Biotechnology is challenging subject to teach and understand also..its a very interesting subject in pharmacy..all the power point is made as per your syllabus with point to point discussion.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems.
The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native immunologic properties.
UNIT 4 Microbial genetics:Transformation,Transduction,Conjugation,Plasmids an...Shyam Bass
(6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Microbial genetics:
• Transformation,
• Transduction,
• Conjugation,
• Plasmids and transposons,
• Study of the production of - Penicillins, Citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid,
Griseofulvin,
• Blood Products: Collection, Processing, and Storage of whole human blood,Dried
human plasma, Plasma substitutes
BY- SHYAM BASS
Principal of genetic engineering & its applications inlaraib jameel
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's DNA. It can introduce DNA from other species into a host organism, creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Early applications included creating bacteria that produced human insulin to treat diabetes. Now genetic engineering is used widely in scientific research and agriculture to improve crop yields and traits. It also has medical applications like developing model organisms to study diseases, producing therapeutic proteins and antibodies, and holding promise for future gene therapies and regenerative medicine using stem cells.
UNIT-1 Introduction to biotechnology and enzyme immobilisation Brief introduc...Shyam Bass
(6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
UNIT-1 Introduction to biotechnology and enzyme immobilization Brief introduction to biotechnology, Enzyme biotechnology- methods of enzyme immobilization and applications, biosensors- working and applications of biosensors in pharmaceutical industries
Basic principal of genetic engineering Mahima Dubey
Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.
The document discusses the design of large-scale fermenters used for industrial microbial growth. It outlines key components of fermenter design including supports for optimal organism growth, temperature and pH control systems, aeration and agitation components, and facilities for sampling and removal of biomass/products. Ideal properties of fermenters are also listed, such as ability to operate aseptically at low cost while controlling contamination and foam. Structural components like agitators, baffles, and aeration systems are also described.
This document discusses the design of large scale fermenters and their controls. It describes ideal properties for fermenters including supporting organism growth, temperature and pH control, and ease of use. The basic components of fermenters are then outlined, including their various shapes and sizes, as well as common materials like stainless steel. Monitoring and control systems are also summarized.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems.
The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native immunologic properties.
UNIT 4 Microbial genetics:Transformation,Transduction,Conjugation,Plasmids an...Shyam Bass
(6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
Microbial genetics:
• Transformation,
• Transduction,
• Conjugation,
• Plasmids and transposons,
• Study of the production of - Penicillins, Citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid,
Griseofulvin,
• Blood Products: Collection, Processing, and Storage of whole human blood,Dried
human plasma, Plasma substitutes
BY- SHYAM BASS
Principal of genetic engineering & its applications inlaraib jameel
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's DNA. It can introduce DNA from other species into a host organism, creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Early applications included creating bacteria that produced human insulin to treat diabetes. Now genetic engineering is used widely in scientific research and agriculture to improve crop yields and traits. It also has medical applications like developing model organisms to study diseases, producing therapeutic proteins and antibodies, and holding promise for future gene therapies and regenerative medicine using stem cells.
UNIT-1 Introduction to biotechnology and enzyme immobilisation Brief introduc...Shyam Bass
(6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
UNIT-1 Introduction to biotechnology and enzyme immobilization Brief introduction to biotechnology, Enzyme biotechnology- methods of enzyme immobilization and applications, biosensors- working and applications of biosensors in pharmaceutical industries
Basic principal of genetic engineering Mahima Dubey
Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.
The document discusses the design of large-scale fermenters used for industrial microbial growth. It outlines key components of fermenter design including supports for optimal organism growth, temperature and pH control systems, aeration and agitation components, and facilities for sampling and removal of biomass/products. Ideal properties of fermenters are also listed, such as ability to operate aseptically at low cost while controlling contamination and foam. Structural components like agitators, baffles, and aeration systems are also described.
This document discusses the design of large scale fermenters and their controls. It describes ideal properties for fermenters including supporting organism growth, temperature and pH control, and ease of use. The basic components of fermenters are then outlined, including their various shapes and sizes, as well as common materials like stainless steel. Monitoring and control systems are also summarized.
The document discusses applications of recombinant DNA technology, focusing on important recombinant proteins and their uses. It provides details on the production of human insulin, interferons, and hepatitis B vaccine through recombinant DNA techniques. Human insulin was the first therapeutic protein produced via recombinant DNA, and is made by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli bacteria. Interferons are produced recombinantly in yeast cells, which can properly glycosylate the proteins. The hepatitis B vaccine is made from antigenic proteins of the hepatitis B virus produced recombinantly, potentially through genetic engineering of banana plants.
