This document describes procedures for preparing various chemical solutions. It details how to make 3M nitric acid, 1.5M sulfuric acid, 0.5N phosphoric acid by dilution, and 5% and 25% sodium hydroxide solutions by dissolution. The key steps, materials, and dilution/dissolution formulas are provided. Safety tips are also listed at the end regarding handling chemicals and labeling prepared solutions.

1. Experiment #2
CHEM 2
(General & Inorganic
Chemistry)

2.  To prepare solutions of various
concentrations.

3.  100 ml graduated cylinder
 100 ml volumetric flask
 500 ml beaker
 watch glass
 stirring rod
 2 pipette
 2 aspirator
 spatula
 5 empty reagent bottles

4.  concentrated HNO3

5.  concentrated
H2SO4

6.  concentrated
H3PO4

7.  NaOH pellets

8.  distilled water

9. Prepare 3M, 100cc HNO3
solution using concentrated
HNO3 (15.6 N)

10. 80 mL H2O
19.23 mL
conc. HNO3
0.8 mL H2O
graduated
cylinder
beaker
pipette
pipette
volumetric
flask

11. Dilution formula:
M1 V1 = M2 V2
15.6 (V1) = 3 (100)
(V1) = 300/15.6
= 19.2 mL of conc. HNO3
Volume of conc. HNO3 : ____________
Volume of H2O : __________________
Molecular mass of HNO3 : __________
Mole of solute (HNO3) : ____________
80.8 mL
63 g/mol
19.2 mL
0.3 mol

12. Nitric Acids’ Properties :
Molecular formula : HNO3
Apperance : colorless liquid
Solubility in water : completely miscible
Other characteristics: highly corossive acid
made by reaction of NO2 and water
From 19.23 mL of concentrated HNO3 and
80.8 mL of water, the solution that we produced
by using the dilution method (Weakening or
reducing the concentration by the addition of
water) is 3M nitric acid solution (dilute).

13. Prepare 1.5M, 100cc H2SO4
solution using concentrated
H2SO4 (36N).

14. 91.7 mL H2O
8.3 mL
conc. H2SO4
graduated
cylinder
beaker
pipette
volumetric
flask

15. Dilution formula:
M1 V1 = M2 V2
18 (V1) = 1.5 (100)
(V1) = 150/18
= 8.3 mL of conc. H2SO4
Volume of conc. H2SO4 : ____________
Volume of H2O : __________________
Molecular mass of H2SO4 : __________
Mole of solute (H2SO4) : _______
8.3 mL
91.7 mL
98 g/mol
0.15mol

16. Sulfurc Acids’ Properties :
Molecular formula : H2SO4
Apperance : clear, colorless to slightly yellow viscous
and odorless liquid
Solubility in water : miscible
Other characteristics: non-flammable but highly
corossive. It is pungent-ethereal. It is also soluble in
water in all concentrations.
From 8.3 mL of concentrated H2SO4 and
91.7 mL of water, the solution that we produced
by using the dilution method (Weakening or
reducing the concentration by the addition of
water) is 1.5M sulfuric acid solution (dilute).

17. Prepare of 0.5N, 100cc H3PO4
solution using concentrated
H3PO4 (44.4 N)

18. 98.9 mL H2O
1.1 mL
conc. H3PO4
graduated
cylinder
beaker
pipette
volumetric
flask

19. Dilution formula:
N1 V1 = N2 V2
44.4 (V1) = 0.5 (100)
(V1) = 0.5 (100) / 44.4
= 1.1 mL of conc. H3PO4
Volume of conc. H3PO4 : ____________
Volume of H2O : __________________
Molecular mass of H3PO4 : __________
Mole of solute (H3PO4) : ____________
Mass of H3PO4 : __________
1.1 mL
98.9 mL
97.97 g/mol
1.64 g

20. Phosporic Acids’ Properties :
Molecular formula : H3PO4
Apperance : viscous and colorless liquid
Solubility in water : miscible
Other characteristics: deliquescent, non-toxic acid
which, in pure, is solid.
From 1.1 mL of concentrated H3PO4 and
98.9 mL of water, the solution that we produced
by using the dilution method (Weakening or
reducing the concentration by the addition of
water) is 0.5N phosphoric acid solution (dilute).

