Conjunctival bleeding
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Hypertension, trauma, sneezing or coughing can cause tiny blood vessels in the conjunctiva and sclera to rupture, resulting in red patches on the white of the eye known as subconjunctival hemorrhage. A physical exam and eye exam can diagnose the condition, which is typically managed by avoiding aspirin and potentially using antibiotics to prevent infection.
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A tracheostomy is a surgically created opening in the trachea (windpipe) through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted to provide an airway. There are several types including elective, emergency, and percutaneous tracheostomy. Indications include upper airway obstruction, need for prolonged mechanical ventilation, and inability to clear secretions. The procedure involves making an incision through the neck into the trachea and inserting a tracheostomy tube. Complications can include bleeding, infection, and tracheal stenosis. Ongoing care involves cleaning the stoma, suctioning secretions, monitoring tube placement, and providing nutrition and communication methods.
Tonsilitis
This document discusses tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils. It defines tonsillitis and lists its common causes as various bacteria like streptococcus, staphylococcus, and pneumococcus. Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, poor nutrition, and upper respiratory tract infections. The document outlines the clinical features of tonsillitis such as sore throat, dysphagia, fever, and enlarged tonsils. It also discusses the diagnosis, management with antibiotics and other treatments, and potential complications of tonsillitis like peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscesses.
Speech disorder
This document defines and classifies various communication disorders including stuttering, cluttering, dysprosody, muteness, articulation disorders, phonemic disorders, voice disorders, dysarthria, apraxia, and aphasia. It describes the characteristics and examples of each disorder. Causes may include issues with the vocal cords, nerves, muscles, throat, brain damage, respiratory muscle weakness, or stroke. Diagnosis involves a health check, physical exam, and tests like the Denver articulation screening test or Peabody picture vocabulary test. Management includes speech therapy, rehabilitation exercises, and voice therapy. Speech therapy provides language and articulation exercises to help improve communication skills.
Sinusitis
Sinusitis is an infection and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. It can be acute (lasting less than 4 weeks) or chronic (lasting more than 3 months). Common causes include viruses, bacteria, pollutants, fungi, and respiratory infections. Clinical features include headache, pain in the maxillary antrum region that worsens with bending or coughing, runny nose, cough, loss of smell, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves a health history, physical exam, imaging like x-rays or CT scans, and potentially culture sensitivity testing. Management includes prophylactic measures, medications like antibiotics and decongestants, steam inhalation, and procedures like sinus washouts or balloon sinuplasty
Rhinitis
This document defines and classifies rhinitis as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be acute or chronic. It discusses the causes of rhinitis including viruses, allergens, and medications. The clinical features and treatment options are also outlined. Rhinitis presents with symptoms like sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge that typically resolve within a week without treatment but may require decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or antibiotics if a secondary bacterial infection develops.
Pharyngitis
This document defines acute pharyngitis (sore throat) as a sudden painful inflammation of the pharynx caused by viral or bacterial infections. Common symptoms include pain when swallowing, fever, redness and swelling in the throat. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, culture tests, and rapid strep tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and a soft diet. Chronic pharyngitis is a persistent throat inflammation characterized by multiple white growths on the tonsils or throat, often in people exposed to irritants like dust, voice overuse, smoking or drinking. Medical management aims to relieve symptoms and correct infections through medications, surgery and lifestyle changes.
Peritonsillar abscess
This document discusses peritonsillar abscess, which is a collection of pus between the tonsillar capsule and surrounding tissues that can develop after a tonsillar infection progresses to a local cellulitis and abscess. Recurrent tonsillitis and foreign bodies can cause peritonsillar abscess. Symptoms include fever, pain when swallowing, dribbling saliva, inability to open the mouth, and tender swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, corticosteroids, throat irrigation, and occasionally procedures to manage an airway if obstruction occurs. Surgical options for management include needle aspiration, incision and drainage, or tonsillectomy. Comp
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Conjunctival bleeding
- 1. Mr. Manikandan.T, RN., RM., M.Sc(N)., D.C.A .,(Ph.D) Assistant Professor, Dept. of Medical Surgical Nursing, VMCON, Puducherry.
- 2. Definition • Rupture of tiny blood vessels underneath the conjunctiva and sclera causing hemarrhage
- 3. CAUSES • Hypertension • Basal skull fracture • Eye trauma • Bleeding disorder • High venous pressure – sneezing, coughing, heavy lifting, diving fro hieght
- 4. Symptoms • bright red patch on the white (sclera) and conjunctiva of your eye.
- 5. Diagnosis • H.C • P/E • EYE Exam
- 6. Management • Antibiotics • Avoid aspirin