This document discusses proper nutrition for pet birds. It explains that a balanced diet with the six major nutrient categories - water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and vitamins - is best. It provides details on each nutrient category and stresses the importance of variety and balance. While an ideal diet may not exist for all bird species, owners can benefit their pet's health by understanding basic nutrition concepts and feeding a mix of whole grains, fruits/vegetables, protein sources, and supplements if needed.
Selection or formulation of appropriate diets for companion
and aviary birds is based on wild feeding ecology, digestive anatomy and physiology, and nutritional requirements of related species. Research indicates that requirements of some key nutrients for psittacines vary from those of poultry. Apart from vitamin E, there is no evidence to suggest that vitamin and trace mineral requirements for psittacines are greater than those recommended for poultry.54 While there are substantial differences between production species and companion
bird species, dietary requirements of poultry remain the
standard for estimating the needs of companion birds.
Individual nutrient classes will be discussed with particular
focus on recent research into the nutritional requirements of companion birds.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Selection or formulation of appropriate diets for companion
and aviary birds is based on wild feeding ecology, digestive anatomy and physiology, and nutritional requirements of related species. Research indicates that requirements of some key nutrients for psittacines vary from those of poultry. Apart from vitamin E, there is no evidence to suggest that vitamin and trace mineral requirements for psittacines are greater than those recommended for poultry.54 While there are substantial differences between production species and companion
bird species, dietary requirements of poultry remain the
standard for estimating the needs of companion birds.
Individual nutrient classes will be discussed with particular
focus on recent research into the nutritional requirements of companion birds.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Novel Protein Foods: Alternative Sources of Protein for Human Consumption Neeleshkumar Maurya
Proteins are a major macronutrient of the human diet needed for survival. Its crucial function in nourishment is to provide sufficient amounts of amino acids to the body as these amino acids work as anaplerotic substrates in the building block of the body. As the growth of population increases continuously, the demand for protein also increases over the next decades, and it is very important to search alternative sources of protein for human consumption. The present food industrialists aim to develop a cheaper, protein rich that have almost essential amino acids with highest bioavailability and more convenient food products. Single cell protein from algae and fungi, leaf protein extract and many insects could be an alternative of protein, because they have almost all the essential amino acids required for the human body for the survival.
Presentation during the IV International Symphosium on Nutritional requirements of Poultry and Swine on March 29th - by Gilberto Litta DSM Animal Nutrition.
Main Message of the presentation is the importance of vitamin in Poultry Nutrition as well as the multiple benefits achievable.
Feeding livestock and poultry under climate changeDralisaqlain
Feeding livestock and poultry under climate change,feeding strategies for livestock and poultry under climatic stress,feed animals under climate change
Factors influencing the nutrient requirements of poultry:
Genetic make-up of the bird,
Energy content of the diet (a major factor influencing feed intake),
Environment temperature (another factor influencing feed intake as well as acid-base balance),
Type of housing (cage, wire or litter floor),
Nutrient availability from particular feedstuffs,
Influence of intestinal pH and transit flow on the destruction or sequestering of dietary nutrients,
Presence of dietary oxidizing fats, especially in the presence of catalyzing minerals and lack of antioxidants,
Recent research on vitamin requirement of modern swine breeds under current husbandry conditions is limited; tabular recommendations may underestimate the actual needs of growing pigs and breeding sows.
Clinical / subclinical vitamin deficiency can still occur within industrial swine production:
optimum vitamin supplementation prevents from deficiency and
exploits the genetic performance potential of swine.
Superior dietary supplementation levels of certain vitamins do provide additional value, such as improved stress and disease resistance, adequate welfare or better product quality.
Bioactive peptides have been defined as specific protein fragments that have a positive impact on body functions or conditions and may ultimately influence health
This manual will help you teach your dog the basics of obedience. The beginner level exercises will introduce fundamental control commands and give you basic control of your dog. While the approach I’ve taken in this manual will meet the needs of a wide range of pet owners and their dogs, it’s by no means the only effective one.Nor are the methods the last word in all dog-training issues.
If the techniques in this guide aren’t right for your dog’s particular training needs, ask your veterinarian to recommend a dog obedience trainer.A well-trained dog makes for a better behaved pet, a better relationship between pet and owner, and a safer city. Be patient with your pooch, and yourself. You’re both on the learning curve. Happy training!
GETTING STARTED
Before you start the training program, some preparation is needed.
First, read the Week 1 lesson plan, including the “Introduction to dog training,” and follow all the instructions. It will give you some useful background and explain some of the theory behind the training. Completing Week 1 may not take the whole week, but be sure you have read and understood this section before you start training.
There is one lesson plan per week for Weeks 2 - 8. Each builds on the skills of the previous week(s), so it’s important to complete the preceeding lesson before advancing to the next.
Spend a whole week on each lesson plan. Don’t skip ahead.
For best results, train your dog at least 30 minutes each day. Two 15-minute sessions are ideal.
Read the whole lesson plan for the week before starting. As you read, visualize what you’re trying to achieve. Try to picture what the exercises will look like – and how you’ll teach the skill. It’s very helpful to reread individual sections before starting to teach – or even go through the motions without the dog at first.
Whether your dog is a working companion, champion show animal, hunting partner, or just a best friend, the kindest and most responsible thing you can do for him is to provide proper health care.
Knowing about common dog diseases and being aware of appropriate prevention and treatment can better help you provide that care.
