Introduction of fats, Reaction of fatty acids, Reaction of fats or oil- Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Halogenation, saponification, Drying of oil, Rancidity, Determination of acid value, saponification value, iodine value, acetyl value,
Properties of fats and oils/Organic chemistry 2/Neet preparation/ Reactions of fats and oil/Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
Also see videos:
Properties of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/ux09yaPPPHw
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
Hi dear students, in this presentation I had explained the introduction, sources, functions and chemistry of fats and oils. I had covered the chemical reactions of fats and oils too, which includes hydrolysis, hydrogenation, Rancidity and drying of oils.
I had covered acid value, saponification value, iodine value, ester value, acetyl value, Reichert meissl value and polenske value of fats and oils. After watching this presentation it will be be able to answer the following questions,
What are fats and oils?
What are fats and oils?
What are the qualitative analysis tests for fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the difference between fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What is triglyceride?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What are essential fatty acids?
What is omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?
How vanaspati ghee is made?
What is acid value?
What is acid number?
What is saponification value?
What is iodine value?
What is ester value?
What is acetyl value?
What is reichert meissl value?
THIS SLIDESHARE CONTAINS THE DESCRIPTION RELATED TO TOPIC LIPIDS FROM PHARMACOGNOSY OF CLASS B.PHARM 4TH SEM. IT IS PREPARED BY SAGAR DHANDAY STUDENT OF B.PHARM. 2ND YEAR (2019 BATCH) IPS, KUK FOR THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
Introduction of fats, Reaction of fatty acids, Reaction of fats or oil- Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Halogenation, saponification, Drying of oil, Rancidity, Determination of acid value, saponification value, iodine value, acetyl value,
Properties of fats and oils/Organic chemistry 2/Neet preparation/ Reactions of fats and oil/Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
Also see videos:
Properties of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/ux09yaPPPHw
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
Hi dear students, in this presentation I had explained the introduction, sources, functions and chemistry of fats and oils. I had covered the chemical reactions of fats and oils too, which includes hydrolysis, hydrogenation, Rancidity and drying of oils.
I had covered acid value, saponification value, iodine value, ester value, acetyl value, Reichert meissl value and polenske value of fats and oils. After watching this presentation it will be be able to answer the following questions,
What are fats and oils?
What are fats and oils?
What are the qualitative analysis tests for fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the difference between fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What is triglyceride?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What are essential fatty acids?
What is omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?
How vanaspati ghee is made?
What is acid value?
What is acid number?
What is saponification value?
What is iodine value?
What is ester value?
What is acetyl value?
What is reichert meissl value?
THIS SLIDESHARE CONTAINS THE DESCRIPTION RELATED TO TOPIC LIPIDS FROM PHARMACOGNOSY OF CLASS B.PHARM 4TH SEM. IT IS PREPARED BY SAGAR DHANDAY STUDENT OF B.PHARM. 2ND YEAR (2019 BATCH) IPS, KUK FOR THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
A Comprehensive Introduction to Lipids and its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests and disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
A Comprehensive Introduction to Lipids and its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests and disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester
Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone).
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds.
They are widely distributed in nature both in plants and in animals.
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Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
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India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
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Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
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"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
2. Lipids
• Group of naturally occurring,
non polar, water insoluble
and hydrophobic substances
found in cells
• These are extractible with
non polar organic solvents
• They have both commercial
as well as biological
importance
3. Biological Importance
• Lubricants in alimentary canal and other
sites of metabolism
• Primary transport system for non polar
compounds
• Important constituents of cell membrane
and cell organelles
• Good food due to high caloric value
• Important for the functioning of nervous
system
• Essential fatty acids in the diet
• Starting materials for other products
• Lipids like fat soluble vitamins and
hormones are important for normal
biological functions
4. Classification of lipids
• Simple lipids
– Fats, oils and waxes (esters of
alcohol and fatty acids)
• Compound lipids (additional
moiety other than alcohol and
acid)
– Phospholipids
– Glycolipids
– Lipoproteins
• Derived lipids (which qualify the
general criteria but cant be grouped in
above classes)
– Steroids and carotenoids
6. Lipids
• Lipids (fixed oils, fats, and waxes)
are esters of long-chain fatty acids
and alcohols, or of closely related
derivatives. The chief difference
between these substances is the
type of alcohol; in fixed oils and fats,
glycerol combines with the fatty
acids; in waxes, the alcohol has a
higher molecular weight, e.g., cetyl
alcohol[CH3(CH2)15OH].
7. • Fats and oils are made from two
kinds of molecules: glycerol (a
type of alcohol with a hydroxyl
group on each of its three
carbons) and three fatty acids
joined by dehydration synthesis.
Since there are three fatty acids
attached, these are known as
triglycerides
8. Triglyceride
O
H2C O C R
O
HC O C R'
O
H2C O C R''
• where R, R', and R" are long alkyl
chains; the three fatty acids
RCOOH, R'COOH and R"COOH can
be all different, all the same, or
only two the same.
