The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism in Ruminants Carbohydrate Digestion...Dr. Rahul kumar Dangi
The rumen of such animals will have higher amylolytic bacteria than cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen of roughage- and pasture-fed animals.
Factors such as the forage:concentrate ratio, the physical form of the diet (ground vs. pelleted), feed additives, and animal species can affect the rumen fermentation process and VFA production.
Molar ratios of VFAs are dependent on the forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. Cellulolytic bacteria tend to produce more acetate, while amylolytic bacteria produce more propionic acid.
Typically three major VFA molar ratios are 65:25:10 with a roughage diet and 50:40:10 with a concentrate-rich diet.
Changes in VFA concentration can lead to several disorders of carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.
Rumen acidosis occurs when animals are fed high-grain-rich diets or when animals are suddenly changed from pasture- or range-fed to feedlot conditions
Very little digestion occurs in the mouth in farm animals.
The small intestine is the site of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics.
Pancreatic amylase acts on alpha 1,4 links, and other disaccharidases and remove disaccharide units.
The end product (mainly glucose) diffuses into the brush-border using ATP-dependent glucose transporters.
Undigested (fiber, nonstarch polysaccharides [NSP]) in the hindgut can serve as an energy source for hindgut microbes in monogastrics.
Ruminant carbohydrate digestion is very different from monogastrics. First, there is no amylase secreted in the saliva and then most carbs are fermented in the rumen by microbial enzymes.
Carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen. These include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid.
VFAs are absorbed through the rumen wall into the portal vein and are carried to the liver.
Ratios of the VFAs change with the type of diet. Roughage diets favor microbes that produce more acetic acid, whereas concentrate diets favor microbes that produce more propionic acid.
Carbohydrate fermentation disorders in ruminants include rumen acidosis (grain overload), when cattle are fed high-starch-based cereal or grain-rich diets or when there is a sudden change from pasture to feedlot FIBROUS CARBOHYDRATES
Cellulose and hemicellulose bound with lignin in plant cell walls or fiber. Provide bulk in the rumen. Fermented slowly.
The lignin content of fiber increases with plant maturity and the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation in the rumen decreases.
Fiber in the form of long particles essential to stimulate rumination. Which enhances the breakdown and fermentation of fiber and stimulates ruminal contraction, and increases the flow of saliva to the rumen.
Saliva contains sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and phosphate salts which help to maintain pH of the rumen close to neutral.
Rations lacking fiber generally result in a low percentage of fat in the milk and contribute to digestive disturbances (e.g., displaced abomasum, rumen acidosis).
Non-fibrous carbohydrat
This slide share revolves around the anatomy and physiology of an udder including the mechanism of milk production in cows and the hormones involved with their role in milk synthesis.Hope its helpful.
Organic, functional, designer & SPF feed production
The market for organic poultry products is strong
and growing. Integrating either small-scale or
large-scale production into your farm system can
be both enjoyable and lucrative.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism in Ruminants Carbohydrate Digestion...Dr. Rahul kumar Dangi
The rumen of such animals will have higher amylolytic bacteria than cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen of roughage- and pasture-fed animals.
Factors such as the forage:concentrate ratio, the physical form of the diet (ground vs. pelleted), feed additives, and animal species can affect the rumen fermentation process and VFA production.
Molar ratios of VFAs are dependent on the forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. Cellulolytic bacteria tend to produce more acetate, while amylolytic bacteria produce more propionic acid.
Typically three major VFA molar ratios are 65:25:10 with a roughage diet and 50:40:10 with a concentrate-rich diet.
Changes in VFA concentration can lead to several disorders of carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.
Rumen acidosis occurs when animals are fed high-grain-rich diets or when animals are suddenly changed from pasture- or range-fed to feedlot conditions
Very little digestion occurs in the mouth in farm animals.
The small intestine is the site of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics.
Pancreatic amylase acts on alpha 1,4 links, and other disaccharidases and remove disaccharide units.
The end product (mainly glucose) diffuses into the brush-border using ATP-dependent glucose transporters.
Undigested (fiber, nonstarch polysaccharides [NSP]) in the hindgut can serve as an energy source for hindgut microbes in monogastrics.
Ruminant carbohydrate digestion is very different from monogastrics. First, there is no amylase secreted in the saliva and then most carbs are fermented in the rumen by microbial enzymes.
Carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen. These include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid.
VFAs are absorbed through the rumen wall into the portal vein and are carried to the liver.
Ratios of the VFAs change with the type of diet. Roughage diets favor microbes that produce more acetic acid, whereas concentrate diets favor microbes that produce more propionic acid.
Carbohydrate fermentation disorders in ruminants include rumen acidosis (grain overload), when cattle are fed high-starch-based cereal or grain-rich diets or when there is a sudden change from pasture to feedlot FIBROUS CARBOHYDRATES
Cellulose and hemicellulose bound with lignin in plant cell walls or fiber. Provide bulk in the rumen. Fermented slowly.
The lignin content of fiber increases with plant maturity and the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation in the rumen decreases.
Fiber in the form of long particles essential to stimulate rumination. Which enhances the breakdown and fermentation of fiber and stimulates ruminal contraction, and increases the flow of saliva to the rumen.
Saliva contains sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and phosphate salts which help to maintain pH of the rumen close to neutral.
Rations lacking fiber generally result in a low percentage of fat in the milk and contribute to digestive disturbances (e.g., displaced abomasum, rumen acidosis).
Non-fibrous carbohydrat
This slide share revolves around the anatomy and physiology of an udder including the mechanism of milk production in cows and the hormones involved with their role in milk synthesis.Hope its helpful.
Organic, functional, designer & SPF feed production
The market for organic poultry products is strong
and growing. Integrating either small-scale or
large-scale production into your farm system can
be both enjoyable and lucrative.
There are two types of chromosomes, Autosomes and Sex chromosomes
Autosomes are those chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination.
Sex chromosomes are those chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
A human somatic cell has two sex chromosomes: XY in male (hetero-gametic) and XX in female (homo-gametic).
More from PVNRTVU, College of Veterinary Science,Rajendranagar, Telangana, India (20)
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Layers
• Layers according to age, level of production
• Referred as reduction in protein and amino
acid level of the diet as bird progress through
a laying cycle.
• Concept of phase feeding is, as birds get older
their feed intake increases , their egg
production decreases
3. Nutrient Phase I Phase II Phase III
ME k cal/kg 2500 2450 2450
CP 17.5 16 15.5
Methionine 0.40 0.30 0.30
Lysine 0.80 0.70 0.70
Ca 3.6 4.0 4.0
Available P 0.35 0.30 0.30
Phase feeding
4. • Two reasons of decrease in CP and
metheonine
• to reduce feed cost
• To reduce egg size
• Because CP & Methionine increases Egg size