1. Steroids are organic compounds that contain a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus and have diverse biological activities including influencing plant, human, and insect development.
2. Many plants contain steroids such as cardiac glycosides, steroidal saponins, and alkaloids that have therapeutic uses including as cardiotonics, expectorants, antitumor agents, and insecticides.
3. Historically, plant steroids like diosgenin and stigmasterol were important precursors for the commercial production and synthesis of steroid hormones but now cholesterol is also used.
Introduction to saponin glycosides, Saponin glycosides, Properties of saponin glycosides, Types of saponin glycosides, chemical tests of saponin glycosides
Alkaloids are basic - they form water soluble salts. Most alkaloids are well-defined crystalline substances which unite with acids to form salts. In plants, they may exist
in the free state,
as salts or
as N-oxides.
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
AN INTRODUCTION TOPLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES :ITS APPLICATIONSSupriya Sankranthi
This presentation is about different types of secondary metabolites produced by the plants and thier applications in different fields like medicine,drugs,cosmetics and perfumery,plant defense,role in ecological balance,textile industries.
Introduction to saponin glycosides, Saponin glycosides, Properties of saponin glycosides, Types of saponin glycosides, chemical tests of saponin glycosides
Alkaloids are basic - they form water soluble salts. Most alkaloids are well-defined crystalline substances which unite with acids to form salts. In plants, they may exist
in the free state,
as salts or
as N-oxides.
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
AN INTRODUCTION TOPLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES :ITS APPLICATIONSSupriya Sankranthi
This presentation is about different types of secondary metabolites produced by the plants and thier applications in different fields like medicine,drugs,cosmetics and perfumery,plant defense,role in ecological balance,textile industries.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Pituitary gland, Thyroid Gland).pptxBipulKrMahto
Endocrine system is a network of gland which produce many functions.
All glands produce different kind of hormone which produce different functions.
Types of Gland
Endocrine Gland
Exocrine Gland
Endocrine Gland
Endocrine gland is a special type of gland which directly produce hormones in blood circulation.
Exocrine Gland
Exocrine gland also important gland which produce hormones by duct
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary gland is a part of Endocrine system which produce many hormones.
Pituitary gland is also called master gland because it is produced its own hormones as well as it is control production of hormones in different glands.
It is the smallest gland oof the body. It is found oval.
Furthermore, it is located in the brain below the hypothalamus.
Parts of Pituitary Gland
Front Lobe/ Anterior Lobe/ Adenohypophysis.
Back Lobe/ Posterior Lobe/ Neurohypophysis
Hormone release by Anterior Lobe
GH (Growth Hormone)
STH (Somatotrophin Hormones)
These hormones are most important for growth and physical development of body
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormones)
These hormones are stimulated to a thyroid gland for production of thyroid hormones.
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormones)
These hormones stimulate an adrenal gland to produce cortisol hormones.
Prolactin
This hormone estimate female breast for production of milk.
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
It is most important for production of egg in female.
LH (Leuitenizing Hormone)
This hormone help to production of estrogen hormones in female and also help to production of Testosterone hormone in male.
Hormone release by posterior Lobe
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Vasopressin Hormone
It helps to body for conservation of water.
OXYTOCIN
It is important for production of breast milk.
It is also important for contraction of uterus.
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland is the largest Endocrine Gland.
It is located in front of the trachea, just below the larynx.
It is found butterfly in shape.
Structure of thyroid gland
It is a bilobed gland.
Both lobes are connected to each other by Isthmus.
This thyroid lobe made up small follicles which are connected to each other by Stroma connective Tissue.
Hormones release by Thyroid Gland
T3 (Triiodothyronine)
It is also called cellular thyroid hormones.
It is important for physical development of body.
It is also important for basal metabolism.
T4 (Tetraiodothyronine)
It is also called thyroxine hormones.
It is also important for physical development of body.
Calcitonin
Its main function is that it help to maintain a calcium level in blood.