Many Diseases Can Be Prevented .Some of the most common and serious dog diseases have been made less common through vaccines: however, these diseases continue to threaten a dog that lacks proper immunization. Puppies many be vaccinated as early as 4-6 weeks depending on each situation and the veterinarian’s advice. Through mother’s milk, puppies receive disease fighting antibodies, which last 6-16 weeks. Vaccinations then take over.
Yearly boosters should be given throughout your dog’s life, including old age when your dog may become more susceptible to some diseases.
Novel Protein Foods: Alternative Sources of Protein for Human Consumption Neeleshkumar Maurya
Proteins are a major macronutrient of the human diet needed for survival. Its crucial function in nourishment is to provide sufficient amounts of amino acids to the body as these amino acids work as anaplerotic substrates in the building block of the body. As the growth of population increases continuously, the demand for protein also increases over the next decades, and it is very important to search alternative sources of protein for human consumption. The present food industrialists aim to develop a cheaper, protein rich that have almost essential amino acids with highest bioavailability and more convenient food products. Single cell protein from algae and fungi, leaf protein extract and many insects could be an alternative of protein, because they have almost all the essential amino acids required for the human body for the survival.
Presentation during the IV International Symphosium on Nutritional requirements of Poultry and Swine on March 29th - by Gilberto Litta DSM Animal Nutrition.
Main Message of the presentation is the importance of vitamin in Poultry Nutrition as well as the multiple benefits achievable.
Feeding livestock and poultry under climate changeDralisaqlain
Feeding livestock and poultry under climate change,feeding strategies for livestock and poultry under climatic stress,feed animals under climate change
Factors influencing the nutrient requirements of poultry:
Genetic make-up of the bird,
Energy content of the diet (a major factor influencing feed intake),
Environment temperature (another factor influencing feed intake as well as acid-base balance),
Type of housing (cage, wire or litter floor),
Nutrient availability from particular feedstuffs,
Influence of intestinal pH and transit flow on the destruction or sequestering of dietary nutrients,
Presence of dietary oxidizing fats, especially in the presence of catalyzing minerals and lack of antioxidants,
Recent research on vitamin requirement of modern swine breeds under current husbandry conditions is limited; tabular recommendations may underestimate the actual needs of growing pigs and breeding sows.
Clinical / subclinical vitamin deficiency can still occur within industrial swine production:
optimum vitamin supplementation prevents from deficiency and
exploits the genetic performance potential of swine.
Superior dietary supplementation levels of certain vitamins do provide additional value, such as improved stress and disease resistance, adequate welfare or better product quality.
Bioactive peptides have been defined as specific protein fragments that have a positive impact on body functions or conditions and may ultimately influence health
This manual will help you teach your dog the basics of obedience. The beginner level exercises will introduce fundamental control commands and give you basic control of your dog. While the approach I’ve taken in this manual will meet the needs of a wide range of pet owners and their dogs, it’s by no means the only effective one.Nor are the methods the last word in all dog-training issues.
If the techniques in this guide aren’t right for your dog’s particular training needs, ask your veterinarian to recommend a dog obedience trainer.A well-trained dog makes for a better behaved pet, a better relationship between pet and owner, and a safer city. Be patient with your pooch, and yourself. You’re both on the learning curve. Happy training!
GETTING STARTED
Before you start the training program, some preparation is needed.
First, read the Week 1 lesson plan, including the “Introduction to dog training,” and follow all the instructions. It will give you some useful background and explain some of the theory behind the training. Completing Week 1 may not take the whole week, but be sure you have read and understood this section before you start training.
There is one lesson plan per week for Weeks 2 - 8. Each builds on the skills of the previous week(s), so it’s important to complete the preceeding lesson before advancing to the next.
Spend a whole week on each lesson plan. Don’t skip ahead.
For best results, train your dog at least 30 minutes each day. Two 15-minute sessions are ideal.
Read the whole lesson plan for the week before starting. As you read, visualize what you’re trying to achieve. Try to picture what the exercises will look like – and how you’ll teach the skill. It’s very helpful to reread individual sections before starting to teach – or even go through the motions without the dog at first.
Whether your dog is a working companion, champion show animal, hunting partner, or just a best friend, the kindest and most responsible thing you can do for him is to provide proper health care.
Knowing about common dog diseases and being aware of appropriate prevention and treatment can better help you provide that care.
Many Diseases Can Be Prevented .Some of the most common and serious dog diseases have been made less common through vaccines: however, these diseases continue to threaten a dog that lacks proper immunization. Puppies many be vaccinated as early as 4-6 weeks depending on each situation and the veterinarian’s advice. Through mother’s milk, puppies receive disease fighting antibodies, which last 6-16 weeks. Vaccinations then take over.
Yearly boosters should be given throughout your dog’s life, including old age when your dog may become more susceptible to some diseases.
This booklet is intended to help you prevent and deal with emergency situations that arise with your pet. It should not replace professional veterinary care. The information presented will help you handle your pet’s condition well enough to get them to a veterinary clinic for an exam and further treatment. The best way to manage an emergency is to be prepared with a plan, including having on hand emergency hospital contact numbers and the location of an emergency hospital.
ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में छोटे स्तर पर मुर्गी पालन से अतिरिक्त आय प्राप्त होती है साथ ही मुर्गी का मल (विष्ठा) का उपयोग बटन मशरूम उत्पादन हेतु कम्पोस्ट बनाने तथा खाद के रूप में खेतो में प्रयोग से फसल की उत्पादकता में बढ़ोत्तरी होती है। ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में केंद्रीय पक्षी अनुसन्धान संस्थान, इज्ज़तनगर बरेली से विकसित उन्नत प्रजाति श्यामा, निर्भीक, उपकारी, तथा हितकारी का प्रयोग करें। इसके पालन में आने वाले व्यय की भरपाई पांचवे महीने में मुर्गा बेचकर हो जाती है।
इसके उपरान्त मुर्गी से १२-१५ माह तक अंडा उत्पादन से अच्छी कमाई प्राप्त होती है। वर्मी कम्पोस्ट बनाते समय प्राप्त हुए अधिक केचुओं को मुर्गो हेतु खाने को देने से अधिक उत्पादन प्राप्त होता है। इसी प्रकार एजोला का भी उपयोग मुर्गों द्वारा किया जाता है। करीब ४० मुर्गियों के विष्ठा से उतना ही पोषक तत्त्व प्राप्त होता है जितना कि एक गाय के गोबर से प्राप्त होता है। To know more please visit us www.growelagrovet.com
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
OSTA TRAINING-introduction [Autosaved].pptxDeguTolera
Poultry nutrition is an integral part of poultry production. It has changed drastically as a consequence of developments in the other disciplines of animal science and also because of changes in poultry husbandry practices.
Nutrition, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins and MineralsTiffy John
A WIDE OVERVIEW OF NUTRITION - Types of nutrition – autotrophy, heterotrophy. Nutritional requirements – carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, minerals (Ca, Fe, I), vitamins (sources and deficiency disorders), nutritional disorders, Body Mass index, functions of food, good carbohydrates, bad carbohydrates, good fats, bad fats, regulation of blood sugar, structure of proteins, structure of fats, vitamins and mineral deficiency chart
This presentation includes all the general introduction on what is food, its main functions, its classifications. Foods can generally be classified according to different basis like on nutritive value, ease of spoilage, on origin, on acidity etc.
Education About Food Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Education About Food Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
How To Do Poultry Farming in Summer? The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Poultry Square magazine, May – 2021 edition.
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Domestication of the European rabbit probably occurred in monasteries during the Middle Ages. By the middle of the 17th century, rabbits were commonly raised in England and continental Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus, one of the more successful mammals of the world, is both prolific and adaptable.
Most of the fancy breeds were developed within the past 100 years, and only since the early 1900s have rabbits been raised domestically in the United
States. The first commercial colonies were started in southern California. Meat rationing during World War II gave the infant industry a push. Today, approximately 200,000 people are engaged in some phase of the rabbit business
in the United States, and animals are produced in every state. Meat processors serving major cities market more than 10 million pounds of rabbit meat annually.
कुखरा पालन (ब्रोइलर) पूर्ण रोजगारीका साथ मनग्य आम्दानी गर्न सकिने भरपर्दो पेशा हो । यो रोजगारी भएका तर समय बचत गर्न सक्ने व्यक्तिका लागि पनि उपयुक्त हुन्छ । न्यून आय भएका अर्धबेरोजगार व्यक्तिका लागि थप आयआर्जन गर्न यो पेशा सहायक सिद्ध हुन सक्छ । यो पेशा थोरै जग्गा तथा कम लगानीमै सञ्चालन गर्न सकिन्छ । यसको उत्पादन ५–६ हप्तामै भित्र्याउन सकिन्छ र वर्षमा ६–७ पटकसम्म कुखुरा बेच्न सकिन्छ । यो व्यवसाय गर्न धेरै ठूलो तालिमको आवश्यकता समेत पर्दैन ।
नेपालमा यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालनका लागि आवश्यक सामग्री सहज उपलब्ध छन् । साथै, सहज बजार पहुँचले उत्पादनपछिको विक्रीवितरणमा समेत समस्या छैन । यो व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्दा प्रारम्भमा सानो आकार अर्थात् १ सयदेखि २ सयबाट शुरू गर्नु उपयुक्त हुन्छ । र, बिस्तारै कुखुरा पालनको अनुभव बटुली व्यावसायिक रूपमा यो पेशा सञ्चालन गर्न सजिलो हुन्छ ।
नेपालमा बाख्रापालनबाट राम्रो फाइदा लिन सकिन्छ । चाहना राख्ने धेरैले बाख्रापालन सम्कन्धि पूर्ण जानकारी पाएका छैनन् । यसले धेरैलाई सहयोग पुग्नेछ । तपाई र तपाईको कर्मका लागि पनि उपयोगी हुन सक्नेछ ।
व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन गर्दा कुनै पनि सरकारी निकायहरु जस्तैः जिल्ला पशु सेवा कार्यालय, सहकारी कार्यालय वा मान्यताप्राप्त अन्य निकायबाट व्यावसायिक बाख्रापालन दर्ता गरेको अवस्थामा सहुलियत पाउन सकिन्छ ।
बुंगुर पालेको ठाउँमा बथानमा संक्रमक रोगको प्रसार तथा एक ठाउँको बथानबाट अर्को ठाउँको बथानमा रोग प्रसार न्युनगरी बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा रोग प्रदत जोखीम न्युनीकरण गर्ने गरी गरिने व्यवस्थापकीय व्यवहारीक व्यवस्थापनको अर्को नाम हो बंगुरपालनका जैविक सुरक्षा । आफुले पालेको बंगुरको उपयुक्त जैविक सुरक्षा व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको व्यवसायको आपेक्षा गरिएको आम्दानी प्राप्त हुनेमा ढुक्क हुनु पनि हो ।