This document discusses cloning vectors and their use in recombinant DNA technology. It defines a cloning vector as a DNA molecule that can accept foreign DNA and replicate within a host cell to produce multiple clones. Examples provided are plasmids, phages, cosmids, and phagemids. Key features of cloning vectors discussed include origins of replication, selectable markers, and restriction enzyme sites. Specific vectors are described in more detail, such as the E. coli plasmid pBR322, phage lambda, cosmids, and phagemids. Cloning vectors allow for the isolation of genes and determination of nucleotide sequences, as well as the investigation of protein function and identification of mutations.
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY PHARM.ISA HASSAN ABUBAKARISAHASSANABUBAKAR68
PHARMACEUTICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANUFACTURE OF SOME EFFECTIVE DRUGS OR MEDICINE,EXAMPLE LIKE RECOMBINANT DNA VACCINE,RECOMBINANT DNA DRUGS,RECOMBINANT DNA ENZYMES,RECOMBINANT DNA INSULIN,RECOMBINANT DNA YEAST E.T.C. NOWADAYS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES USES THIS RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES.
PRESENTED BY ISA HASSAN ABUBAKAR FROM NIGERIA
This document discusses enzyme biotechnology and methods of enzyme immobilization. It begins by defining enzymes and their function in cells. It then describes the different methods of immobilizing enzymes, including adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, cross-linking/copolymerization, and encapsulation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Overall, the document provides an overview of enzyme biotechnology with a focus on immobilization techniques.
UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermenta...Shyam Bass
UNIT-6 6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-
Following slides include-
Fermentation technology and biotechnological products :
Fermentation methods and general requirements
Study of media
Equipment
Sterilization methods
Aeration process
Stirring
large scale production fermenter design and its various controls
BY- SHYAM BASS
Production of Penicillin, Citric Acid, Vit B12, Glutamic Acid, GriseofluvinTheabhi.in
The document discusses the production of several compounds including penicillin, citric acid, vitamin B12, glutamic acid, and griseofluvin. It focuses on the production of penicillin, describing the microorganism used (Penicillium chrysogenum), fermentation process, and downstream processing steps such as filtration, solvent extraction, precipitation, and crystallization. It also discusses some advantages and disadvantages of penicillin. For citric acid production, it mentions that various microorganisms can be used including fungi, bacteria and yeasts in fermentation processes like submerged, surface, or solid state fermentation.
Production of penicillin and citric acidvijaysrampur
Antibiotics are organic compounds produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations. They are commonly produced by bacteria and fungi. Penicillin was the first natural antibiotic discovered from Penicillium molds by Alexander Fleming. It contains a beta-lactam ring structure and includes natural and semi-synthetic types. Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits that is produced commercially through fermentation using the fungus Aspergillus niger. It has various industrial uses and millions of tons are produced annually mainly through submerged fermentation.
Protein engineering involves modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to improve function for use in medicine, industry, and agriculture. The objectives of protein engineering are to create superior enzymes for specific chemical production, produce enzymes in large quantities, and produce superior biological compounds. Protein engineering aims to alter properties like kinetic properties, thermostability, stability in nonaqueous solvents, substrate specificity, and cofactor requirements to meet industrial needs. Common methods for protein engineering include mutagenesis, selection, and recombinant DNA technology.
Basic principles of genetic engineeringSteffi Thomas
Basic principles of genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA, Genetically Modified organism (GMO), Tools used in genetic engineering, restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, cloning vector, process of genetic engineering, applications of genetic engineering (in animals, plants, human), production of insulin by rDNA technology, gene therapy, possible hazards of genetic engineering
Penicillinase is a bacterial enzyme that inactivates penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. It is produced commercially using Bacillus species through fermentation. The production process involves growing the microbe in a nutrient medium, inducing enzyme production using substances like benzyl penicillin, then recovering and purifying the enzyme. Some key uses of penicillinase include treating penicillin allergies and ensuring the sterility and quality of antibiotic preparations.
This document discusses various applications of protein engineering in different industries and fields. It describes how protein engineering is used in the food industry to modify enzymes like proteases, amylases, and lipases to improve their properties. It also discusses applications in environmental remediation, medicine like cancer treatment, biopolymer production, nanobiotechnology, and redox proteins. The document provides an overview of the wide range of uses of protein engineering across diverse domains.
