Relatively speaking, most dogs today eat a more nutritional diet than their owners do.Though a carnivore, the dog utilises a wide variety of foodstuffs efficiently and can meet nutritional requirements from a diversity of diets.
Dogs regulate their food intake to meet energy requirements proper diets incorporate exact daily nutritional requirements into the amount of food consumed each day for energy.
Formulating Diets for Groups of Lactating CowsDAIReXNET
Dr. Bill Weiss of The Ohio State University presented this material for DAIReXNET on February 26, 2015. For the full presentation, please visit our archives at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
What Is Complete And Balanced Nutrition For DogsHilary Watson
Presentation describing the 36 essential nutrients for dogs and the research and regulatory bodies that define them. Explains why complete and balanced nutrition should be the goal of all dog owners.
Different methods to calculateEnergy requirement for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation in ruminants
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Vaccination schedule for dogs and catsNabeel Ahmad
this concise and comprehensive document provides practical and ready to use implication of knowledge of vaccination schedule of dogs and cats. vaccination brands and their their administeration with respect to the animal's age is mentioned. see the.
Lecturer notes for metabolic diseases in Cattle.which is benificial for student of BVSc& AH/DVM and MVsc student. It is My first presentation need your feedback for more presentation like this.
Whether your dog is a working companion, champion show animal, hunting partner, or just a best friend, the kindest and most responsible thing you can do for him is to provide proper health care.
Knowing about common dog diseases and being aware of appropriate prevention and treatment can better help you provide that care.
Many Diseases Can Be Prevented .Some of the most common and serious dog diseases have been made less common through vaccines: however, these diseases continue to threaten a dog that lacks proper immunization. Puppies many be vaccinated as early as 4-6 weeks depending on each situation and the veterinarian’s advice. Through mother’s milk, puppies receive disease fighting antibodies, which last 6-16 weeks. Vaccinations then take over.
Yearly boosters should be given throughout your dog’s life, including old age when your dog may become more susceptible to some diseases.
Selection or formulation of appropriate diets for companion
and aviary birds is based on wild feeding ecology, digestive anatomy and physiology, and nutritional requirements of related species. Research indicates that requirements of some key nutrients for psittacines vary from those of poultry. Apart from vitamin E, there is no evidence to suggest that vitamin and trace mineral requirements for psittacines are greater than those recommended for poultry.54 While there are substantial differences between production species and companion
bird species, dietary requirements of poultry remain the
standard for estimating the needs of companion birds.
Individual nutrient classes will be discussed with particular
focus on recent research into the nutritional requirements of companion birds.
Formulating Diets for Groups of Lactating CowsDAIReXNET
Dr. Bill Weiss of The Ohio State University presented this material for DAIReXNET on February 26, 2015. For the full presentation, please visit our archives at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars
What Is Complete And Balanced Nutrition For DogsHilary Watson
Presentation describing the 36 essential nutrients for dogs and the research and regulatory bodies that define them. Explains why complete and balanced nutrition should be the goal of all dog owners.
Different methods to calculateEnergy requirement for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation in ruminants
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Vaccination schedule for dogs and catsNabeel Ahmad
this concise and comprehensive document provides practical and ready to use implication of knowledge of vaccination schedule of dogs and cats. vaccination brands and their their administeration with respect to the animal's age is mentioned. see the.
Lecturer notes for metabolic diseases in Cattle.which is benificial for student of BVSc& AH/DVM and MVsc student. It is My first presentation need your feedback for more presentation like this.
Whether your dog is a working companion, champion show animal, hunting partner, or just a best friend, the kindest and most responsible thing you can do for him is to provide proper health care.
Knowing about common dog diseases and being aware of appropriate prevention and treatment can better help you provide that care.
Many Diseases Can Be Prevented .Some of the most common and serious dog diseases have been made less common through vaccines: however, these diseases continue to threaten a dog that lacks proper immunization. Puppies many be vaccinated as early as 4-6 weeks depending on each situation and the veterinarian’s advice. Through mother’s milk, puppies receive disease fighting antibodies, which last 6-16 weeks. Vaccinations then take over.
Yearly boosters should be given throughout your dog’s life, including old age when your dog may become more susceptible to some diseases.
Selection or formulation of appropriate diets for companion
and aviary birds is based on wild feeding ecology, digestive anatomy and physiology, and nutritional requirements of related species. Research indicates that requirements of some key nutrients for psittacines vary from those of poultry. Apart from vitamin E, there is no evidence to suggest that vitamin and trace mineral requirements for psittacines are greater than those recommended for poultry.54 While there are substantial differences between production species and companion
bird species, dietary requirements of poultry remain the
standard for estimating the needs of companion birds.
Individual nutrient classes will be discussed with particular
focus on recent research into the nutritional requirements of companion birds.
Dairy feed needs to provide Energy: It is as the fuel for a machine and it is needed for milk production.
Protein: The material to build up the muscles, fetus and the milk production.
Minerals: They are needed for growth of the bone and the fetus as well as for the milk production.
Vitamins: Intervene in the metabolism and the digestion of feeds.
Water: Water is needed for maintenance and to produce milk. Water contains about 90% in the milk.
To manage means "to handle or control". Animal management is the care, control and
handling of the animal species under study. In our livestock species, most of the time and energies of the animal manager are spent providing food and shelter and assuring optimal health and reproductive capacity of the animals under the care of the manager. In this course we will study "typical livestock management systems."
While we refer to these as "typical" management systems, the particular management system in any livestock operation will vary depending upon the following:
species of animal
intended use of animal (dairy cow vs. beef cattle)
location - part of the country, climate, resources available, nearness to neighbors, etc.
resources of producer -- land, labor, capital
materials handling required -- what goes in and what comes out of system feed and water are materials handling inputs waste products and products to be marketed are materials handling outputs
government rules and regulations -- waste management, food safety, humane care,
etc.
preference of producer, processor and consumer
A Good Management system must do the following:
provide for basic needs of animal -- food, water, shelter
provide a product that can be sold at a profit for producer
In operating a livestock management system, a great deal of time is devoted to providing food and water, assuring the health of the animals under one's care and assuring animal reproduction in systems where reproduction is important to providing the final product. As a consequence, we will devote the majority of lecture time in this course to these topics.