बंगुर पालन गरेको ठाउँमा उचित जैविक सुरक्षाको व्यवस्था गर्नु भनेको बंगुरलाई लाग्न सक्ने स्थानीय स्तरमा स्थापित रोग तथा अन्यत्रबाट भित्रन सक्ने, माहामारी जन्य, सरुवा तथा संक्रमक रोगबाट बचाउन सुरक्षात्मक उपाय पनि मानिन्छ । बंगुरको खोर गोठमा कुनै नौलो अन्यत्रबाट सरी आएको रोग निर्मुल पार्न, रोकथाम गर्न, उपचार गर्न, खर्चिलो मात्र हुदैन बरु त्यस्ता रोगले अझ बंगुरपालन व्यवसायमा गम्भिर असर पार्न सक्छ ।
मुर्गियों में बीमारियां से बचाव और टीकाकरण :
मुर्गियों में कई तरह की बीमारियां पाई जाती हैं। जैसे पुलोराम, रानीखेत, हैजा, मैरेक्स, टाईफाइड और परजीविकृमी आदि रोग होते हैं। जिससे मुर्गीपालकों को हर साल भारी नुकसान उठाना पड़ता है। बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए समय -समय पर मुर्गियों का टीकाकरण बहुत ही जरुरी है ,कुछ बीमारियां की रोक-थाम केवल टीकाकरण से ही संभव है। मुर्गियों में बिमारियों से बचाव के लिए बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियमों ) का पालन करना बहुत ही जरुरी और महत्वपूर्ण है।
बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) :
ग्रोवेल एग्रोवेट प्राइवेट लिमिटेड के विशेषज्ञों का मानना है कि यदि योजनाबद्ध तरीके से ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन किया जाए तो कम खर्च में अधिक आय की जा सकती है। बस तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देने की जरूरत है। वजह, कभी-कभी लापरवाही के कारण इस व्यवसाय से जुड़े लोगों को भारी क्षति उठानी पड़ती है। इसलिए मुर्गीपालन में ब्रायलर फार्म का आकार और बायोसिक्योरिटी (जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम) पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए। मुर्गियां तभी मरती हैं जब उनके रखरखाव में लापरवाही बरती जाए।
ब्रायलर मुर्गीपालन में हमें कुछ तकनीकी चीजों पर ध्यान देना चाहिए। जैविक सुरक्षा के नियम का भी पालन होना चाहिए। एक शेड में हमेशा एक ही ब्रीड के चूजे रखने चाहिए। आल-इन-आल आउट पद्धति का पालन करें। शेड तथा बर्तनों की साफ-सफाई पर ध्यान दें। बाहरी व्यक्तियों का प्रवेश वर्जित रखना चाहिए। कुत्ता, चूहा, गिलहरी, देशी मुर्गी आदि को शेड में न घुसने दें। मरे हुए चूजे, वैक्सीन के खाली बोतल को जलाकर नष्ट कर दें, समय-समय पर शेड के बाहर विराक्लीन ( Viraclean ) का छिड़काव व टीकाकरण नियमों का पालन करें। समय पर सही दवा का प्रयोग करें। पीने के पानी में एक्वाक्योर (Aquacure) का प्रयोग करें।
मुर्गा मंडी की गाड़ी को फार्म से दूर खड़ा करें। मुर्गी के शेड में प्रतिदिन 23 घंटे प्रकाश की आवश्यकता होती है। एक घंटे अंधेरा रखा जाता है। इसके पीछे मंशा यह कि बिजली कटने की स्थिति में मुर्गियां स्ट्रेस की शिकार न हों।
दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय या डेयरी फार्मिंग छेटे व बड़े स्तर दोनों पर सबसे ज्यादा विस्तार में फैला हुआ व्यवसाय है। दूध उत्पादन व्यवसाय व्यवसायिक या छोटे स्तर पर दूध उत्पादन किसानों की कुल दूध उत्पादन में मदद करता है और उसकी आर्थिक वृद्धि को बढ़ाता है। इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं है कि, भारत में कई वर्षों से डेयरी व्यवसाय या दूध उत्पादन ने आर्थिक वृद्धि में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। कुल दूध उत्पादन ने हमारे देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में बड़े स्तर पर भागीदारी की है और बहुत से गरीब किसानों को अपना व्यवसाय स्थापित करने में सहयोग किया है। यदि किसी के पास दूध उत्पादन का व्यवसाय स्थापित करने के लिए प्रारंभिक पूँजी है तो, इस (दूध उत्पादन) व्यवसाय को किसी भी क्षेत्रों में आसानी से स्थापित किया जा सकता है।
Pig is the only species of livestock from which major portion of the total investments made for establishing the farm can be earned back within 1½ – 2 years. Thus, the farmer is assured of getting over 60 per cent of profit margin from a marginal piggery unit. As a thumb rule, pigs have to put on more than 10 kg of body weight per month by consuming concentrate feed or agricultural byproducts or processed wastes from food industries. Though the white pigs have the western origin (temperate climate), they are better adapted to the Indian agro-climatic conditions. Nevertheless, the Large White Yorkshire breed is the widely accepted breed for pork (bacon, a cured meat from the back and side portions of the pig) production in the global scenario. Strategies have also been formulated to produce lean meat from synthetic strains of pigs through recent research approach, which would create better export opportunities. Hence, farmers without any doubt, can venture into farming this prolific species for their livelihood as well to contribute more to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to which contribution from livestock sector is, now-a-days, on the increase (from 4 to 8%).
The objective of commercial fish farming is to produce fish for sale and
earn profits. Therefore, production should be planned from the onset to
target identified markets. This means one should:
1. have the required product (size and form) available when the
market wants it,
2. be able to produce adequate volumes to sustain targeted markets,
3. produce at a competitive price and profit.
When making a production and business plan for table fish, one should
endeavor to answer the following questions beforehand.