Therapeutic proteins are proteins engineered for pharmaceutical use. They are produced through recombinant DNA technology and delivered to replace proteins deficient in certain illnesses. Therapeutic proteins are classified based on their pharmacological action, molecular type, and mechanism. They can be produced through microbial bioreactors, mammalian cell culture bioreactors, or by expressing the protein in the milk of transgenic animals. Common therapeutic proteins include hormones, clotting factors, vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies used to treat diseases like cancer, infections, hemophilia, and hepatitis.
Objective:
To create a superior enzymes to catalyze the production of high value specific chemicals.
To produce enzyme in large quantities.
Eliminate the need for co factor in enzymatic reaction.
Change substrate binding sites to increase specificity.
Change the thermal tolerance and pH stability.
Increase protein resistance to proteases.
To produce biological compounds.
Investigate how desired mutations can be introduced into a cloned gene
INTRODUCTION: Monoclonal antibodies can be produced through a technique known as hybridoma technology.
HISTORY: The production of monoclonal antibodies was invented by Niels K.J. Georges, J.F. Kohler and Cesar Milstein in 1975.
PRINCIPLE FOR CREATION OF HYBRIDOMA CELLS: HAT (hypoxanthine aminopterin and thymidine) medium – Only hybridoma cells can proliferate in HAT medium.
PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY): The establishment of hybridomas and production of monoclonal antibodies involves the following steps-
Immunization (ii) Cell fusion (iii) Selection of hybridomas (iv) Screening the products (v) Cloning and propagation (vi) Characterization and storage.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES:
Advantages- Monoclonal antibodies is specific to a given antigenic determinant.
Disadvantages- There is no guarantee that monoclonal antibodies produced is totally virus-free, despite the purification.
APPLICATIONS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: Diagnostic applications, therapeutic applications, protein purification and miscellaneous applications.
REFERENCES:
• Satyanarayana, U. 2016. Biotechnology. Books and Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata. pp. 213-226.
• Gupta, P.K. 2016. Biotechnology and Genomics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. pp. 299-311.
• Owen, J.A., Punt J., Stranford, S.A. and Patricia, P.J. 2013. Kuby Immunology. 7th Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. pp.645-655.
• Singh, B.D. 2017. Biotechnology Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. pp. 172-174.
• Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari, D.K. 2018. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand and Company Limited, New Delhi. pp. 662-663.
The document discusses protein engineering and techniques used for it. Protein engineering involves altering cloned DNA to modify protein properties. It merges molecular biology, protein chemistry, and other disciplines. Techniques include genetic modifications like site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modifications. Site-directed mutagenesis allows specific changes to the DNA base using methods like oligonucleotide primers and PCR. This allows investigation of protein function and commercial applications like creating detergent-stable enzymes. Protein engineering has applications in increasing stability, activity and investigating protein properties.
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
PCR is a technique that amplifies a specific DNA sequence. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample in the presence of primers and a DNA polymerase. During each cycle, the DNA strands are separated by heating, then primers allow the polymerase to selectively copy the target sequence. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA. PCR is used in a wide range of applications including pathogen detection, genetic testing, and forensic analysis due to its ability to rapidly produce large amounts of a specific DNA sequence from a small sample.
The document discusses microbial biotransformation, which refers to biological processes in which microorganisms convert organic compounds into structurally modified reusable products through enzymatic reactions. It notes that biotransformation has several advantages over chemical synthesis, including specificity, mild reaction conditions, and reduced waste. Common biotransformation reactions include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and isomerization. Examples of applications include producing steroids like testosterone and cortisone through microbial transformation, as well as transforming antibiotics, fatty acids, and degrading pollutants.
Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between organisms using recombinant DNA technology. This allows genes to be inserted into host cells and expressed to produce new molecules. Some key applications of genetic engineering include producing human insulin, growth hormones, interferons, and vaccines in E. coli bacteria. Gene therapy uses DNA to treat diseases by replacing mutated genes. Genetic engineering in agriculture can increase pest resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional content of crops and livestock. It has also enabled diagnostic tests for diseases like HIV.
Transgenic organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common examples include crop plants modified for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. Genetic material from other species can be inserted into organisms using techniques like microinjection, retroviral vectors, or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic organisms have applications in producing biological products, testing vaccine and chemical safety, and studying physiology, development, and disease. Regulatory agencies oversee transgenic crops and animals.