Any rulebook on how to start a pig farm will mention the need for a pig pen that is sturdy, spacious and has proper ventilation. Sturdy because pigs tend to become too rough, especially when you are handling them so a weak structure might get damaged easily. Pigs need enough space to move; but not too much so their muscle tissues won’t develop too much and make their meat tough. A good enclosure has around 10 by 10 feet of moving space and around 5 by 5 feet for their eating space..
A comprehensive training manual of dairy farming.Who wish to start dairy farming or this guide is also very useful for dairy technologist ,veterinarian or dairy farming consultant. As calf management begins before birth, a few days before the calf is born, the pregnant cow is transferred to a maternity paddock, which should be near the homestead (for closer observation), well watered and free from physical objects. The signs of imminent parturition (calving) include filling of udder with milk and is turgid, vulva swollen with a string of mucus hanging from vagina. Insemination records can also be used to estimate the expected calving date.
With an annual production of 138 million metric tonnes during 2013-14, India continues to be ranked number one in the world in milk production since 1997. Dairying is the main source of livelihood for our milk producers, majority of them either landless or marginal farmers.
For making dairying a profitable and, sustainable venture, it is important for the dairy farmer to adopt scientific practices that would lead to increased productivity at optimum costs. For this to happen, the farmer should be aware of the basic tenets of animal health, breeding and feeding.
The National Dairy Plan-I (NDP-I) has been launched by the GoI with the aim to double milk production in the country by 2020. This would require focused efforts in the field of
breeding, feeding and animal health, which would increase productivity and optimize costs.
In breeding, coverage of artificial insemination (AI) needs to be increased using disease free semen from high genetic merit bulls.
There are many factors which affect feed intake of chickens and hence determine nutrient intake level and efficiency of poultry production. Although the spectrum of these factors is very broad, here the focus will be made on management and environment, feed and water, and physical factors. Management and environment play an important role in controlling feed intake and efficiency. Poultry producers should, therefore, make use of the current technology and recent research works aiming at optimising management practices and micro-environment for better feed intake and utilisation.
Minerals Deficiencies in Poultry Causes ,Effect & Treatment.A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus in the diet of young growing birds results in abnormal bone development even when the diet contains adequate vitamin D3 . A deficiency of either calcium or phosphorus results in lack of normal skeletal calcification. Rickets is seen mainly in growing birds, while calcium deficiency in laying hens results in reduced shell quality and osteoporosis. This depletion of bone structure causes a disorder that is commonly referred to as “cage layer fatigue.” When calcium is mobilized from bone to overcome a dietary deficiency, the cortical bone erodes and is unable to support the weight of the hen. A deficiency of manganese in the diet of immature chickens and turkeys is one of the causes of perosis and of thin-shelled eggs and poor hatchability in mature birds (also see Nutrition and Management: Poultry: Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalances). It can also cause chondrodystrophy.
The most dramatic effect of manganese deficiency syndrome is perosis, characterized by enlargement and malformation of the tibiometatarsal joint, twisting and bending of the distal end of the tibia and the proximal end of the tarsometatarsus, thickening and shortening of the leg bones, and slippage of the gastrocnemius tendon from its chondyles. Elevated intakes of calcium and/or phosphorus will aggravate the condition due to reduced absorption of magnesium by precipitated calcium phosphate in the intestinal tract.
In laying hens, reduced egg production, markedly reduced hatchability, and eggshell thinning are often noted. Deficiencies of both iron and copper can lead to anemia. Iron deficiency causes a severe anemia with a reduction in PCV. In color-feathered strains, there is also loss of pigmentation in the feathers. The birds' requirements for RBC synthesis take precedence over metabolism of feather pigments, although if a fortified diet is introduced, all subsequent feather growth is normal. Iron may be needed not only for the red feather pigments, which are known to contain iron, but also to function in an enzyme system involved in the pigmentation process.
All of the above poultry-keeping methods are used in the developing world,but the majority of the enterprises are backyard poultry and farm flock production. The poultry and egg sectors are highly fragmented. Most of the production is carried out by a large number of farmers, each with a very small flock. The greater part of produce is sold in markets close to the farms.
Day-old chicks are usually obtained from local hatcheries licensed by international hybrid breeding companies. Farmers or cooperatives of farmers may choose between varieties of chickens for egg production and meat production.
The small chicks can be either naturally or artificially brooded. If artificially brooded, small chicks must be placed in a separate house from laying chickens and it is necessary to protect the chicks from predators, diseases and catching colds.
This stage of brooding lasts for eight weeks. In the first four weeks of life, small chicks need to be housed in a brooding box. Some typical types of brooders are shown below and on the previous page.
Typically, a layer’s production cycle lasts just over a year (52-56 weeks). During the production cycle many factors influence egg production; therefore, the cycle must be managed effectively and efficiently in order to provide maximum output and profitability.
Broiler poultry farming is a lucrative business. Generally highly meat productive birds or poultry breeds are called broiler poultry. But broiler chicken is a special species of poultry, which is a great secret. Only four countries of the world knows about this secret and they supply and maintain all the demand of broiler chickens. Broilers are like other common poultry birds. But this broiler is made in a scientific way for producing more meat in a short time. Basically, broilers are only for meat production.
Pet Nutrition Course Module 1
Table of Content
講座內容
What is Nutrition?
什麼是營養?
Function of Different Nutrients
不同營養成份的用途
Why is a Balance Diet Important?
均衡飲食的重要性
Different Digestive System of Dog & Cat VS Human
人類和貓狗消化系統的分別
Different Pets’ Nutritional Requirement
不同寵物的營養需要
Important Nutritional Characteristics of Dog & Cats
貓狗分別需要的營養特性
Type of Pet Foods
不同種類的寵物食品
Nutritional care of geriatric dogs for their health and well being. nutritional management of Specific diseases like diabetes, heart failure, arthritis etc.
nutrient requirement of dogs
vegetable diet of dogs
non veg diet for dogs
care and management of dogs
dogs Calculation of Energy requirements in Dogs
Dog protein requirement depends on stage of life and activity of dogs.
Puppies need more protein than adult dogs.
Protein needs of a puppy can be met by a high quality protein providing 20 to 25% of dietary calories.
