most of all, have fun and enjoy the experience.