The document discusses applications of recombinant DNA technology, focusing on important recombinant proteins and their uses. It provides details on the production of human insulin, interferons, and hepatitis B vaccine through recombinant DNA techniques. Human insulin was the first therapeutic protein produced via recombinant DNA, and is made by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli bacteria. Interferons are produced recombinantly in yeast cells, which can properly glycosylate the proteins. The hepatitis B vaccine is made from antigenic proteins of the hepatitis B virus produced recombinantly, potentially through genetic engineering of banana plants.
This document discusses cloning vectors and their use in recombinant DNA technology. It defines a cloning vector as a DNA molecule that can accept foreign DNA and replicate within a host cell to produce multiple clones. Examples provided are plasmids, phages, cosmids, and phagemids. Key features of cloning vectors discussed include origins of replication, selectable markers, and restriction enzyme sites. Specific vectors are described in more detail, such as the E. coli plasmid pBR322, phage lambda, cosmids, and phagemids. Cloning vectors allow for the isolation of genes and determination of nucleotide sequences, as well as the investigation of protein function and identification of mutations.
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY PHARM.ISA HASSAN ABUBAKARISAHASSANABUBAKAR68
PHARMACEUTICALS BIOTECHNOLOGY IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT INVOLVES THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA FOR THE EFFECTIVE MANUFACTURE OF SOME EFFECTIVE DRUGS OR MEDICINE,EXAMPLE LIKE RECOMBINANT DNA VACCINE,RECOMBINANT DNA DRUGS,RECOMBINANT DNA ENZYMES,RECOMBINANT DNA INSULIN,RECOMBINANT DNA YEAST E.T.C. NOWADAYS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES USES THIS RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICINES.
PRESENTED BY ISA HASSAN ABUBAKAR FROM NIGERIA
This document discusses enzyme biotechnology and methods of enzyme immobilization. It begins by defining enzymes and their function in cells. It then describes the different methods of immobilizing enzymes, including adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, cross-linking/copolymerization, and encapsulation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Overall, the document provides an overview of enzyme biotechnology with a focus on immobilization techniques.
UNIT 6 Fermentation technology, Fermenters, Study of Media, types of fermenta...Shyam Bass
UNIT-6 6th Sem B.Pharma Pharmaceutical Biotechnology-
Following slides include-
Fermentation technology and biotechnological products :
Fermentation methods and general requirements
Study of media
Equipment
Sterilization methods
Aeration process
Stirring
large scale production fermenter design and its various controls
BY- SHYAM BASS
Production of Penicillin, Citric Acid, Vit B12, Glutamic Acid, GriseofluvinTheabhi.in
The document discusses the production of several compounds including penicillin, citric acid, vitamin B12, glutamic acid, and griseofluvin. It focuses on the production of penicillin, describing the microorganism used (Penicillium chrysogenum), fermentation process, and downstream processing steps such as filtration, solvent extraction, precipitation, and crystallization. It also discusses some advantages and disadvantages of penicillin. For citric acid production, it mentions that various microorganisms can be used including fungi, bacteria and yeasts in fermentation processes like submerged, surface, or solid state fermentation.
Production of penicillin and citric acidvijaysrampur
Antibiotics are organic compounds produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations. They are commonly produced by bacteria and fungi. Penicillin was the first natural antibiotic discovered from Penicillium molds by Alexander Fleming. It contains a beta-lactam ring structure and includes natural and semi-synthetic types. Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits that is produced commercially through fermentation using the fungus Aspergillus niger. It has various industrial uses and millions of tons are produced annually mainly through submerged fermentation.
Protein engineering involves modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to improve function for use in medicine, industry, and agriculture. The objectives of protein engineering are to create superior enzymes for specific chemical production, produce enzymes in large quantities, and produce superior biological compounds. Protein engineering aims to alter properties like kinetic properties, thermostability, stability in nonaqueous solvents, substrate specificity, and cofactor requirements to meet industrial needs. Common methods for protein engineering include mutagenesis, selection, and recombinant DNA technology.
Basic principles of genetic engineeringSteffi Thomas
Basic principles of genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA, Genetically Modified organism (GMO), Tools used in genetic engineering, restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, cloning vector, process of genetic engineering, applications of genetic engineering (in animals, plants, human), production of insulin by rDNA technology, gene therapy, possible hazards of genetic engineering
Penicillinase is a bacterial enzyme that inactivates penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. It is produced commercially using Bacillus species through fermentation. The production process involves growing the microbe in a nutrient medium, inducing enzyme production using substances like benzyl penicillin, then recovering and purifying the enzyme. Some key uses of penicillinase include treating penicillin allergies and ensuring the sterility and quality of antibiotic preparations.