Severe protein deficiency in dogs results in poor food intake, growth retardation or weight loss, muscle wasting, emaciation & death.
Less severe deficiency, causes a rough & dull hair coat, compromised immune system & poor milk production in reproducing bitches.
During periods of stress, the protein requirement may be increased.
If diets containing more protein than required, extra protein metabolized & used for energy.
COMMON FEEDSTUFF USED FOR DOGS
Meat and meat by-products
Raw lean meat: Contain water 70-67%, protein 20-22% & fat 2-9%, it is also a good source of minerals.
Offal meat: Include liver, kidney and spleen, meat but nutrient content is variable, low in calcium, adverse Ca:P ratio (1:15 to 1:30) however, liver is a good source of Vitamin A, D & B Complex with good quality protein.
Fish: fish has 5-18% fat & has good quality protein, high iodine content & better Ca:P ratio.
Green leafy vegetables: Like Cabbage, cauliflower have high water and
fibre content, are good source of B vitamin, however cooking destroys it.
Roots and tubers: Includes potatoes, carrots, turnip, tapioca, rich in starch and can be cooked and fed.
Leguminous vegetables: Rich in protein, good source of B complex vitamin but anti nutritional factors like Trypsin inhibitors, Heamagglutinin are present in some of them but are destroyed by heat treatment.
Dry foods (biscuits, mixtures & meal or flakes) are available for different physiological status.
May be complete food or complementary food, formulated as mixers intended for feeding as part of the diet with protein rich foods such as fish meats, fish.
They are generally rich in carbohydrates.
Crude fat content is 5-10% on dry basis.
Mixtures are generally cereal based with very little protein concentrates may or may not be supplemented with minerals / vitamins.
Have long shelf- life provided properly stored.
The concentration of nutrients is high and feed intake is less.
Digestibility is acceptable but less than semi-moist or canned foods.
The main disadvantage of the dry food is that they are much less palatable than moist foods.
Cats may accept extruded biscuit forms but not meals or flakes.
Feeding of companion animals with commercial foods are not popular for economic reasons in developing countries.
Pets are fed with home made foods or left overs of food consumed in a family.
So, essential to ensure that the dietary nutrient requirements are met through such feeding practice.
Judicious inclusion of supplemental nutrients, deficit in the home made or
left over food can over come nutritional deficiency disorders & support healthier.
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
How To Do Poultry Farming in Summer? The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Poultry Square magazine, May – 2021 edition.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Domestication of the European rabbit probably occurred in monasteries during the Middle Ages. By the middle of the 17th century, rabbits were commonly raised in England and continental Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus, one of the more successful mammals of the world, is both prolific and adaptable.
Most of the fancy breeds were developed within the past 100 years, and only since the early 1900s have rabbits been raised domestically in the United
States. The first commercial colonies were started in southern California. Meat rationing during World War II gave the infant industry a push. Today, approximately 200,000 people are engaged in some phase of the rabbit business
in the United States, and animals are produced in every state. Meat processors serving major cities market more than 10 million pounds of rabbit meat annually.
कुखरा पालन (ब्रोइलर) पूर्ण रोजगारीका साथ मनग्य आम्दानी गर्न सकिने भरपर्दो पेशा हो । यो रोजगारी भएका तर समय बचत गर्न सक्ने व्यक्तिका लागि पनि उपयुक्त हुन्छ । न्यून आय भएका अर्धबेरोजगार व्यक्तिका लागि थप आयआर्जन गर्न यो पेशा सहायक सिद्ध हुन सक्छ । यो पेशा थोरै जग्गा तथा कम लगानीमै सञ्चालन गर्न सकिन्छ । यसको उत्पादन ५–६ हप्तामै भित्र्याउन सकिन्छ र वर्षमा ६–७ पटकसम्म कुखुरा बेच्न सकिन्छ । यो व्यवसाय गर्न धेरै ठूलो तालिमको आवश्यकता समेत पर्दैन ।
नेपालमा यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालनका लागि आवश्यक सामग्री सहज उपलब्ध छन् । साथै, सहज बजार पहुँचले उत्पादनपछिको विक्रीवितरणमा समेत समस्या छैन । यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्दा प्रारम्भमा सानो आकार अर्थात् १ सयदेखि २ सयबाट शुरू गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ । र, बिस्तारै कुखुरा पालनको अनुभव बटुली व्यावसायिक रूपमा यो पेशा सञ्चालन गर्न सजिलो हुन्छ ।
नेपालमा बाख्रापालनबाट राम्रो फाइदा लिन सकिन्छ । चाहना राख्ने धेरैले बाख्रापालन सम्कन्धि पूर्ण जानकारी पाएका छैनन् । यसले धेरैलाई सहयोग पुग्नेछ । तपाई र तपाईको कर्मका लागि पनि उपयोगी हुन सक्नेछ ।
व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन गर्दा कुनै पनि सरकारी निकायहरु जस्तैः जिल्ला पशु सेवा कार्यालय, सहकारी कार्यालय वा मान्यताप्राप्त अन्य निकायबाट व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन दर्ता गरेको अवस्थामा सहुलियत पाउन सकिन्छ ।
बुंगुर पालेको ठाउँमा बथानमा संक्रमक रोगको प्रसार तथा एक ठाउँको बथानबाट अर्को ठाउँको बथानमा रोग प्रसार न्युनगरी बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा रोग प्रदत जोखीम न्युनीकरण गर्ने गरी गरिने व्यवस्थापकीय व्यवहारीक व्यवस्थापनको अर्को नाम हो बंगुरपालनका जैविक सुरक्षा । आफुले पालेको बंगुरको उपयुक्त जैविक सुरक्षा व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको व्यवसायको आपेक्षा गरिएको आम्दानी प्राप्त हुनेमा ढुक्क हुनु पनि हो ।
बंगुर पालन गरेको ठाउँमा उचित जैविक सुरक्षाको व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको बंगुरलाई लाग्न सक्ने स्थानीय स्तरमा स्थापित रोग तथा अन्यत्रबाट भित्रन सक्ने, माहामारी जन्य, सरुवा तथा संक्रमक रोगबाट बचाउन सुरक्षात्मक उपाय पनि मानिन्छ । बंगुरको खोर गोठमा कुनै नौलो अन्यत्रबाट सरी आएको रोग निर्मुल पार्न, रोकथाम गर्न, उपचार गर्न, खर्चिलो मात्र हुदैन बरु त्यस्ता रोगले अझ बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा गम्भिर असर पार्न सक्छ ।
