This document discusses the hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels. It outlines several hormones that increase blood glucose, including glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, ACTH, growth hormone, and thyroxine. These hormones cause the liver to produce glucose or break down glycogen and fat stores to release glucose. Insulin and somatostatin decrease blood glucose by promoting the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and suppressing glucagon secretion. The pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland all secrete hormones that work together to maintain blood glucose homeostasis.

1. HORMONAL REGULATION OF
BLOOD GLUCOSE
(DIABETES MELLITUS)
S.S.RAJENDRAN.,M.PHARM
N.SANTHI.,M.PHARM
RVS COLLEGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SULUR, TAMILNADU,INDIA

2. Hormones Involved in
Regulation of blood glucose

3. Hormones Involved in
Regulation of blood glucose
• DECRESE Blood
Glucose
• Insulin
• Somatostatin
• INCREASE Blood
Glucose
• Glucagon
• Epinephrine
• Cortisol
• ACTH
• Growth Hormone
• Thyroxine

4. Hormones from pancreas
GLUCAGON
INSULIN
SOMATOSTATIN

5. Alpha (α) cells secrete glucagon, which elevates the level of glucose in the blood.
 Beta (β) cells secrete insulin, which decrease the level of glucose.
Delta (δ) cells secrete somatostatin, which regulates the α and β cells.
F cells secretes a polypeptide that inhibits the digestive enzymes produced in the
pancreas.
HORMONES SECRETED IN PANCREAS

6. Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas.
 It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the
absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by
causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy.
Tissue of Origin
Pancreatic β Cells
Metabolic Effect
Enhances entry of glucose into cells;
Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids;
 Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins;
Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free
fatty acids.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Lowers
INSULIN

7. ACTION OF INSULIN

8. Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor(SRIF)) or somatotropin release-inhibiting
hormone
It is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects
neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled
somatostatin receptors
Inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.
Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.
Tissue of Origin
Pancreatic δ Cells
Metabolic Effect
Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally);
Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Lowers
SOMATOSTATIN

9. ACTION OF SOMATOSTATIN
Somatostatin DECREASE glucagon secretion & Lowers the blood glucose level

10. Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, that
raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
 Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers the glucose concentration.]
 The pancreas releases glucagon when the concentration of glucose in the
bloodstream falls too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen
into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream.
Tissue of Origin
Pancreatic α Cells
Metabolic Effect
Enhances release of glucose from glycogen;
Enhances synthesis of glucose from amino acids or fatty acids.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises
GLUCAGON

11. ACTION OF GLUCAGON

12. ACTION OF GLUCAGON & INSULIN

13. Hormones from adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
Adrenal cortex
Cortisol

14. . Tissue of Origin
Adrenal medulla
Metabolic Effect
Enhances release of glucose from glycogen;
Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises
EPINEPHRINE

15. ACTION OF EPINEPHRINE

16. Tissue of Origin
Adrenal cortex
Metabolic Effect
Enhances gluconeogenesis;
 Antagonizes Insulin.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises
CORTISOL

17. ACTION OF CORTISOL

18. Hormones from anterior pituitary
gland
ACTH
Growth Hormone

19. Tissue of Origin
Anterior pituitary
Metabolic Effect
Enhances release of cortisol;
Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises
ACTH

20. ACTION OF ACTH

21. Tissue of Origin
Anterior pituitary
Metabolic Effect
Antagonizes Insulin
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises
GROWTH HORMONE

22. Reduction in the blood glucose level also promotes secretion of ACTH and the growth
hormone from the pituitary gland through the hypothalamus.
ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to promote glucocorticoid secretion (cortisol in humans).
Hyperglycemic hormones such as glucagon, adrenalin, cortisol, and the growth
hormone act on the muscles and liver to promote glycogen decomposition and
also inhibit glucose infiltration into the heart and muscles, which
are organs that consume glucose.
ACTION OF GROWTH HORMONE

23. HORMONE FROM THYROID
GLAND
THYROXINE

24. Tissue of Origin
Thyroid
Metabolic Effect
Enhances release of glucose from glycogen;
Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises
THYROXINE

25. ACTION OF THYROXINE