This document discusses various applications of protein engineering in different industries and fields. It describes how protein engineering is used in the food industry to modify enzymes like proteases, amylases, and lipases to improve their properties. It also discusses applications in environmental remediation, medicine like cancer treatment, biopolymer production, nanobiotechnology, and redox proteins. The document provides an overview of the wide range of uses of protein engineering across diverse domains.
Therapeutic proteins are proteins engineered for pharmaceutical use. They are produced through recombinant DNA technology and delivered to replace proteins deficient in certain illnesses. Therapeutic proteins are classified based on their pharmacological action, molecular type, and mechanism. They can be produced through microbial bioreactors, mammalian cell culture bioreactors, or by expressing the protein in the milk of transgenic animals. Common therapeutic proteins include hormones, clotting factors, vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies used to treat diseases like cancer, infections, hemophilia, and hepatitis.
Objective:
To create a superior enzymes to catalyze the production of high value specific chemicals.
To produce enzyme in large quantities.
Eliminate the need for co factor in enzymatic reaction.
Change substrate binding sites to increase specificity.
Change the thermal tolerance and pH stability.
Increase protein resistance to proteases.
To produce biological compounds.
Investigate how desired mutations can be introduced into a cloned gene
INTRODUCTION: Monoclonal antibodies can be produced through a technique known as hybridoma technology.
HISTORY: The production of monoclonal antibodies was invented by Niels K.J. Georges, J.F. Kohler and Cesar Milstein in 1975.
PRINCIPLE FOR CREATION OF HYBRIDOMA CELLS: HAT (hypoxanthine aminopterin and thymidine) medium – Only hybridoma cells can proliferate in HAT medium.
PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY): The establishment of hybridomas and production of monoclonal antibodies involves the following steps-
Immunization (ii) Cell fusion (iii) Selection of hybridomas (iv) Screening the products (v) Cloning and propagation (vi) Characterization and storage.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES:
Advantages- Monoclonal antibodies is specific to a given antigenic determinant.
Disadvantages- There is no guarantee that monoclonal antibodies produced is totally virus-free, despite the purification.
APPLICATIONS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: Diagnostic applications, therapeutic applications, protein purification and miscellaneous applications.
REFERENCES:
• Satyanarayana, U. 2016. Biotechnology. Books and Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata. pp. 213-226.
• Gupta, P.K. 2016. Biotechnology and Genomics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut. pp. 299-311.
• Owen, J.A., Punt J., Stranford, S.A. and Patricia, P.J. 2013. Kuby Immunology. 7th Ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. pp.645-655.
• Singh, B.D. 2017. Biotechnology Expanding Horizons. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. pp. 172-174.
• Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari, D.K. 2018. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand and Company Limited, New Delhi. pp. 662-663.
The document discusses protein engineering and techniques used for it. Protein engineering involves altering cloned DNA to modify protein properties. It merges molecular biology, protein chemistry, and other disciplines. Techniques include genetic modifications like site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modifications. Site-directed mutagenesis allows specific changes to the DNA base using methods like oligonucleotide primers and PCR. This allows investigation of protein function and commercial applications like creating detergent-stable enzymes. Protein engineering has applications in increasing stability, activity and investigating protein properties.
This PPT will provide the basic idea of Fermentation technology and it's use. The reference book is 'Pharmaceutical Biotechnology' by Giriraj Kulkarni.
PCR is a technique that amplifies a specific DNA sequence. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample in the presence of primers and a DNA polymerase. During each cycle, the DNA strands are separated by heating, then primers allow the polymerase to selectively copy the target sequence. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA. PCR is used in a wide range of applications including pathogen detection, genetic testing, and forensic analysis due to its ability to rapidly produce large amounts of a specific DNA sequence from a small sample.
The document discusses microbial biotransformation, which refers to biological processes in which microorganisms convert organic compounds into structurally modified reusable products through enzymatic reactions. It notes that biotransformation has several advantages over chemical synthesis, including specificity, mild reaction conditions, and reduced waste. Common biotransformation reactions include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and isomerization. Examples of applications include producing steroids like testosterone and cortisone through microbial transformation, as well as transforming antibiotics, fatty acids, and degrading pollutants.
Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between organisms using recombinant DNA technology. This allows genes to be inserted into host cells and expressed to produce new molecules. Some key applications of genetic engineering include producing human insulin, growth hormones, interferons, and vaccines in E. coli bacteria. Gene therapy uses DNA to treat diseases by replacing mutated genes. Genetic engineering in agriculture can increase pest resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional content of crops and livestock. It has also enabled diagnostic tests for diseases like HIV.