1. Where is the market? – its location, what category of people are
likely to buy the fish I produce, etc
2. What does the market want? – type of fish, how much, what size,
how frequently, fresh or processed, etc.
3. What resources do I have? – number of pond(s), size of pond(s),
water for production (quantity, quality, flow rates), feeds, labour,
seed, etc.
4. From where and when should I source my seed and feed?
5. What is the quality of feed I intend to use? This is important
because it limits possible FCRs, water quality and carrying capacity.
6. How much feed and seed shall I require?
7. What technology do I have at my disposal and which would be the
best to adopt?
8. How frequently do I need to harvest for the market? (complete
harvest/partial harvests)
9. How do I get my fish to the market?
10. What returns can I expect from the above?
Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
The aim of this booklet is to assist you in more effective use of pasture to achieve high sheep production. Essential for this are the ability to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock and knowledge of animal feeding needs.
This chapter discusses how to assess the amount of pasture in a paddock in relation to animal performance and seasonal pasture needs of sheep. The next chapter deals with setting up grazing rotations and feed budgeting.
Feed planning enables you to objectively match pasture supply and animal feed demands on your whole farm during the year. Some of you may feel daunted by this structured approach, but maximising production and achieving livestock target weights, including supply contracts, means more sophisticated pasture feeding.
Proper vaccination is an essential part of a good poultry management program and for the success of any poultry operation. Effective preventive procedures such as immunisation protect hundreds of millions of poultry worldwide from many contagious and deadly diseases and have resulted in improved flock health and production efficiency.
Immunization cannot be a substitute for poor bio-security and sanitation. Thus, vaccination programs may not totally protect birds that are under stress or in unhygienic conditions. The primary objective of immunizing any poultry flock is to reduce the level of clinical disease and to promote optimal performance. Certain vaccines may also have an impact on human health (i.e. Salmonella vaccines).
For breeders – we also want to accomplish some additional goals:
A. Protect the bird (as a pullet and hen) against specific diseases.
B. Protect the progeny of the hen against vertical transmission of disease.
C. Provide passive immunity to progeny.
The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form and structure of animals. Physiology deals with the study of functions of the body or any of its parts. A thorough knowledge of the structure of an animal imparts a lot of information about the various functions it is capable of performing.
The course may be used as an introductory course to further studies; to assist you in recognising the normal, in order to determine the abnormal; to help you understand how to diagnose disease or determine if an animal has sustained an injury; to help understand the physical capabilities or limitations of particular species; to understand what happens in the nutrition and growth processes; and to assist you to get better performance from your animals.
Bio-Security plan is a set of practices designed to prevent the entry and spread of infectious diseases into and from a poultry farm.
Biosecurity requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by people, to reduce risk in all activities involving poultry production and marketing.
Relatively speaking, most dogs today eat a more nutritional diet than their owners do.Though a carnivore, the dog utilises a wide variety of foodstuffs efficiently and can meet nutritional requirements from a diversity of diets.
Dogs regulate their food intake to meet energy requirements proper diets incorporate exact daily nutritional requirements into the amount of food consumed each day for energy.
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. The decision to own and care for exotic birds is a decision
which cannot be taken lightly. A lot of responsibility has
to be accepted because a pet bird is not a low-maintenance
pet. All pet birds require at least some specialized care.
Very few “beginners” know the answers to the questions
that arise concerning the management, breeding, rearing,
disease prevention, and proper nutrition of birds. The
“survivors” in aviculture have successful aviaries because
their teacher has been experience, coupled with trial-and-
error. Sometimes this teacher is expensive and can result in
thousands of dollars of investment being lost. “Beginners”
can increase their general knowledge in aviculture and
come up with answers to their questions by reading articles,
traveling to pet bird shows, attending lectures and talking
with people who have experience with pet birds.
Many of the problems such as poor health, poor fertility
and hatchability, and decreased life span can be related
to poor nutrition. Improper nutrition can leave the bird
susceptible to many diseases and result in overall poor
performance and lack of vitality. The term “improper
nutrition” does not always mean undernutrition. It can also
refer to overnutrition. Allowing any pet to consume more
than they actually require can be just as bad and cause
just as many problems for the owner as the deficiencies
that develop from undernutrition. Today, believe it or not,
many pet bird owners are killing their birds with kindness.
Providing too much food (often referred to as treats) too
often and providing too much of a good thing (i.e., too little
variety) is often the cause of the problem.
There are more than 8000 species of birds alive today.
There will probably never be an ideal diet for all bird
species. However, for the average pet bird owner a general
knowledge about basic nutritional concepts and feeding can
be of benefit when decisions have to be made. The follow-
ing material provides information as a starting point for
beginning pet bird owners who want to try and make the
correct choices regarding the feeding of their birds.
What Provides the Backbone of
Proper Nutrition?
To properly nourish a pet bird, balanced amounts of
nutrients must be ingested, digested and absorbed into the
body. The food that your pet bird eats is composed of a
variety of ingredients and the ingredients are composed of
nutrients. There are six major categories of nutrients: (1)
water; (2) proteins; (3) carbohydrates; (4) lipids; (5) miner-
als; and (6) vitamins.
Because of the complex nature of these nutrients in the
natural ingredients which make up your bird’s diet, they
have to be digested in order to release the building blocks
from which they are made. Once these building blocks are
released during the digestive process they can be absorbed
into the body and nourish the trillions of individual cells in
the bird. Therefore, any food that is eaten is really not yet
inside the animal body until it is digested and the prepared
nutrients are absorbed. Remember, the digestive tract is
only a hollow muscular tube which stores and prepares the
nutrients for absorption. If the feedstuff is not able to be
Understanding Pet Bird Nutrition
3. 2Understanding Pet Bird Nutrition
digested, then the animall does not usually benefit from
these nutrients the feedstuff contains. A healthy digestive
tract is essential if an animal is expected to benefit from the
nutrients in feedstuffs.