मुर्गियों में बीमारियां से बचाव और टीकाकरण :
मुर्गियों में कई तरह की बीमारियां पाई जाती हैं। जैसे पुलोराम, रानीखेत, हैजा, मैरेक्स, टाईफाइड और परजीविकृमी आदि रोग होते हैं। जिससे मुर्गीपालकों को हर साल भारी नुकसान उठाना पड़ता है। बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए समय -समय पर मुर्गियों का टीकाकरण बहुत ही जरुरी है ,कुछ बीमारियां की रोक-थाम केवल टीकाकरण से ही संभव है। मुर्गियों में बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियमों ) का पालन करना बहुत ही जरुरी और महत्वपूर्ण है।
बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) :
ग्रोवेल एग्रोवेट प्राइवेट लिमिटेड के विशेषज्ञों का मानना है कि यदि योजनाबद्ध तरीके से ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन किया जाए तो कम खर्च में अधिक आय की जा सकती है। बस तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देने की जरूरत है। वजह, कभी-कभी लापरवाही के कारण इस व्यवसाय से जुड़े लोगों को भारी क्षति उठानी पड़ती है। इसलिए मुर्गीपालन में ब्रायलर फार्म का आकार और बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए। मुर्गियां तभी मरती हैं जब उनके रखरखाव में लापरवाही बरती जाए।
ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन में हमें कुछ तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए। जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम का भी पालन होना चाहिए। एक शेड में हमेशा एक ही ब्रीड के चूजे रखने चाहिए। आल-इन-आल आउट पद्धति का पालन करें। शेड तथा बर्तनों की साफ-सफाई पर ध्यान दें। बाहरी व्यक्तियों का प्रवेश वर्जित रखना चाहिए। कुत्ता, चूहा, गिलहरी, देशी मुर्गी आदि को शेड में न घुसने दें। मरे हुए चूजे, वैक्सीन के खाली बोतल को जलाकर नष्ट कर दें, समय-समय पर शेड के बाहर विराक्लीन ( Viraclean ) का छिड़काव व टीकाकरण नियमों का पालन करें। समय पर सही दवा का प्रयोग करें। पीने के पानी में एक्वाक्योर (Aquacure) का प्रयोग करें।
मुर्गा मंडी की गाड़ी को फार्म से दूर खड़ा करें। मुर्गी के शेड में प्रतिदिन 23 घंटे प्रकाश की आवश्यकता होती है। एक घंटे अंधेरा रखा जाता है। इसके पीछे मंशा यह कि बिजली कटने की स्थिति में मुर्गियां स्ट्रेस की शिकार न हों।
दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय या डेयरी फार्मिंग छेटे व बड़े स्तर दोनों पर सबसे ज्यादा विस्तार में फैला हुआ व्यवसाय है। दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय व्यवसायिक या छोटे स्तर पर दूध उत्पादन किसानों की कुल दूध उत्पादन में मदद करता है और उसकी आर्थिक वृद्धि को बढ़ाता है। इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं है कि, भारत में कई वर्षों से डेयरी व्यवसाय या दूध उत्पादन ने आर्थिक वृद्धि में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। कुल दूध उत्पादन ने हमारे देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में बड़े स्तर पर भागीदारी की है और बहुत से गरीब किसानों को अपना व्यवसाय स्थापित करने में सहयोग किया है। यदि किसी के पास दूध उत्पादन का व्यवसाय स्थापित करने के लिए प्रारंभिक पूँजी है तो, इस (दूध उत्पादन) व्यवसाय को किसी भी क्षेत्रों में आसानी से स्थापित किया जा सकता है।
Pig is the only species of livestock from which major portion of the total investments made for establishing the farm can be earned back within 1½ – 2 years. Thus, the farmer is assured of getting over 60 per cent of profit margin from a marginal piggery unit. As a thumb rule, pigs have to put on more than 10 kg of body weight per month by consuming concentrate feed or agricultural byproducts or processed wastes from food industries. Though the white pigs have the western origin (temperate climate), they are better adapted to the Indian agro-climatic conditions. Nevertheless, the Large White Yorkshire breed is the widely accepted breed for pork (bacon, a cured meat from the back and side portions of the pig) production in the global scenario. Strategies have also been formulated to produce lean meat from synthetic strains of pigs through recent research approach, which would create better export opportunities. Hence, farmers without any doubt, can venture into farming this prolific species for their livelihood as well to contribute more to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to which contribution from livestock sector is, now-a-days, on the increase (from 4 to 8%).
The objective of commercial fish farming is to produce fish for sale and
earn profits. Therefore, production should be planned from the onset to
target identified markets. This means one should:
1. have the required product (size and form) available when the
market wants it,
2. be able to produce adequate volumes to sustain targeted markets,
3. produce at a competitive price and profit.
When making a production and business plan for table fish, one should
endeavor to answer the following questions beforehand.
1. Where is the market? – its location, what category of people are
likely to buy the fish I produce, etc
2. What does the market want? – type of fish, how much, what size,
how frequently, fresh or processed, etc.
3. What resources do I have? – number of pond(s), size of pond(s),
water for production (quantity, quality, flow rates), feeds, labour,
seed, etc.
4. From where and when should I source my seed and feed?
5. What is the quality of feed I intend to use? This is important
because it limits possible FCRs, water quality and carrying capacity.
6. How much feed and seed shall I require?
7. What technology do I have at my disposal and which would be the
best to adopt?
8. How frequently do I need to harvest for the market? (complete
harvest/partial harvests)
9. How do I get my fish to the market?
10. What returns can I expect from the above?
Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
The aim of this booklet is to assist you in more effective use of pasture to achieve high sheep production. Essential for this are the ability to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock and knowledge of animal feeding needs.
This chapter discusses how to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock in relation to animal performance and seasonal pasture needs of sheep. The next chapter deals with setting up grazing rotations and feed budgeting.