Transgenic organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common examples include crop plants modified for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. Genetic material from other species can be inserted into organisms using techniques like microinjection, retroviral vectors, or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic organisms have applications in producing biological products, testing vaccine and chemical safety, and studying physiology, development, and disease. Regulatory agencies oversee transgenic crops and animals.
This document provides information on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), including their production process and applications in crop improvement. It defines GMOs and discusses common genetic modification techniques like recombinant DNA technology, genetic engineering, and gene splicing. The key steps in GMO production are isolating the gene of interest, inserting it into a vector, transforming the host organism, and selecting transformed offspring. Common transformation methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment. The document also outlines applications of GMOs in increasing crop yields and resistance to pests and diseases.
Recombinant dna techaniques and its applicationBasharatAli103
Recombinant DNA technology involves inserting foreign DNA into a vector, such as a plasmid, and introducing it into a host cell. This allows the gene to be replicated in large quantities. Key steps include using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments, joining DNA fragments with DNA ligase, transforming host cells with the recombinant DNA, and selecting cells containing the inserted gene. Recombinant DNA technology has many applications, including producing human proteins and hormones, genetically engineering crops, and aiding forensics and disease diagnosis.
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different sources to create new combinations. It has many applications in health, agriculture, environment, and industry. In health, it is used to produce vaccines and therapeutic proteins like insulin. In agriculture, it is used to develop stress tolerant, high yielding, and disease resistant crops. In the environment, it can be used to remediate pollutants and produce biofuels from cyanobacteria. In industry, it has applications in food production like cheeses, beverages, and agriculture like golden rice which increases vitamin A levels.
Bio project CLASS12 genetic engeneringRajveer Atal
Rajveer Atal completed a project on genetic engineering for his class. The project focused on recent applications of genetic engineering, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It discussed how genetic engineering is used to modify microbes like bacteria to produce insulin, vaccines, and human growth hormone. The project also covered genetically modified crops that are engineered for pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, and increased nutrients. It summarized the development of transgenic animals and genetically engineered plants. The overall document provided an overview of some key uses and developments in genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's genes. It can be used to remove or insert genes through techniques like recombinant DNA and gene editing. The basics of genetics like genes, genomes, DNA, and chromosomes were discovered in the 1950s-1970s, allowing for genetic manipulation. The first genetically modified organisms were created in the 1970s, including mice and tobacco plants. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, but also raises ethical concerns. It is a complex field with great potential but also uncertainties.
Bio saftey in transgenics & its productsVipin Shukla
Transgenic plants are those plants were we insert an foreign gene in an host genome to modify its characters such as Stress tolerance, Virus resistant, Biotic and Abiotic Tolerance etc.
Biotechnology is the application of living organisms to modify products or develop microorganisms for specific uses. Genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA technology to transfer genes between organisms, producing transgenic organisms. Key tools include vectors to transport genes, restriction enzymes to cut DNA, and DNA ligase to join DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA technology involves cloning genes by inserting them into host cells like E.coli to produce copies. Insulin was the first protein produced using this method. DNA fingerprinting identifies individuals by analyzing variable number tandem repeats in genomic DNA.
This document discusses various applications of recombinant DNA technology, including in vitro mutagenesis, gene synthesis, expressing eukaryotic genes in bacteria like insulin, genetic engineering in yeast and plants, transgenic animals, and gene therapy. For genetic engineering in plants, the document specifically discusses using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the Ti plasmid as a vector to deliver genes to plants, and provides the example of flavr savr tomatoes engineered to have longer shelf life. The document also discusses uses of transgenic animals in basic research and producing useful proteins, as well as methods and delivery techniques for gene therapy.
This document discusses recombinant DNA technology and its applications. It summarizes that Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen developed recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, showing that genetically engineered DNA molecules can be cloned in foreign cells. It then provides examples of how recombinant DNA technology is used in agriculture, medicine, and industry for purposes such as producing important proteins and antibiotics, developing disease-resistant crops, and diagnosing diseases.
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It involves transferring genes within and across species boundaries to produce novel organisms. The first recombinant DNA molecule was created in 1972 by combining DNA from different sources. Genetic engineering can be used to insert new genes into an organism's genome or remove existing genes. The first GMO was a bacterium created in 1973, and genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978. Genetic engineering has applications in research, medicine, industry, and agriculture.