9. Structure of Fatty Acids (CH2)6COOH
• The “tail” of a fatty acid is a long
hydrocarbon chain, making it
hydrophobic. The “head” of the
molecule is a carboxyl group which is
hydrophilic. Fatty acids are the main
component of soap, where their tails
are soluble in oily dirt and their
heads are soluble in water to
emulsify and wash away the oily
dirt. However, when the head end is
attached to glycerol to form a fat,
that whole molecule is hydrophobic. H3C
Linoleic acid
10. •The terms saturated, mono-
unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated
refer to the number of hydrogens
attached to the hydrocarbon tails of
the fatty acids as compared to the
number of double bonds between
carbon atoms in the tail.
• Cyclic acids
The only known cyclic acid is
chaulmoogric acid, which is 13
(cyclopentenyl)-tridecanoic acid
11. • Fats, which are mostly from
animal sources, have all
single bonds between the
carbons in their fatty acid
tails, thus all the carbons are
also bonded to the maximum
number of hydrogens
possible.
12. • Since the fatty acids in these
triglycerides contain the
maximum possible amount of
hydrogens, these would be called
saturated fats.
• The hydrocarbon chains in these
fatty acids are, thus, fairly straight
and can pack closely together,
making these fats
solid at
room temperature.
13. • Oils, mostly from plant sources,
have some double bonds between
some of the carbons in the
hydrocarbon tail, causing bends or
“kinks” in the shape of the
molecules.
• Because some of the carbons
share double bonds, they’re not
bonded to as many hydrogens as
they could if they weren’t double
bonded to each other. Therefore
these oils are called unsaturated
fats.
14. • Because of the kinks in the
hydrocarbon tails, unsaturated
fats (or oils) can’t pack as closely
together, making them liquid at
room temperature.
15. • In unsaturated fatty acids, there
are two ways the pieces of the
hydrocarbon tail can be arranged
around a C=C double bond (cis
and trans).
• In cis bonds, the two pieces of the
carbon chain on either side of the
double bond are either both “up”
or both “down,” such that both are
on the same side of the molecule.
• In trans bonds, the two pieces of
the molecule are on opposite sides
of the double bond, that is, one
“up” and one “down” across from
each other.
16. • Naturally-occurring
unsaturated vegetable
oils have almost all cis
bonds, but using oil for
frying causes some of
the cis bonds to
convert to trans bonds.
17. • If oil is used only once like
when you fry an egg, only a
few of the bonds do this so
it’s not too bad. However, if
oil is constantly reused, like
in fast food French fry
machines, more and more of
the cis bonds are changed to
trans until significant
numbers of fatty acids with
trans bonds build up. The
reason for this concern, is
that fatty acids with trans
bonds are carcinogenic, or
cancer-causing.
18. • Although most vegetable oils are
liquid at ordinary temperatures
and most animal fats are solid,
there are notable exceptions,
such as cocoa butter, which is
a solid vegetable oil, and cod
liver oil, which is a liquid animal
fat.
19. Production of fixed oils and fats
• Fixed oils and fats of vegetable
origin are obtained by:
3. Extraction by pressing
Fixed oils are obtained by pressing in
hydraulic presses. If the pressing is
carried out in the cold, the oil is known
as a "virgin oil" or a "cold-pressed
oil." In contrast, if the pressing is
carried out in heat, the oil is known as
a "hot-pressed oil."
5. Extraction by solvents
Sometimes organic solvents are used
for the extraction of oils.
20. • Animal fats are separated from
other tissues by steam, with or
without pressure. The heat melts
the fat, which rises to the top and
may be separated by
decantation.
21. Biosynthesis of lipids
• In plants, biosynthesis of
saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids is from
combinations of acetate units
(acetate pathway).
22. Applications of fixed oils and fats
1. Soap manufacture
2. Suppositories, tablet coating
3. Dietary supplements
4. Emulsifying agents
5. Manufacture of paints, varnishes
and lubricants
6. Therapeutic uses (castor oil).
24. Waxes
• Like fats, waxes are esters of
fatty acids. The alcohol,
however, is not glycerol but
usually a long-chain, high-
molecular weight alcohol.
• In plants, waxes are
generally found covering the
external parts, like the
epidermis of leaves and
fruits, where their main
function is to prevent the loss
of water.
25. • Wax is also produced by
insects, e.g. the honeycombs
of bees and wasps.
USES OF WAX
3. Wax is used in pharmacy to
make soft ointments harder
and to prepare lip salves.
4. The technical uses of waxes
are substantial, e.g. in shoe
polishes and car waxes.
26. Waxes × fixed oils and fats
• Wax has a melting point
above approximately 45 °C
(113 °F) (which differentiates
waxes from fats and oils).
• Fats and oils my be
saponified by means of either
aqueous or alcoholic alkali
but waxes are only saponified
by alcoholic alkali. (this fact is
used for the detection of fats
when added as adulterants to
waxes).
28. Chemical properties of fatty acids
• Salt Formation
• Ester
formation
• Hydrogenation
• Halogenation
29. • Oxidation
– With alkaline KMnO4
(hydroxylation takes place)
– With KMnO4 at elevated
temperature (after
hydroxylation cleavage takes
place to produce lower fatty
acids)
– Ozonolysis (first O3 adds
forming ozonoid which
then produce mixture of
aldehydes)
– Autoxidation (epoxides, peroxides
which undergo reduction to form alcohols-
polymerization to form resins)