Feed planning enables you to objectively match pasture supply and animal feed demands on your whole farm during the year. Some of you may feel daunted by this structured approach, but maximising production and achieving livestock target weights, including supply contracts, means more sophisticated pasture feeding.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form and structure of animals. Physiology deals with the study of functions of the body or any of its parts. A thorough knowledge of the structure of an animal imparts a lot of information about the various functions it is capable of performing.
The course may be used as an introductory course to further studies; to assist you in recognising the normal, in order to determine the abnormal; to help you understand how to diagnose disease or determine if an animal has sustained an injury; to help understand the physical capabilities or limitations of particular species; to understand what happens in the nutrition and growth processes; and to assist you to get better performance from your animals.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
The decision to own and care for exotic birds is a decision which cannot be taken lightly. A lot of responsibility has to be accepted because a pet bird is not a low-maintenance pet. All pet birds require at least some specialized care.Very few “beginners” know the answers to the questions that arise concerning the management, breeding, rearing,disease prevention, and proper nutrition of birds. The “survivors” in aviculture have successful aviaries because their teacher has been experience, coupled with trial-anderror. Sometimes this teacher is expensive and can result in thousands of dollars of investment being lost. “Beginners” can increase their general knowledge in aviculture and
come up with answers to their questions by reading articles,
traveling to pet bird shows, attending lectures and talking
with people who have experience with pet birds.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. Nutritional Requirements of the Dog
• Though a carnivore, the dog utilizes a wide
variety of foodstuffs efficiently and can
meet nutritional requirements from a
diversity of diets
• Dogs regulate their food intake to meet
energy requirements
proper diets incorporate exact daily nutritional
requirements into the amount of food consumed each day
for energy
5. Stages of the Life Cycle
• Growth requires about 2 X the intake of nutrients
(per pound of body weight) compared to adult
maintenance
• From the 6th week of gestation, nutritional
requirements of the pregnant bitch gradually
increase to about 1.6 X normal maintenance
levels by the 8th week
• By the 4th week of lactation, nutritional
requirements of the bitch peak at 2-4 X normal
maintenance levels (litter size, temp, activity)
6. Environment
• Seasonal variations in environmental
temperatures influence dietary intake
• Winter energy requirements may be as
much as 2X the summer energy
requirements
7. Exercise
• Working dogs (hunting dogs,sled dogs,
racing dogs, herding dogs) may require up
to 4X the maintenance energy requirements
• Dogs with limited exercise will require
restricted calories to maintain fitness
8. Increased Metabolism
• Conditions such as hyperthyroidism, tissue
injury, and fever increase metabolic rate and
produce increased nutritional demands
9. Malnutrition and Weight
Deficiency
• Dogs suffering from neglect, illness, or
experiencing convalescence require up to
1.7X normal maintenance energy
requirements
• Increases should be made gradually,
utilizing small frequent feedings
10. Obesity and Excessive Weight
• Overindulged dogs receiving little exercise
and fed poorly balanced diets (too many
“people” treats) high in sugars and fats will
benefit from restricted diets supplying only
0.6X maintenance energy levels
• Adding fiber to the diet (8% on a dry matter
basis) may help to provide a “full” feeling
despite decreasing rations
11. Disease
• Many diseases require modification of diet
and maintenance energy requirements
• Chronic renal disease, congestive heart
failure and gastrointestinal disorders are a
few examples of diseases that require
special nutritional considerations while
compensating for metabolic or organ
dysfunction
12. Determining Nutritional
Requirements of the Dog
• The National Research Council provides guidelines for the
daily nutrient intake for proper growth and maintenance of
dogs in their Nutrient Requirements of Dogs (NRC)
publication
• Nutrient profile, however, is NOT an indication of quality
and digestibility and provides no assurance of a utilizable
diet
• A more reliable assurance of nutritional quality is given by
labels that state that the food has passed American
Association of Feed Control Officials' (AAFCO) feeding
trials
13. Determining Metabolizable
Energy in Dog Foods
Dog Food
Calorie Content:
Metabolizable Energy
(calculated):
3900 kcal/kg
3.90 kcal/g
936 kcal/cup
Dog Food
Calorie Content:
Metabolizable Energy:
3900 kcal/kg
3.90 kcal/g
936 kcal/cup
Required
Optional
This ME is
determined
by metabolic
trial
Examples of how ME values appear on labels
14. Comparison of ME Values in
some Dog Food Brands
AAFCO
Designation
# Brands
Surveyed
Average ME
(kcal/g)
Range
(kcal/g)
Maintenance:
Science Diet, Innova
Senior, Pro Plan Adult,
Eukanuba Maintenance,
Nutro, Nutro Max,
Purina ONE Reduced,
Nature’s Recipe, Purina
Senior
20 3.92 3.10 – 4.59
All Life
Stages:
Eukanuba Premium, Pro
Plan Performance,
Purina ONE, Iams,
Pedigree Mealtime,
Innova Dog/Puppy,
Purina Dog Chow L ittle
Bites, California
Natural, Nutro Natural,
Purina Hi-Pro, Purina
ONE Puppy, Nutro
Max, Alpo
25 4.13 3.59 – 4.82
16. Example of ME Requirements Recommended
for a CKCS Bitch During Various Life Stages
*Estimated for a 15 pound CKCS
AAFCO
Designation
ME
(kcal/cup)
Growth
(# cups/day)
Maintenance
(# cups/day)
Pregnancy
(# cups/day)
Lactation
(# cups/day)
All Life
Stages
1000 1/4 to 1 1/2 1 1-2/3
Maintenance 940 NR 2/3 NR NR
17. Protein Requirements
• Provides essential amino acids for growth and tissue repair
• Dogs require a minimum of 22% (G&R) or 18% (M) good
quality protein, on a dry-matter basis
• The higher the quality of protein fed, the lower the % total
protein needed in the diet
• Highly digested protein results in free amino acids and
small peptides that are poorly antigenic (reduced risk of
protein-related food allergy)
• Protein sources: meal, corn, eggs, dairy products, muscle
or organ meats
18. Fat Requirements
• Supplies concentrated energy for growth,
reproduction, and maintenance of healthy
skin and coat
• Needed for inflammatory and other immune
responses (including prostaglandin synthesis)
• Dogs require a minimum of 8% (G&R) or
5% (M) dietary fat, on a dry-matter basis (at
least 1% from linoleic acid)
21. Evaluating Nutritional Quality
A. “Meets or Exceeds NRC requirements for
Nutrient Requirements of the Dog”
B. “Formulated to meet the nutritional needs
established by AAFCO dog food profiles for
growth, gestation, and lactation” or “maintenance”
or “all life stages”
C. “Has passed AAFCO animal feeding trials for
providing complete and balanced nutrition for all
life stages”
22. Answer
C. “Has passed AAFCO animal
feeding trials for providing complete
and balanced nutrition for all life
stages”
23. AAFCO Diets
• Commercial diets passing AAFCO trials provide
the strongest assurance of complete and balanced
nutrition for the indicated life stage
• Natural diets are also available that not only meet
AAFCO nutritional requirements but also must
meet AAFCO standards for “natural” labeling
(some “Natural” diets may contain chemically
synthesized preservatives even though their
primary ingredients are natural)
24. AAFCO’s Requirements for
“Natural Diet”
• " A feed or ingredient derived solely from plant, animal or
mined sources, either in its unprocessed state or having
been subjected to physical processing, heat processing,
rendering, purification extraction, hydrolysis, enzymolysis
or fermentation, but not having been produced by or
subject to a chemically synthetic process and not
containing any additives or processing aids that are
chemically synthetic except in amounts as might occur
unavoidably in good manufacturing practices."