Disorder of Thyroid Hormones
Hypothyroidism
This is the medical conditions in which decrease the level of thyroid hormones.
Types of Hypothyroidism
Creationism
It is the condition which is seen in children.
In this condition seen a mental disorder and irregular growth of children’s.
Myxoedema
This condition is only seen in adult person.
In this condition increase the swelling in foot.
Hyperthyroidism(Thyrotoxicosis)
It is the
Autacoids.pptx They have also been called’ local hormones’. However, they di...GirishKashid
Autacoid:
This term is derived from Greek: autos-self, akos-healing substance or remedy.
These are diverse substances produced by a wide Variety of cells in the body, having intense biological activity, but generally act locally (e.g. within inflammatory pockets) at the site of synthesis and release.
Introduction of Steroids
Nomenclature
Sex Hormones
Biosynthesis of sex hormones
Structure, synthesis of Testosterone, Oestriol, Oestradiol, Diethyl stilbestrol, Progesterone
Reference
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. STEROIDS
Steroids may be defined as:
“Any of numerous naturally occurring or synthetic fat
soluble organic compounds having as a basis 14
Carbon atoms arranged in four rings. They include
sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, certain
natural drugs such as Digitalis compounds and
precursors of certain vitamins.”
“A steroid is any compound that contains a
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.”
2
3. The diversity of biologic activities of
steroids includes;
Plant steroids:
Plant steroids are natural products which influence
the development and control of the reproductive
tract in humans(estradiol, progesterone,
testosterone)
The molting of insects (ecdysone)
The induction of sexual reproduction in aquatic
fungi.
3
4. In additions, steroids contribute to a wide
range of therapeutic applications, such as;
Cardiotonics (digitoxin)
Vitamin D precursors (ergosterol)
Oral contraceptive agents (semisynthetic estrogens
and progestins)
Anti-inflammatory agents (corticosteroids)
Anabolic agents (androgens)
4
5. Plant Sterols:
Sterols, also known as steroid alcohols, are a
subgroup of the steroids
Steroidal alcohols C27 – C29 are present in the lipid
fraction of many tissues. These are solids therefore
named as sterols. The most widely occurring sterol is
cholesterol. It has been identified in algae, fungi,
bacteria, ferns, animals and higher plants.
5
6. Different Plant Steroids:
Cardiac Glycosides:
Some steroids present in nature are characterized by highly
specific and powerful actions that they exert on cardiac muscles.
These steroids occur as glycosides with sugars attached at
position 3 of steroid nucleus.
For example:
Gitoxigenin.
Gitaloxigenin.
Digitoxigenin.
Digoxigenin.
6
7. Steroidal Aglycones or Genins:
The steroidal aglycones or genins are of two types:
Cardenolides:
The more prevalent in nature are the cardenolides which are C23
steroids. For example Digitalis, strophanthus.
Bufadienolides:
The bufadenolides are C24 homologs of Cardenolides. For
example White squill and Red squill.
7
9. Digitalis:
Botanical origin: Digitalis purpurea
Part used: dried leaves.
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Constituents: The drug contains a large number of steroidal
glycosides (neaely 30) of which the most important from medicinal
point of view are Digitoxin, Gitoxin, Gitaloxin.
Uses:
Digitalis is used in the form of tablets or capsules to treat congestive
heart failure, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter and atrial
fibrillation.
9
10. Digitalis lanata:
Constituents:
Nearly 70 glycosides have been detected from digitalis
lanata. They conatain derivatives of five different
aglycones three of which i.e digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin,
and gitaloxigenin also occur in digitalis purpurea. The
two other derivatives not found in digitalis purpurea
are digoxin and Lanatoside C.
10
11. Oubain:
Botanical Origin: Strophanthus gratus
Part used: Dried ripe seeds.
Family: Apocynaceae
Constituents: It contains Oubain which is a glycoside
of oubagenin and rhamnose.