This document provides an introduction to gene transfer techniques. It discusses:
1. The process of gene transfer, which moves a specific piece of DNA into a cell, and genetic transformation, which is the stable integration and expression of a foreign gene into an organism's genome.
2. The two main methods of gene transfer - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment.
3. The steps involved in transformation which include identifying a desirable gene, designing the gene for insertion, inserting the gene into a target plant, and identifying transformed cells.
plant Biotechnology: The application of Plant Biotechnology by use of scientific method to manipulate living cells or organisms for practical uses (manipulation and transfer of genetic material).
XII-12-Biotechnology and its application.pdfr7404070
Biotechnology has applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, agriculture, food processing, bioremediation, water treatment, and energy production. The three critical research areas of biotechnology are providing the best catalyst (usually a microbe or pure enzyme), creating optimal conditions for the catalyst through engineering, and downstream processing technologies to purify proteins or organic compounds. Genetically modified crops are resistant to pests and stresses, reduce losses, and increase nutrient values. However, genetic modification also raises ethical concerns that must be addressed.
Application of recombinant dna technologyMisha Aanand
Recombinant DNA technology involves manipulating genetic material to achieve desired goals. It allows scientists to isolate specific genes and insert them into vectors like plasmids, which are then introduced into host cells. This allows large quantities of the gene and its product to be produced. Key applications include producing insulin, growth hormones, and monoclonal antibodies for medicine; modifying crops for increased yield, herbicide/pest resistance for agriculture; degrading pollutants and producing biofuels for the environment; and DNA fingerprinting for forensics. Diagnostics and gene therapy also benefit from recombinant techniques.
1. Genetic engineering involves artificially manipulating an organism's genes through processes like isolation, cutting, and insertion of DNA from different organisms.
2. Key applications include producing human insulin in bacteria, developing vitamin A rice to prevent blindness, and using pharming to produce medicines in animal milk.
3. While genetic engineering holds promise for improving health, it also raises ethical issues regarding altering natural organisms and potential unintended consequences.
Gene transfer techniques allow for the directed transfer of genes between organisms. There are two main methods - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer genes into plant cells, and direct methods like particle bombardment that directly shoot DNA into cells. The key steps are identifying a desirable gene, cloning it, inserting it into a plant cell, identifying transformed cells, and regenerating a full transgenic plant. This allows for improvements in traits like yield, herbicide and insect resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance, but also raises some risks and concerns about impacts on human health and the environment. Further research is needed to develop genes conferring tolerance to multiple stresses and transfer them to a wide variety of crop varieties
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- Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA as their genetic material but it is organized differently - prokaryotes have a compact circular chromosome while eukaryotes package their DNA
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Protein engineering is the process of designing new proteins or enzymes with desirable functions. It involves modifying amino acid sequences through methods like site-directed and random mutagenesis, as well as recombinant DNA technology. The goal is to produce proteins in large quantities, or create enzymes with improved properties like thermal stability, activity in non-aqueous solvents, or altered substrate binding. Protein engineering has applications in pharmaceuticals, food/detergent industries, environmental remediation, and other areas.
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Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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GENETIC ENGINEERING.pptx
1. •By
•TEJASWINI L . ASAWE
•ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
•SIDHHIS INSTITUTE OF PHAMACY
•THANE .
2. Genetic engineering is the modification of an
organism's by manipulating its genetic material.
Some genetic engineering uses the principle of
recombination.
Recombination is the process through which a
new gene is inserted into a bacterial DNA "The
plasmid".
The DNA needs to be cut with an enzyme called
a restriction enzyme.
The restriction enzyme used must have a specific
shape that allows it to move along the DNA that
is to be cut.
3. The restriction enzyme looks for a specific point
in the DNA sequence at which to cut the DNA.
When the restriction enzyme cuts, it leaves a
"Sticky end" which helps a new gene to attach at
that point.
Another enzyme is used to attach the new DNA
segment; this is called "DNA ligase".
Genetically engineered bacterium is cultured and
many new copies of the bacteria with the new
gene are grown.
Genetic modifications can be made to both
plants and animals.
4. The genetic engineering involves change in
DNA of an organism usually by
Deleting
Inserting
Substituting
Resultant (gene) DNA produce desired
characteristics.
5. Desired gene from DNA
Cut DNA
Bacterial DNA/RNA
Cut Bacterial DNA
Recombine DNA
With desired
characteristics
6. Genetic engineering also called as genetic
modification and genetic manipulation , is
direct manipulation of an organisms gene
using biotechnology.
