Genetic engineering involves altering an organism's genetic material, employing tools like vectors, restriction enzymes, and selection mechanisms. It has various industrial applications across food, textiles, and pharmaceuticals, enhancing product yield through methods like overcoming rate-limiting steps and eliminating feedback regulation. Genetically engineered microbes have been developed to significantly improve health, agriculture, and environmental outcomes.

1. Genetic Engineering:
 Genetic Engineering involves changing
the genetic material in an organism to
alter its traits or product.
 A recombinant DNA molecules contains
DNA fragment splice together from 2 or
more organisms.

2. Element Of Genetic
Engineering:
Genetic Engineering required the
following element:
1. Vectors.
2. Restriction Enzymes.
3. Mechanism in joining the fragment.
4. Selection or detection of successful
cloning.

3. 1.Vectors:
 It must be able to replicate.
 There must be some way to introduce
vector DNA into the cell.
 Most common vectors are plasmid,
phaged and virus

4. 2.Restriction Enzymes:
 Enzyme that cuts and recognize specific
base sequence in a DNA molecules.
 R.E are also called molecular scissor.
 They cut the phosphodiester bond
between the two nucleotides.
 Cutting Patterns:
1. Blunt End
2. Sticky End

5. 3. Joining Fragment:
 Joining may be in cohesive or sticky end
and blunt end which required
homopolymer tailing or synthesis of
linker molecules.
 Increasing the DNA concentration and
addition of ligas.

6. 4.Selection And Detection:
 Selection may be done in antibiotic
resistance gene and colony or plaque
hybridization technique.

7. Gene Transfer methods Used
with several Commercially
Important Microorganism:
Type of organism
Aspergillus
Bacillus
Corynebacterium
Industrial
application
Food
fermentations
Industrial
enzymes
Antibiotics
Amino Acids
Gene transfer
Method
Protoplast
transformation
Electroporation
Protoplast
transformation
Conjugation
Electroporation

8. Type of
organism
Yeast
Escherichia coli
Industrial
application
Food and
beverage
fermentations
Therapeutic
protein
production
Gene transfer
Method
Protoplast
transformation
Transformation
of competent
cells

9. Approaches To Enhancing
Product Yield:
 Usually production levels of metabolite
of commercial value such as amino acid
Vitamins and antibiotics by un altered
natural producing micro organism are
unite low enhancing metabolite yield is
therefore essential for meeting the
product demand and for maintaining an
economically viable process
 Several approaches have been applied
to increase the production rate:

10. 1.Over coming Rate Limiting
Steps:
 Rate limiting step refer to the step in a
biosynthetic pathway that restrain the
flow of intermediates and thereby limit
the overall production of the final
products
 The classical approach to identify rate
limiting steps is to feed pathway
intermediate to the producing strain.

11.  If the intermediate is not converted to
the final product assuming it is
transferred into the cell.
 One or more steps between the
intermediate and the final products are
limiting.

12. 2. ELIMINATING FEEDBACK
REGULATION:
 One mechanism by which
microorganism control the production of
essential metabolite
 Such as Amino acid is feedback
regulation
 An essential example is isolucine an
amino acid produced by c-glutamicum
 In c-glutamicum theronine dehydrates
the first commited enzyme

13.  Isolucine production was increased by
releiving the feed back inhibition
 either by amplifying the native gene
encoding the enzyme or by expressing
the E coli gene.

14. Some genetically Engineered
Microbe And Their Industrial
Use:
1.Food Industry:
Enzyme manufactured by genetic
engineer are used in food industry.
Well known example include the use of
Chymosin for cheese making and
pectinases for fruit and beverage
processing.

15. 2. Textile Industry:
 Microbial enzyme have been used in the
textile industry.
 Conventional method for production
include optimizing medium, composition
growth condition and fermentation
process.
 Genetic engineering offers a possibility
in which high level enzyme production is
achieved

16.  Amylase have been used for many
years to remove starch sizes from
fabrics known as desizing originally
amylase from plant or animal source
were used.
 Later they were replaced by amylase of
bacterial origin.

17. 3. Genetically Engineered
Microbe And Their
Commercial Product:
Micro-organism
1.Acetobactor
suboxydans
2.c- glutamicium
3.M-Succini
producens
PRODUCTED
Ascrobic acid
tryptopan
Succic acid
lactic acid
Gene Alteration
Sorbitol
dehydrogenas
gene
Tryptophan
Synthase B
gene modification

18. Micro-organism
4.Penicillin
crysogenum
5.Asperigillus
niger
PRODUCTED
penicillin
citric acid
Gene Alteration
Strain
improvement

19. CONCLUSION:
 Genetically Engineered Microbe have
been developed to benefit human
health, agriculture and the environment.
 Advanced in functional genomics and
bioinformatics tools combined with
recombinant DNA technology.
 We help us better understand the
physiology and metabolic potential of
the organism.

20.  We study and in turn will lead to the
development of genetically engineered
microbe best suited to our needs.

21. The END