21. Prepare 5% 100cc NaOH
solution.

22. 5 g NaOH
pellets
Add 5 mL of
distilled H2O
weigh an empty
watch glass
Dissolve in 90 mL
distilled water
stir volumetric
flask
beaker
Until obtaining
100 mL of 5%
NaOH solution

23. Mass of NaOH pellets : ____________
Volume of H2O : __________________
5 g
95 mL
Using solubility method...

24. Sodium Hydroxide’s Properties :
Molecular formula : NaOH pellets
Apperance : white, waxy, opaque crystals, odorless
Solubility in water : miscible
Other characteristics: caustic, readily absorb moist
when exposed.
From 5 g of NaOH pellets and 95 mL of
water, the solution that we produced by using
the dissolution method is 5% sodium hydroxide
solution (dilute).

25. Prepare 25%, 100cc NaOH
solution.

26. 25 g NaOH
pellets
Add 5 mL of
distilled H2O
weigh an empty
watch glass
Dissolve in 70 mL
distilled water
stir volumetric
flask
beaker
Until obtaining
100 mL of 5%
NaOH solution

27. Mass of NaOH pellets : ____________
Volume of H2O : __________________
25 g
75 mL

28. Sodium Hydroxide’s Properties :
Molecular formula : NaOH
Apperance : white, waxy, opaque crystals, odorless
Solubility in water : miscible
Other characteristics: caustic, readily absorb moist
when exposed.
From 25 g of NaOH pellets and 80 mL of
water, the solution that we produced by using
the dilution method (Weakening or reducing
the concentration by the addition of water) is
25% sodium hydroxide solution (dilute).

29. Repeat procedure 4 and solve
for the molality of solution.

30. Molality:
m = nA = wtA = 5g = 0.125 mol
kgB mwA 40g/mol 0.095 kg
kgB 0.095 kg
= 1.32 m
Volume of solution (L) : __0.1 L________________
Molecular mass of NaOH : __________
Mole of solute (NaOH) : ____________
Mass of solvent (kg) : ______0.095 kg____________
Molar concentration (m) : _____1.25 M_______
40 g/mol
0.125 mol

31.  When making chemical solutions, always use the
appropriate safety equipment.
 As a general rule, always add the more concentrated
solution to the less concentrated solution.
 All chemicals that you are unfamiliar with should be
treated with extreme care and assumed to be highly
flammable and toxic.
 Label all prepared acid solutions before storing them with
at least the name of the acid, concentration, hazard
warning or how the acid can hurt you, and date prepared
on the label.

32.  in experiment 1, we have prepared 3M nitric acid by
using dilution method where we added 80.8 mL of
H2O to 19.23 mL conc. nitric acid.
 in experiment 2, we have prepared 1.5M sulfuric
acid by using dilution method where we added
91.7 mL of H2O to 8.3 mL conc. sulfuric acid.
 in experiment 3, we have prepared 0.5N phosphoric
acid by using dilution method where we added
98.9 mL of H2O to 1.1 mL conc. phosphoric acid.
In the first three experiment, we have used the
dilution method. It is the process where we weakens
the concentration of the substance, but the amount
of solute does not change.

33.  in experiment 4, we have prepared 5% sodium
hydroxide solution by dissolving 5g NaOH
pellets in 95 mL distilled H2O.
 in experiment 5, we have prepared 25% sodium
hydroxide solution by dissolving 25g NaOH
pellets in 75 mL distilled H2O.
In the last two experiments, we have used the
solubility method where a amount of substance is
dissolved in a given quantity of solvent to form a
saturated solution.

34.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/preparingsoluti
ons
 Modules in GENERAL CHEMISTRY (Inorganic
and Organic)