Ex.
Consider how protein is synthesized from
body.
Human cell
DNA
Cut DNA
Choose desired gene used
to produce protein
7. Take bacterial cell
chromosome
Plasmid
Cut plasmid
Join DNA
and
plasmid
Recombinant plasmid
Transfer r plasmid back into
bacterium
Replication
8. The isolation (choose essential DNA
fragment) of DNA fragment from a donor
organism.
The insertion of an isolated donor DNA
fragment into a vector genome
The growth of recombinant vector in
appropriate host .
9. 1. Production of pharmaceutical products-
The recombinant DNA technology can be employed to produce
human proteins that can be used for treatment of genetic
diseases.
Human insulin ( humulin) is the first therapeutic produced by r
DNA technology by Eli Lilly in 1980 .
Shreya life sciences,pune has started producing the second
generation r DNA based insulin name Recosulin .
the second generation recombinant proteins (muteins) are
produced by site directed mutagenesis and protein
enginnering.
Human growth hormones(hGH) can be synthesized by genetic
engineering.
Alpha interferon and beta interferon were successfully
produced from genetically engineered E-coli cells.
The yeast saccharomyses cerevisiae is more suitable for
production of recombinant interferons.
10. Vaccines are another group of pharmaceutical
products of r DNA technology.
Recombinant vaccines may be classified as subunit
recombinant vaccines, attenuated recombinant
vaccines &vector recombinant vaccine.
Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine( subunit vaccine) is
produced by cloning hepatitis B surface antigen
(HBsAg) in yeast cell.
It was marketed by trade names Recombivax &
Engerix – B .
Transgenic plants (tomato ,potato) have been
developed for expressing antigens derived from
animal viruses.
11. Genetic engineering has solved the problem of
diagnosis of disease by using DNA probe,
monoclonal antibodies & antenatal diagnosis.
DNA probes used for diagnosis of pathogens
contains DNA sequence of genetic material of
parasite.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced against a
variety of proteins, glycoprotein's, glycolipids,
nucleic acid etc.
These antibodies are useful in diagnosis of
cancer, viral diseases, pregnancy, ABO blood
groups and certain hormones.
12. Gene therapy is the process of inserting
genes into cells to treat diseases.
The newly introduced genes will encode
proteins and correct the deficiencies that
occur in genetic disease.
13. Plants and animals are the best source of foods
and pharmaceuticals.
Crop improvement by genetic engineering helps
for improvement of yield or disease resistance.
Agrobacterium tumifactions can be used as a
vector for transferring the desired genes into
plant cells.
Transgenic animals serves as good model for
understanding the human diseases.
Transgenesis is important for improving the
quality and quantity of milk ,meat , eggs and
wool production.
14. The Golden Rice Technology
A japonica variety of rice was engineered with three genes
necessary for the rice grain to produce and store beta-
carotene.
These included two genes from the daffodil plant and a
third from a bacterium.
Researchers used a plant microbe to ferry in the genes into
the plant cells.
The incorporation of these genes allows the rice plant to
modify certain metabolic pathways in its cells to produce
precursors of Vitamin A, which was previously not
possible.
This was considered a technical milestone, as most
agronomic traits engineered to date have only required the
introduction of a single gene.
A four-step process:
15.
16. Agrobacterium is bacteria that uses a
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to cause
tumers in plants .
Agrobacterium used in biotechnology for
plant improvemet.
HGT is the transfer of DNA between different
genomes
[Pop up: A genome is the complete set of
genetic material present in an organism].
HGT can occur in bacteria through
transformation, conjugation and
Transduction. .
17. Bacteria have three ways of transferring bacteria between cells:
Transformation: The uptake and incorporation of external DNA
into the cell thereby resulting in the alteration of the genome
Conjugation: The exchange of genetic material through cell-to-
cell contact of two bacterial cells. A strand of plasmid DNA is
transferred to the recipient cell and the donor cell then synthesis
DNA to replace the strand that was transferred to the recipient
cell.
Transduction: A segment of bacterial DNA is carried from one
bacterial cell to another by a bacteriophage. The bacteriophage
infects a bacterial cell and takes up bacterial DNA. When this
phage infects another cell, it transfers the bacterial DNA to the
new cell. The bacteria can then become a part of the new host
cell.
Agrobacterium also has the ability to transfer DNA between itself
and plants and is therefore commonly used in genetic
engineering. The process of using Agrobacterium for genetic
engineering is illustrated in the diagram below.