In nuclear biology and molecular biology, a marker gene is a gene used to determine if a nucleic acid sequence has been successfully inserted into an organism's DNA.
In nuclear biology and molecular biology, a marker gene is a gene used to determine if a nucleic acid sequence has been successfully inserted into an organism's DNA.
for cloning and expression of exogenous gene or gene throthrough vector it must be introduced into the host cell through transformation , ,transduction, electroporation gene gun etc.
Hi, I am RAFi ,student of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Jashore university of science & Technology. It is my first uploading slide in slideshare.I am so glad for doing this work.
Gene transfer technology pharmacology biotechnology basic methods
Natural, physical, chemical methods of gene transfer.
Along with advantages and limitations, and applications.
A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
The core principle behind microarrays is hybridization between two DNA strands, the property of complementary nucleic acid sequences to specifically pair with each other by forming hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
2. Transformation
Gene transfer is the uptake of foreign DNA or
transgene by plant cells.
It is the subsequent stable integration &
expression of a foreign DNA into the genome.
3. Methods of Transformation
There are mainly 2 methods of gene transfer:
Indirect (Agrobacterium-mediated) gene transfer
Gene transfer is done by using the bacteria Agrobacterium
tumificiens.
Direct gene transfer
the gene is directly transferred into the host by using various
techniques.
4.
5. Electroporation
Plant materials is incubated in a buffer solution
containing DNA and subjected to high-voltage electric
pulse.
The DNA then migrates through high-voltage-induced
pores in the plasma membrane and integrates into the
genome.
It can be used to transform all the major cereals
particularly rice, wheat, maize.
It can be used to deliver DNA into plant cells and
protoplasts.
6.
7. There are two systems of
electroporation
1. Low voltage – Long pulses
300-400 V cm-1 for 10-50 ms
Produce high rates of transient transformation
2. High voltage – Short pulses
1000-1500 V cm-1 for 10μs
Produce high rates of stable transformation
Transformation frequency can be improve
A prior heat shock treatment to protoplast
Presence of low conc. PEG (8%)
8. Advantages:
Both intact cells and tissue can be transformed.
The efficiency of transformation depends upon the plant
materials
Disadvantages
~40 to 50% incubated cells receive DNA
~50% of the transformed cells can survive
9. Microinjection
Direct injection of DNA into plant protoplast or cell
using fine tipped (0.5-10um diameter) pipette.
Protoplasts are immobilised on the agarose or held
with a micropipette under suction.
DNA is injected into the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Frequency of transformation:
Nucleus(14%)
Cytoplasm(6%)
Successful transformation achieved in tobacco, alfalfa,
Brassica sp.
Transformation frequency ranging from 14-60%
12. Macroinjection
Macroinjection is the method tried for artificial DNA
transfer to cereals plants that show inability to
regenerate and develop into whole plants from
cultured cells.
Needles used for injecting DNA are with the
diameter greater than cell diameter. (>10-100um).
First study (1987), DNA was injected into developing
rye(cereal grain), & a low frequency of 0.07% was
recorded.
13. Advantages
This technique does not require protoplast.
Instrument is simple and cheap.
Methods may prove useful for gene transfer into
cereals which do not regenerate from cultured cell
easily.
Technically simple.
Limitations
1. Less specific.
2. Less efficient.
3. Frequency of transformation is very low.(0.07%)
14. Biolistic Method
Firstly used by Klein et al (1987) & Sanford et al
(1987).
Also called as, Ballistic method / Gene gun method /
Particle bombardment / Particle gun method /
Microprojectile.
Gene gun is developed to enable penetration of
the genetic material containing a gene of interest
in the cell.
1-2μm tungsten or gold particles (micro-
projectiles)are used, coated with the DNA.
Acceleration is given to enter the micro-projectiles into
the plant cells.
17. Advantages
This method can be use to transform all plant species.
Transformation protocol is relatively simple.
Disadvantages
High cost of the equipment and microcarriers.
Intracellular target is random (cytoplasm, nucleus,
vacuole, plastid, etc.).
Transfer DNA is not protected.
18. Liposome mediated gene transfer
Liposomes are spheres of lipids used to transport
molecules into the cells.
These are artificial vesicles that can act as delivery
agents for exogenous materials including transgenes.
They are considered as sphere of lipid bilayers
surrounding the molecule to be transported and
promote transport after fusing with the cell
membrane.
19.
20. Cationic lipids are those having a positive charge are
used for the transfer of nucleic acid.
Liposomes are able to interact with the negatively
charged cell membrane more readily than uncharged
liposomes
Due to fusion between cationic liposome and cell
surface results in the delivery of DNA directly
across the plasma membrane.
21. Advantages
High degree of reproducibility.
Long term stability.
Protection of nucleic acid from degradation.
22.
23. PEG mediated gene transfer
Polyethylene glycol (PEG), in the presence of divalent
cations (using Ca2+), destabilizes the plasma
membrane of protoplasts and renders it permeable to
naked DNA.
In this way, the DNA enters nucleus of the protoplasts
and gets integrated with the genome.
Culture of protoplasts is taken into a tube and to this
tube 40% PEG 4000 (w/v) dissolved in mannitol and
calcium nitrate is added slowly.
Then incubated for few min.
24. Process
Protoplast suspended in medium (Mg and Ca ions)
Heat shock treatment (5min, 45 ˚C)
PEG added (20-28% conc.)
Incubation (calcium conc. enhenced)
cultured
25. Advantages
A large number of protoplasts can be simultaneously
transformed.
Can successfully use for a wide range of plant species.
Limitations
The DNA is susceptible for degradation.
Random integration of foreign DNA into genome may
result in undesirable traits.
Regeneration of plants from transformed protoplasts is
a difficult task.
26. Agrobacterium mediated gene
transfer
Agrobacterium is soil borne, gram negative, rod shaped,
motile found in rhizosphere.
Causative agents of “Crown gall” .
Size od plasmid is about 200 kb.
Contain a vir region ~ 35-40 kb at least 8-11 vir genes.
27.
28. T-DNA
Size 12 – 24 kb
Left and right border sequence (24-bp) which will be
transferred into genome of host plant
The T-DNA contains eight potential genes.
29.
30.
31. Process of T-DNA transfer and
integration
Identify a suitable explants:
Suitable plant tissue is removed and sterilized.
Co-cultivate with the Agrobacterium:
Small pieces of leaf tissue placed into a culture of
Agrobacterium for about 30 mins.
The explants then placed on MS medium without selective
agent.
Incubate explants with Agrobacterium for 2 days to allow
transfer of the T-DNA.
32. Kill the Agrobacterium with a suitable antibiotic:
• The explants are removed from the medium and washed in
cefotaxime.
Select for transformed plant cells:
The explant are transferred to a selective (kanamycin)
medium with cefotaxime.
Auxin, Cytokinin are used to encourage the regeneration of
by organogenesis.
Regeneration of whole plant:
The shoot can be rooted by placing them on solid medium
containing a high auxin to cytokinin ratio.