• The only exception to this is that AAFCO does allow for certain
synthetic vitamins and mineral additives to these dog foods (but no
synthetic preservatives).
25. The Limitations of Homemade
Diets
• When feeding homemade diets there is a
greater risk for incomplete nutrition because
many will not meet the daily requirements
of the dog
• There is a greater risk for nutrient
imbalance, particularly for those diets
which must be supplemented with excessive
amounts of vitamins and minerals
27. Energy Deficiency
• Signs: Thin, pot-bellied with poor muscle tone
• Causes include:
• low dietary-caloric density of food
(most common in puppies or lactating bitches fed
“light/lite” foods)
• high energy expenditure
(most common in working dogs or lactating bitches on
diets that insufficiently compensate for increases in energy
demands)
Increase feeding frequency and caloric intake to ≥ 2-3X
maintenance levels
28. Protein Deficiency
• Signs: Poor growth and condition, pot-belly, poor muscle
tone or development, anemia, reduced immunity, poor
wound healing
• Caused by:
• Unpalatable diet of low-protein concentration
• Poor quality dietary protein resulting in decreased
digestibility
• Dietary imbalance (too much fat or carbohydrates in diet)
Dietary protein should be derived from high quality mixed
plant and animal origin and should supply not less than
22% of the total calories
29. Fat Deficiency
• Signs: Hair loss, flaky skin, increased susceptibility to
infection, impaired reproduction
• Caused by:
• Diets deficient in unsaturated fats
Dietary fat should supply not less than than 5% (8% during
growth or reproduction) of the total calories
30. Vitamin Deficiencies
• Causes:
• Processing and storage of food leads to loss
of vitamins thus requiring post-processing
analysis to ensure nutritional adequacy
• Exogenous supplementation of balanced
diets may lead to inhibition of absorption or
destruction of certain vitamins
31. Vitamin A Deficiency
• Signs: stillbirths, spontaneous abortions, birth defects,
blindness, deafness, ataxia
• Rare; dogs can convert carotene in vegetable matter to
vitamin A if needed
• Dogs store vitamin A in their liver, kidney and fat so
prolonged dietary deficiency must occur before symptoms
appear
• Too high concentrations of fatty acids or rancid fat
supplement will destroy vitamin A
32. Vitamin E Deficiency
• Signs: stillbirths, fading-puppies, muscular
dystrophies, cardiac insufficiency, poor coat
• Show dogs fed excessive diets of
polyunsaturated fats, especially fish-oils, to
improve coats will show opposite results
• Too high a fat diet or rancid fat destroys
vitamin E
33. Vitamin D Deficiency
• Signs: Bone abnormalities, calcification of
soft tissue, muscular dystrophies
• Occurs in association with calcium or
phosphorus deficiency or imbalance
• Most often attributed to over-
supplementation (exogenous vitamin D or
fish oil supplements) rather than deficient
dietary formulation
34. Vitamin B Deficiency
• Signs: Decreased appetite, constipation, weight
loss, weakness, drowsiness, paralysis, seizures,
anxiety
• Raw fish contains thiaminase, which destroys
thiamin (vitamin B1) and leads to paralytic
syndrome in dogs; cooking the fish destroys the
enzyme
35. Vitamin C Deficiency
• Dogs make their own Vitamin C and do not
require a dietary source of Vitamin C
36. Mineral Deficiencies
• Dietary mineral deficiencies most
commonly occur due to dietary imbalances
or oversupplementation
• Most evident in growing puppies and
lactating bitches
37. Calcium and Phosphorus
Deficiencies
• Signs: bone dystrophies, slow growth,
spontaneous fractures, bone demineralization
• Caused by imbalance of the calcium to
phosphorus ratio
• Diets too high in meat disrupt the optimum ratio
of 1.2-1.4 parts calcium to 1 part phosphorus
• To bring meat supplements into calcium balance,
2-3 g of calcium carbonate is mixed with each
pound of meat
38. Zinc Deficiency
• Signs: hyperkeratosis, pyoderma,
lymphadenopathy
• Most often caused by oversupplementation
with calcium
• Calcium inhibits natural absorption of zinc
39. Selenium Deficiency
• Signs: Infertility
• Selenium plays a role in many biochemical
pathways including immune response and
prevention of cellular damage from reactive
oxygen species; it may also play a role in cancer
prevention
• Selenium deficiency may occur from low dietary
levels or from supplementation with Vitamin C
(which inhibits selenium absorption)
41. Excessive Protein
• There is limited storage of proteins by the body,
excess protein is therefore rapidly degraded to
provide energy (from carbon) and unusable
protein (nitrogen) is filtered by the kidneys and
excreted
• Protein intake directly affects growth rate and high
protein intake has been linked indirectly to
increased risk for skeletal diseases in medium,
large and giant breeds
42. Excessive Fat
• Increased dietary fat increases incidence and
growth of spontaneous or chemically induced
tumors (lymphocyte inhibition)
• Feeding high fat usually reduces total food intake
and may result in nutrient deficiencies
• High fat diets increase risk for obesity, flatulence,
and vascular cell degeneration
• Fat oversupplementation may lead to Vitamin A
and E deficiencies
43. Excessive Vitamins
• Greatest risks associated with Vitamin D
oversupplementation
• Vitamin D increases absorption of calcium
• Leads to imbalance of the calcium to phosphorus
ratio
• Excessive Vitamin C may disturb selenium
absorption
• Excessive Vitamin C may not be as benign as
originally believed
44. Excessive Minerals
• High intake calcium inhibits absorption of zinc, copper and
iodine
• Calcium fed during pregnancy disrupts normal calcium
homeostasis in the bitch and may increase risk for
eclampsia at onset of lactation in the bitch or hypocalcemia
in pups leading to tetany-related seizures
• High calcium intake during growth periods increases risk
for bone deformity and lesions (OCD)
• Avoid dog foods for which proteins are derived primarily