The Six Classes of Nutrients
Water
Water is the most important nutrient. Your pet bird can
lose almost all of its body fat and stored carbohydrate, as
well as over half of its protein, and still survive. However, a
10% loss of body water can cause serious illness. Without
replacement of the water which is lost, death will result.
Water provides a medium for digestion, absorption, trans-
port, metabolism (actual utilization of the nutrients by the
cells), and the removal of cellular waste products out of cells
and eventually out of the bird in the urine and feces.
There are two basic sources of water, ingested and meta-
bolic. Ingested water is that consumed by drinking and that
which is contained in food. Metabolic water is the water
produced when the food is utilized and can arise from
carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism inside the cells.
Some feedstuffs contain more water than other types of
feedstuffs. For instance, fresh fruits and vegetables com-
pared to dry seeds. When the amount of water consumed
in food increases, the amount the animal drinks will usually
decrease. Water consumption increases with increased salt
intake, increased environmental temperature, increased
activity and the consumption of dry feedstuffs. Attempts
should be made to have clean, fresh water available to any
animal at all times.
Protein
Proteins are very large, complex molecules which are made
up of amino acids hooked together as links of a long chain.
These linkages between amino acids are referred to as
peptide bonds. Proteins in the body are constantly being
made and broken down. When energy is in short supply
the animal has to use amino acids for energy. Amino acids
have much more important jobs to do in animals than to
be used for energy. Therefore, it is always necessary to have
adequate carbohydrate and fat calories available for use as
energy.
There are 22 different amino acids required by animals, and
all animals require them at the cellular level. While about
12 of these amino acids can be made inside animal cells, the
other 10 have to be consumed in the animal’s diet. Without
a sufficient dietary supply of these ten “essential” amino
acids, the necessary proteins cannot be made by pet birds.
The term “protein quality” is used to describe the amount
and proportion of the essential amino acids in relation to an
animal’s requirement for each of these amino acids. Animal
protein is of better quality than plant protein. This means
that the plant proteins do not have an amino acid profile
that resembles the amino acid make-up of the proteins in
your pet bird. Therefore, it is necessary to give your pet
bird a variety of feedstuffs so that the amino acid(s) that are
somewhat deficient in one feedstuff can be obtained from
another feedstuff that has more of that particular amino
acid. Usually, plant proteins are deficient in the amino acids
methionine and lysine with regards to your pet bird’s amino
acid requirement. It is best to keep the protein intake of
your pet bird adequate but not in excess. Too much protein
is often fed to pet birds and this leads to problems in the
liver and kidney.
Carbohydrates and Fiber
A carbohydrate molecule is composed of repeating units
of the simple sugar called glucose. Starch is the most
common useable form of carbohydrate in the diet and is
considered a soluble carbohydrate by nutritionists. Many
glucose molecules are linked together just as the amino
acids in a protein are linked together to form a long chain.
The carbohydrate, starch, is stored by the plant in seeds for
the immediate utilization by the young plant after the seed
germinates. However, the seeds also furnish an excellent
source of carbohydrate for pet birds to use as energy.
In the plant kingdom there is also another type of carbo-
hydrate that is made up of repeating glucose units. This is
a structural carbohydrate refereed to as cellulose or “crude
fiber”. Unlike starch, cellulose cannot furnish energy to pet
birds and is considered insoluble. Bacteria in the digestive
tract can utilize cellulose. The reason the bird is not able
to utilize the cellulose is because the linkage (bonding)
between the glucose molecules in the long cellulose chain
is not able to be broken during digestion. Animals do not
produce the enzyme called cellulase which can free the
glucose for absorption. The reason some animals such as
cattle and sheep (ruminants) can do well on grass is because
their stomachs have the bacterial population that produces
cellulase, and this structural carbohydrate can be utilized
by the bacteria. The bacterial cells are then used by the cow
or sheep as food. It is important to understand that even
though crude fiber cannot be broken down for an immedi-
ate energy source, a proper amount of cellulose is necessary
in the diet to promote normal movement of food through
the bird’s digestive tract. It also helps to provide the bulk
which is necessary for normal droppings. As the crude fiber
4. 3Understanding Pet Bird Nutrition
in the diet increases, the amount of water consumed by the
bird also will increase.
Lipids
This nutrient group is composed of the fats and oils which
are found in plants, especially in the seeds. These stored fats
and oils in the seed furnish the energy necessary for the
young plant to start its life processes as germination begins.
Once the young plant starts to produce leaves, then photo-
synthesis occurs and the plant can manufacture and store
more nutrients. These fats and oils are made up of fatty
acids. These fatty acids do not link together to form long
chains as happens with glucose to form starch and cellulose
or with amino acids to form proteins. However, because
of their chemical structure the fats and oils when used by
animals for energy are known to furnish 2.25 times more
calories of energy per unit weight than the carbohydrates
and proteins. In other words, if a pet bird eats one gram
of fat it gets 2.25 times more calories from the gram of fat
than from 1 gram of protein or carbohydrate when they
are used for energy. Therefore, it is possible for pet birds to
become obese if they are fed seeds high in oil. An example
is sunflower seeds.
The lipid in the diet is not only an excellent energy source
but there are essential fatty acids that are needed by birds.
