Gram negative bacteria are identified by their inability to retain crystal violet stain using the Gram staining method. They appear pink under microscopy due to the counterstain. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and a thin peptidoglycan layer, distinguishing them from Gram positive bacteria which have a thick peptidoglycan layer but lack an outer membrane. Common Gram negative bacteria that can cause human diseases include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella pneumophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are associated with infections like food poisoning, sexually transmitted diseases, pneumonia, and others.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
Vi antigen-Capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi-polysaccharide (heat labile), Role in preventing phagocytosis, may mask O Ag, removed by heating.
Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose. Positive nitrate and catalase, non-hemolytic. Except for Plesiomonas, they are oxidase negative.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
Vi antigen-Capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi-polysaccharide (heat labile), Role in preventing phagocytosis, may mask O Ag, removed by heating.
Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose. Positive nitrate and catalase, non-hemolytic. Except for Plesiomonas, they are oxidase negative.
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. The Gram Stain
Christian Gram (1884) developed gram staining
process.
Stains interact differently with a particular type of
cell wall.
Cells will be either Gram positive / Gram negative.
3. What is a gram (-) bacteria?
• Gram-negative bacteria are a group
of bacteria that do not retain the crystal
violet stain used in the Gram staining method of
bacterial differentiation, making positive
identification possible.
4. Gram negative bacteria
• Gram negative: A group of bacteria that do not retain the crystal
violet dye after the differential staining procedure known as Gram
staining. They appear pink due to the counterstain.
• Gram positive appears purple.
• The difference between Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria
is the cell wall structure, which accounts for the different staining
characteristics
6. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
1. Cell membrane (cytoplasmic).
2. Thin peptidoglycan layer (which is much thicker in gram-
positive bacteria)
3. Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS, which
consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) in its outer
leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet
4. Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for
particular molecules
5. There is a space between the peptidoglycan layer and the
secondary cell membrane called the periplasmic space
7. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
6. The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane rather
than the peptidoglycan
7. If present, flagella have four supporting rings instead of two
8. No teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are present
9. Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone.
8. Gram Negative
The Gram-negative cell wall is composed of a thin, inner layer of peptidoglycan and an
outer membrane consisting of molecules of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS),
lipoproteins and sutface proteins. The lipopolysaccharide consists of lipid A and O
polysaccharide.
9. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
Thin peptidoglycan layer
(which is much thicker
in gram-positive
bacteria)
10. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS, which
consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) in its
outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet
11. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act
like pores for particular molecules
12. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
There is a space
between the
peptidoglycan layer
and the secondary
cell membrane called
the periplasmic
space
13. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
The S-layer is
directly attached to
the outer membrane
rather than the
peptidoglycan
S Layer – Crystalline layer on top of either gram-positive or gram-negative bugs. The S
Layer may increase virulence, and it may also help in adhesion.
14. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
If present, flagella have four
supporting rings instead of
two
15. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
No teichoic acids or
lipoteichoic acids are present
16. Characteristics of gram negative bacteria:
Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone.
18. Acetic acid bacteria
derive their energy from the
oxidation of ethanol to acetic
acid during fermentation.
aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria.
Acetic acid bacteria are airborne
and are ubiquitous in nature.
19. Acinetobacter baumannii
It can be an opportunistic
pathogen in humans, affecting
people with compromised
immune systems
Colloquially, A. baumannii is
referred to as 'Iraqibacter' due
to its seemingly sudden
emergence in military
treatment facilities during
the IraqWar.
20. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
s the causal agent of crown
gall disease (the formation
of tumours)in over 140 species
of eudicots.
Economically, A. tumefaciens is a
serious pathogen of walnuts, grape
vines, stone fruits, nut trees, sugar
beets, horse radish, andrhubarb.
21. Arcobacter
It shows an unusually wide range of
habitats, and some species can be
human and animal pathogens
Symptoms of infections include
diarrhea associated with abdominal
pain, nausea, and vomiting or fever
22. Arcobacter
It shows an unusually wide range of
habitats, and some species can be
human and animal pathogens
Symptoms of infections include
diarrhea associated with abdominal
pain, nausea, and vomiting or fever
23. Bacteroides
obligate anaerobic bacteria
Some species (B. fragilis, for
example) are opportunistic human
pathogens, causing infections of the
peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal
surgery, and appendicitis via abscess
formation
24. Bdellovibrio
obligate anaerobic bacteria
The Bdellovibrio cell
uses hydrolytic enzymes to break
down the host cell molecules, which
it uses to elongate and form a
filament and gets the host cell
nutrients
26. Gram Negative Spiral Bacteria
Slender and flexible, come in a
lot of different shapes
More rigid than spirochetes
Ex. – Campylobacter jejuni
Symptom – tenesmus: the
sensation of desire to defecate,
which is common and occurs
frequently , with out the
production of significant amounts
of feces (often small amounts of
mucous or blood are alone
passed).
27. Gram Negative Spirochetes
pathogenic
very flexible
tightly coiled, helically coiled
Example
syphilis
Treponema pallidum
28. Gram Negative Spirochetes
Most of pathogenic
Very flexible
Tightly coiled, helically coiled
Example
Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
(organism gets lodged in
tissues)
31. Gram Negative Aerobic Rods
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(pigmented)
Needs moisture
Common in hospitals
Opportunistic pathogen –
causes UTI, skin, and lung
infection
32. Gram Negative Facultative Rods
Vibrio
V. cholerae
Most well known of group
Very severe dysentery. Can lose
10-15 liters of water/day. Leads
to hypovolemia – low water, hardly
any water in body
V. vulnificus
Very pathogenic
Can cause flesh eating disease,
if it gets in a wound
V. parahaemolyticus
Found in shellfish – oysters
Halophile – loves salt (will find in
oceans, estuaries)
Self limiting
34. Gram Negative Anaerobic Rods
Fusobacterium
Live in between teeth
and gums
Cause tooth abscesses
and periodontal disease
Teeth have nothing to
anchor – bone is
destroyed
35. Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli
(plump rods)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae –
Usually a diplococcus in
PMN
Sexually Transmitted
Disease
very antibiotic resistant
36. Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli
(plump rods)
Neisseria meningitidis
very infectious and
communicable.
37. Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli (plump
rods)
Acinetobacter baumanni
- opportunistic, UTI, skin,
and upper respiratory
38. Chlamydia Gram Negative Rods
(Transitional)
Very short little rods
Transitional – doesn’t hold stain well
Do not have the ability to synthesize
own ATP, therefore and obligate
intracellular parasite of other
animals (humans)
Can go asymptomatic for a long time
Ex.
C. trachomatis – STD, causes eye
infection
C. psittaci – parrot (associated with
birds)
39. Rickettsia Gram Negative Rod
(Transitional)
Small gram negative rods
Transitional – doesn’t hold
stain well
Can’t synthesize it’s own NAD,
coenzyme A, therefore an
obligate intracellular parasite
Causative agent of Rocky
Mountain Spotted Fever
Example
R. Prowazekii
Lipopolyssacharides - e large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide. Porins are involved in the exchange of nutrients over the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria but are also involved in pathogenesis
An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope commonly found in bacteria, as well as among archaea.[1] It consists of a monomolecular layer composed of identical proteins or glycoproteins. The main function of teichoic acids is to provide rigidity (stiffness) to the cell-wall by attracting cations such as magnesium and sodium
Teichoic acids are found within the cell wall of most Gram-positive bacteria. Important in phatogenesis and for bacteria resistance