from meat and bone meal
46. Nutritional Management in the
Heart Patient
• Areas for Consideration
– Nutrient Deficiency
– Nutrient Excesses
– Nutrient Interactions with cardiac medications
– Nutrients as Therapies
47. Cardiac Cachexia
• Defined as loss of lean body mass (occurs
in about 50% of cardiac patients with
congestive heart failure)
• Caused by elevations in cytokines
(inflammatory mediators) induced by the
disease process that cause anorexia,
increase energy requirements and
breakdown muscle
48. Nutritional Support for Cardiac
Cachexia
• Switching to more palatable food to increase nutrient
intake (homemade diets, canned-foods, warming food,
adding low-sodium flavor enhancers: soup, tomato sauce,
tuna juice, corn syrup)
• Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases cytokine
production and their effects and is associated with
increased survival of dogs with CHF
• Improves muscle mass and appetite
• Fish oil is high in omega-3 fatty acids
49. Obesity and the Cardiac Patient
• Many dogs with cardiac disease have concurrent obesity
• Obesity places a strain on the diseased heart
– Induces blood volume expansion requiring elevated cardiac output
– Results in increased plasma and extracellular fluid volume
– Reduces urinary sodium output and water excretion
– Increases heart rate
– Produces abnormal systolic and diastolic ventricular function
– Increases exercise intolerance
– Increases blood pressure
50. Nutritional Management of
Obesity in the Cardiac Patient
• Dogs with a predisposition for cardiac
disease may benefit from early intervention
with calorie-restricted food (i.e. when a
murmur associated with MVD is first
detected)
51. Nutrient Considerations in the
Cardiac Patient
• Low sodium and chloride diets (senior/renal
diets=low [0.22%]; cardiac diets= very low
[0.10%]; min. sodium allowance = 0.06)
• Potassium and magnesium levels
– Low levels may potentiate adverse effects of
cardiac meds (such as diuretics)
– Depletions cause arrhythmias, decreased
contractility of the heart muscle and generalized
muscle weakness
52. More on Omega-3 Fatty Acids
and Cardiac Patients
• Fat content in dog food diets is comprised mostly of
omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic
acids)
• Breakdown products (eicosanoids) of omega-3 rather than
omega-6 fatty acids are less potent inflammatory mediators
• Suppress cytokines, have anti-arrhythmic effects,
normalize plasma fatty acid abnormalities found in CHF
• Fish oil capsules (no other ingredients), eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA), docohexaenoic acid (DHA)
54. Nutrient--Diuretic Interactions
• Diuretics (i.e. furosemide) may lower magnesium and
potassium levels which may contribute to arrhythmias
• Diuretics may increase urinary loss of water-soluble
vitamins (i.e. thiamine); cardiac patients on diuretics often
require increase in dietary vitamin intake
• Diuretics activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
perpetuating progression of CHF, reduced sodium intake
may lower the diuretic dosage requirements and slow the
disease process
55. Nutrient--ACEI Interactions
• ACEIs (captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, etc.) disturb
potassium balance by inhibiting angiotensin II and
aldosterone (the latter promotes potassium
excretion by increasing absorption of sodium and
chloride)
• Potassium supplementation or diets high in
potassium in dogs receiving ACEIs may induce
hyperkalemia (weakness, arrhythmias)
56. Nutrient--Cardiac Glycoside
Interactions
• Examples: Digoxin or Digitoxin
• Administration with food reduces drug
serum concentrations up to 50%
• Abnormal serum electrolyte concentrations
(particularly hypokalemia) may increase
drug toxicity (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea,
ventricular arrhythmias)
57. Implications of Dietary Management
and Therapy for Cardiac Disease
• Early intervention with nutritional support for
cachexia or obesity may assist in avoiding later
complications associated with these conditions in
the heart patient
• Attention to laboratory parameters and adjustment
of dietary nutrients accordingly may help to
prevent exacerbation of the disease state
• Dietary supplements may provide pharmacologic,
as well as physiologic effects in some cardiac
patients
58. Nutrition and the Allergic Patient
• Considerations
– Nutrition and Atopy
– Immunologic Reactions to Food
– Non-immunologic reactions to food
– Elimination Diets for Determining Adverse
Food Reactions
59. Nutritional Management of Atopy
• Atopy (skin disease caused by environmental
allergens) is the most prevalent cause of skin
disease in dogs
• Of the 10-30% of the dog population that have
food allergies, greater than 80% of these dogs will
also have atopy
• Therefore, hypoallergenic diets alone are
frequently unsuccessful for managing skin
reactions in the dog
60. EFA Supplements Provide Therapeutic
Benefits for Dogs with Atopy
• Dose-related anti-inflammatory effects
• Enhances effects of certain antihistamines
• Completely or significantly reduces glucocorticoid
dosing
• Benefits may not be apparent for 3 weeks to 3
months
• Will not be effective if inflammation is severe and
complicated by secondary bacterial or other
infection
61. Examples of EFAs
• Efavet Regular (Efamol Vet)
• Dermcaps or 3VCaps (DVM Pharmaceuticals
• EFA-CAPS (Allerderm/Virbac)
• Pet-Derm O.M. CAPS (SmithKline-Beecham)
• Omega-3 Fatty Acid Capsules (Vet Solutions)
• Typical Dosing (per 5 kg body weight every 24 h):
1.35 g Linoleic Acid (LA), 68 mg gamma-linolenic
acid (GLA), 34 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
63. Nutritional Considerations for Non-
immunologic Food Reactions
• Mimics food allergy symptoms, but reaction occurs on first
exposure
• Food components (additives like dyes or antioxidants)
directly cause histamine (vasoactive amines) release from
leukocytes (inflammatory response)
• Histamines themselves are also contained in some foods