Without the essential fatty acids in the diet there will be
a reduction in egg size and hatchability. Also, poor skin
covering and feather growth will occur. Overall growth is
impaired, and the liver will have a tendency to accumulate
fat. Without lipid in the diet the bird cannot absorb the fat
soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Even though taste plays a
somewhat minor role in a pet bird’s eating habits, fats are
added to animal diets to enhance palatability.
Minerals
Minerals usually make up less than 1 percent of the body
weight of an animal. The majority of the minerals in the
animal belong to a group referred to as the macro-minerals
such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride,
magnesium and sulphur. The requirement for these miner-
als in the diet is usually expressed as a percent of the diet
because they are the most abundant in the diet. The word
“macro” is a Greek word that means big or large. Therefore,
the reason why some minerals are needed in large amounts
in the diet is because these same minerals are found in
animals in large amounts.
The minerals such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine
and selenium are not found in the diet in large amounts and
are called the micro- minerals. Sometimes these minerals
are called trace minerals. These minerals are just as
important to the well-being of the bird as those required in
larger amounts. The word “micro” also is a Greek word and
means small. When the nutritionist adds these minerals to
the diet, they are added in very small amounts, usually in
parts per million.
The functions of the macro and micro minerals in pet birds
and all other animals is the same at the cellular level. Any
nutrition text, whether basic or advanced will give the func-
tions of the minerals in the body. The signs of deficiency
also are given.
Vitamins
Vitamins are divided into two groups based on their
solubility rather than their function in the animal. These
groups are: fat soluble and water soluble. The fat soluble
vitamins are going to be associated in plants and animals
where fats and oils are located and stored. Whenever
feedstuffs are processed and the lipid is removed, the fat
soluble vitamins also are going to be removed. An example
of this is when soybeans or corn are processed and the oil
is removed. The meal remains and has a low lipid and fat
soluble vitamin content.
The fat soluble vitamins are known as vitamins A, D, E and
K. Because in the bird they are stored in association with
fat, it usually takes an extended period of time to develop a
deficiency when the diet has a very low fat soluble vitamin
content. However, deficiencies can and do exist in pet birds,
especially when the owners are not providing the bird with
enough variety of feedstuffs in the diet. The ability of fat
soluble vitamins to be stored has its advantages, but this
ability also has its disadvantages. The possibility of hyper-
vitaminosis exists. In other words, the fat soluble vitamins
can be toxic if consumed in large amounts. This can happen
when oversupplementation or over-fortification occurs,
especially with the fat soluble vitamins capable of being
administered through the drinking water. Overfortifica-
tion with vitamins A and D should be of major concern.
Normally, if pet birds are provided with a variety of fresh,
wholesome feedstuffs, supplementation of the vitamins
is unnecessary and is an additional expense that can be
avoided. The age, health, present diet and breeding status
may help determine if dietary supplementation is necessary.
The water soluble vitamins are the B complex as well as
Vitamin C. These vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin,
niacin, pyridoxine, etc., can not be stored in the animal
because they are soluble in water. They must be in the diet
on a continuous basis. The B-complex vitamins are involved
5. 4Understanding Pet Bird Nutrition
in the regulation of energy metabolism in the cells and
participate in so many biochemical reactions that it is dif-
ficult to separate out their individual deficiency signs. These
vitamins are sometimes referred to as the “sparkplugs” in
the cell that help the enzymes utilize the energy provided by
the fuel nutrients (i.e., carbohydrates, lipids and protein).
Life in animals and plants arises from the millions of
organized biochemical reactions occurring simultaneously
each second in trillions of cells. These cellular reactions are
dependent on enzymes, and most of the enzymes require
assistance to carry out these reactions. These helpers are
the B-complex vitamins. Therefore, where there is life there
are enzymes and B-vitamins. It should be obvious then
that the richest source of B-vitamins in plants and animals
should be located where there are the most life processes
(biochemical reactions) occurring. In other words, the
highest concentrations of B-vitamins in plants and animals
are usually found in the tissues doing the most living. In
animals these tissues would be the liver, kidney, muscle,
brain, etc. Rich sources of B-vitamins in plants are the
leaves, the germ of the seed, and young sprouts. Therefore,
keeping this in mind will help the beginning pet bird owner
select proper food combinations.
The numerous cellular functions of both the fat and water
soluble vitamins, along with the signs common in their
deficiencies, are discussed in detail in basic nutrition books.
As with the minerals, the functions of the vitamins at the
cellular level in animals are similar. To say that one mineral
or vitamin is the most important in birds is misleading.
Each of the individual minerals and vitamins is important.
No mineral or vitamin is more or less important than any
other.
What Is the Best Diet to Feed My
Pet Bird?
A balanced diet, sometimes referred to as a complete diet,
is the best type of diet to feed to any companion animal.
A balanced pet bird diet contains a combination of the
nutrients to meet the nutritional requirements of the bird.
Of course, the diet being fed should furnish the nutrients
required by the animal as related to age, health, breeding
status, etc. For instance, a diet designed for a growing bird
or one designed to maintain an older bird is not sufficient
for breeding purposes because the nutritional requirements
change.
The knowledge that now exists regarding the proper
nutritional requirements of pet birds lags behind other
animal industries. There will probably never be one perfect
diet available for all the pet birds available today. The
nutrient needs and eating habits of the various birds are
different. Many commercial companies manufacture and
sell properly formulated bird diets (pellets, crumbles, etc.).
In the long run, these are the best - but may not be as much
“fun” to feed or watch the pet bird eat.
If I Can’t Feed a Balanced Diet to
My Pet Bird, Then What Should I
Do?
The nutrients that animals need are found in natural
feedstuffs. These feedstuffs can be divided into the four
common food groups. These are: (1) grains; (2) fruits and
vegetables; (3) protein sources; and (4) dairy products.
A wide variety of feedstuffs (seeds) are available in grains
(group 1). The seeds will be used mostly by the bird as an
energy source. The majority of energy will be from the
starch. The seed hull is mostly complex insoluble carbo-
hydrate and is of very little nutritional value. In fruits and
vegetables (group 2), a greater concentration of vitamins is
present than is found in grains. This is especially true for
vitamins A, E, K and the B-complex. Even though vitamin
A is not present in plants, a plant pigment known as
carotene is present and is converted into vitamin A. Usually,
most green leafy vegetables and colorful vegetables contain
carotene.
Protein sources (group 3) include beef, fish, chicken, pork,
eggs, beans, peas, etc. Animal tissue and animal products,
such as milk and eggs, contain vitamin B12. Only microor-
ganisms can make B12 and yes, the B12 that is in your body
and other animals was produced by these microorganisms.
Remember, nothing that grows out of the earth or flies,
swims or walks can synthesize vitamin B12. This group of
feedstuffs supplies the protein and essential amino acids
required by pet birds. Meat also contains other nutrients
such as vitamins and trace minerals. In dairy products
(group 4), protein, essential amino acids, vitamins and
minerals (especially calcium) are furnished in the diet. If it
is not possible for a pet bird owner to provide a complete-
pelleted-balanced diet each day, then the bird should be
furnished with the feedstuffs found in these four major
food groups along with fresh water. The nutritional require-
ments will be met if the bird eats some feedstuffs from each
group. Normally, this type of feeding practice results in
excessive nutrient consumption (above the requirement)
and wastage.
6. 5Understanding Pet Bird Nutrition
Can I Feed My Pet Bird Only Seed?
The answer is no. Do not feed pet birds only seeds. Seeds do
not contain sufficient nutrients to sustain a healthy bird or
provide adequate nutrients for reproduction. Seeds are very
low in calcium. The requirement of calcium for growing
birds is probably close to 1 percent of the diet or 10,000
parts per million in the diet. Seeds contain only 200 to 500
parts per million (0.02 to 0.05 percent) calcium. Therefore,
your pet bird will be very deficient in calcium. Bird seeds
are also deficient in protein, and the quality of the protein is
poor. Sodium, zinc and manganese are deficient. Carotene
(vitamin A) and vitamin D are deficient. A lack of vitamin
D is known to make the calcium deficiency worse. Seeds
are higher in phosphorus than in calcium. This imbalance
of calcium to phosphorus will cause severe problems in
the bird if all the bird eats is seed. Sunflower seeds are
well-liked by parrots, and there are 8 parts phosphorus
to every part calcium in this seed. Many seeds are rich in
fat, and this can lead to obesity in the bird because they
will overconsume on energy. Birds usually eat to satisfy
an energy requirement; however, because the seeds are
consumed and swallowed whole, the bird overconsumes
before the desire to stop eating occurs. Many seeds are
deficient in the essential fatty acids. All seeds are also low in
iodine and goiter can develop. If seeds are going to be fed,
then a variety of other feedstuffs also should be furnished.
It is important to realize that pet birds can be fed all seed
diets for many years before they begin to look unhealthy.
Usually, by the time a pet bird really looks sick it is not long
before the bird will probably die. This is true for nutritional,
bacterial and viral-related diseases.
What about“’Fortified”Seed
Mixtures?
When a feedstuff is fortified it means that something has
been added to it to hopefully increase the nutritional
value. Many manufacturers supplement seed-based diets
in a variety of manners. One of the least efficient methods
is coating the seed with nutrients (usually sprayed on the
outside of the hull). Waste occurs and very little of this
nutrient is consumed in this manner. Many vitamins and
trace minerals are added to seed mixtures in this way. A
pellet which contains adequate nutrient levels is sometimes
added to the seed mixture. The pellet usually supplements
the seed by providing the bird with what is lacking in the
seed. However, the pet bird owner does not really know if
the bird is being selective and eating more of the seed than
the pellet.
What Are the Common Problems
That Pet Bird Veterinarians
See Today That Are Caused by
Feeding?
Today, obesity is a big problem in the pet bird. The owner of
the pet bird wants to shower the bird with affection and one
way to show affection is to shower the bird with love and
care. Many times the love is accompanied with too many
“treats”. Energy intake is increased and the bird becomes
obese. Fat deposits inside the body occur around the vital
organs, and the reproductive tract is infiltrated with fat.
This can cause problems with reproduction. Also, a fat bird
is subject to liver and pancreas problems.
Another problem that is commonly seen is caused by not
allowing the bird access to a variety of foods in the four
basic food groups. An example is providing only seeds. This
can lead to severe nutritional deficiencies. Variety is some-
times said to be the spice of life. However, the nutritionist
knows very well that in animal nutrition variety is essential
for life.
Too much protein consumption is another problem that
occurs often in pet birds. Any excess protein above the
bird’s requirement for amino acids will be converted to
energy and used or stored. The nitrogen in the amino acids
has to be handled in a very special way by the liver and then
this nitrogen has to be excreted. The liver and kidney can be
damaged from excess protein, especially if it is continually
fed to the bird in large amounts.
Pet birds enjoy eating as much as any companion animal.
Hopefully, having read this information, you now will enjoy
feeding a variety of feedstuffs to your pet bird. By providing
a variety of feedstuffs, you are allowing your bird access to
the nutrients necessary for good health.