(fish-based or fish-soluble ingredients) and may directly
cause reactions
• May lower the threshold level for adverse response to
other allergens
64. The Elimination Diet
• Reduced protein (16-20%); one animal and
one vegetable protein source
• High digestibility (>90%)
• No food additives (avoid fish and
vasoactive amines)
• Nutritionally complete and balanced for the
life stage
65. Considerations for Homemade
Elimination Diets
• Many are nutritionally inadequate for growth or adult
maintenance because devised to include a minimum of
ingredients
• Calcium to phosphorus ratios (1:10 in some HMDs) result
in skeletal disease within 4 weeks in growing puppies
• Require supplementation with a source of calcium
(calcium carbonate at 0.7 g/5 kg)
• Require non-flavored, additive-free vitamin and mineral
supplements
• Require fatty acid supplementation (vegetable oil; avoid
fish oils that may contain trace protein contaminants)
67. Protein and Hepatic Dysfunction
• The liver produces albumen and numerous
transport proteins required for normal cellular
function
• Protein production is decreased in patients with
liver dysfunction
• Excessive protein restriction in liver patients leads
to breakdown of cellular proteins, loss of skeletal
mass, increased ammonia production and thus,
increased risk for Hepatic Encephalopathy
68. Protein Recommendations for the
Liver Patient
• To prevent Protein Deficiency
– Avoid protein restriction (feed at least 20% protein)
– Feed diets with protein sources derived from soybeans
or milk which are well tolerated by liver patients
– Avoid diets with protein sources derived from meat
which increase ammonia production during digestion
and increase the functional demand on the liver
– Feed small, frequent meals to avoid prolonged fasting
69. Implications for Protein
Restriction in the Liver Patient
• Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of liver disease and results
in GI and neurological symptoms (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea,
aggression, stupor, ataxia, seizures)
• Believed to occur due to increased ammonia levels in the blood
(ammonia produced by bacteria in the gut and during digestion is
inadequately filtered from the blood by the dysfunctional liver and acts
as a neurotoxin
• HE liver patients benefit from
– Restricted protein diets (12-16% protein derived from dairy or vegetable)
– Addition of lactulose or lactitol (beta-galactosidosorbitol; reduces
flatulence)which decreases ammonia and may reduce need to restrict
protein
– Vitamins (without methionine)
70. Other Nutrient Considerations in
the Liver Patient
• Avoid diets with excess fat that may result in protein
deficiency or exacerbate diarrhea by enhancing
malabsorption (feed diets with 10% or less fat content)
• Avoid fasting (many liver patients have reduced glycogen
storage and are prone to hypoglycemia)
• Many liver patients will have vitamin and/or mineral
deficiencies and may require Vitamin K, Vitamin C (25
mg/kg/day), zinc gluconate (3 mg/kg/day), or potassium
71. Example Homemade Diet for
Liver Patients
Ingredient Amount
Maintenance Reduced Protein High Protein
Rice, cooked
without salt
2 cups 3 cups 1-3/4 cups
Low-fat
cottage cheese
2 cups 1 cup 2 cups
large egg,
boiled
1
Soybean oil 1 tbsp 1 tbsp 1 tbsp
Bone meal 1-1/2 tsp 1-1/2 tsp 1-1/2 tsp
Lite salt (KCl) 1/2 tsp 1/2 tsp 1/2 tsp
Administer a multivitamin and mineral supplement daily
ME = 1000 kcal
72. Nutrition and Renal Disease
• There is no clinical data supporting the recommendations
for nutrient-restriction in adult or geriatric dogs with
regard to minimizing risk of renal disease
• Dietary restriction of protein does not prevent progression
of renal disease in affected dogs
• Dietary restriction of protein (to 13-17%) and phosphorus
may assist in controlling symptoms associated with
excessive uremic toxins (inappetence, vomiting and
lethargy)in patients with blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels
above 75 mg/dl (normal = 5.9-27.2 mg/dl)
73. Nutrition and Seizures: Is there a
connection?
• Glutamate (derived from gluten) is an amino acid that is
required for protein degradation and energy conversion
which is an ammonia-producing reaction
• Glutamate is found in wheat, barley, dairy, soy, corn and
rice and may act as a neurostimulant
• High levels of endogenous glutamate can be neurotoxic,
particularly to brain cells
• It has been suggested (J.S. Baker DVM/ DogtorJ.com) that
high levels of dietary glutamate may cause neurotoxicity
leading to seizures in some dogs similar to seizure activity
observed in some celiac patients who ingest gluten
74. Gluten Intolerance and Seizures
• Seizures associated with gluten intolerance do not appear
to be related to increase in glutamate in circulation
• Seizures associated with gluten ingestion appear to be
immunologically driven (antibodies to gluten appear to
target glutamate in neural tissue)
• Therefore, dogs manifesting dietary hypersensitivity to
gluten may develop secondary neurological complications
• In his clinical practice, Baker reports that 100% of his
epileptic patients respond completely when switched to
potato-based commercial dog foods
75. Summary
• There is no one diet, commercial or
natural, that will always meet the
nutritional requirements of every
dog
76. Summary
• Proper nutrition assures that the dog’s
metabolizable energy requirements for a given life
stage or condition are met on a daily basis
• When feeding commercial dog foods, including
“natural” commercial dog foods, the best
assurance of complete and balanced nutrition is
provided by a label indicating that the food has
passed American Association of Feed Control
Officials' (AAFCO) feeding trials
77. Summary
• Homemade diets may be advantageous for
increasing nutrient intake in finicky or
health compromised dogs, however, special
consideration must be given to the
nutritional balance of the various nutrients
to prevent nutritional deficiencies