Uses:
Most rapidly occurring cardiac glycoside
used in the treatment of cardiac failure
11
12. Squill:
Botanical origin: Urginea maritime
Part used: Dried fleshy inner scales of bulb.
Family: Liliaceae
Constituents: Scillaren A, glucoscillaren A, Proscillaridin
A, Rhamnose, Scillarenin
Uses:
Used as expectorant, diuretic, cardiotonic, rodenticide
and emetic property
12
13. Steroidal saponins:
Steroidal saponins are of great pharmaceutical importance
because of their relationship to compounds such as sex
hormones , cortisone, diuretic steroids, vitamin D and cardiac
glycosides. Some are used as starting materials for the
synthesis of these compounds.
The glycosides which when shaken with water, produce
persistent froth, are called saponin glycosides, Aglycone part
of a saponin glycoside is called ‘sapogenin’
13
14. Example: Ginseng
Steroidal Alkaloids:
Steroidal alkaloids arise by inclusion of a basic nitrogen at some point
in the steroid molecule.
Example: Veratrums:
Steroidal alkaloidal glycosides:
They are particularly abundant in the families solanaceae and liliaceae.
Like saponins they have hemolytic properties. Examples are :
Solanin(potato;solanum tuberosum).
Tomatin( tomato;lycopersicon esculentum)
Rubijervine. (veratrum spp.)
14
15. Other steroids:
Withanolides:
This class of steroidal lactones involves an ergostane
type framework in which C-22 and C-26 are appropriately
oxidize to form a δ-lactone ring.
In 1968, Israeli workers determined the structure of a
constituent lactone (withaferin A) of the plant
Uses: Sedatives, hypnotics, antiseptics, antimitotic and
antitumor agents
15
16. Botanical origin: Withania somnifera
Family: Solnaceae
Constituents: The constituents have been divided into 9
groups of which the withanolides are of wide therapeutic
importance
Since then many more compounds of this now large
class, have been characterized.
9 groups; Withanolides, Withaphysalins, Physalins,
Nicandrenones, Jaborols, Ixocarpalactones,
Perulactones, Acnistins and Miscellaneous withasteroids
16
17. Ecdysones:
Ecdysones or insect molting hormones are substances which
stimulate the transformation of larvae into an adult. Ecdysone was
first isolated from silk-worm pupae.
Only a few such compounds have been isolated from arthropods,
but in plants they occur in much greater variety and abundance
Ecdysterone is also an example which has been isolated from both
plant and insect sources.
Whether a plant-insect relationship exists with regard to this
substance and whether such compounds have a function in the
plant, is at present not known
17
18. It is perhaps significant, however, that insects do not themselves
biosynthesize steroids de novo and rely on plant materials for suitable
precursors
In the plant, cholesterol is a precursor of insect molting hormones,
and in one morphological group of Helleborus they are formed
together with bufadienolides and saponins
Cucurbitacins: They occur in Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae and
Cruciferae Family.
These tetracyclic triterpenoids are of interest because of their
cytotoxic and antitumour properties. Cucurbitacin may occur in the
glucosidic form and are hydlolysed by the enzyme elaterase.
18
19. Cycloartanes:
The ring closure of squalene 2,3-oxide yields
cycloartenol as an intermediate in plant sterol
biosynthesis. However, these phytosterols are also
found in the free state in a wide range of plants.
Medicinal examples include the neem and olive
plants, Euphorbio spp., Hypericum, the woody
nightshade and a number of members of the
Cucurbitaceae
19
20. Steroid hormones:
A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone
1. Sex hormones:
Produced primarily in the gonads
Mediate the growth, development, maintenance, and function of the
reproductive tract and the accessory sex organs
These hormones fall into three chemically and physiologically distinct
categories;
Estrogens and Progestins. These regulate the various functions of
female reproductive tract.
Androgens. Stimulate the development of male reproductive organs
20
21. 2. Adrenocortical hormones:
Produced by outer cortical portion of the adrenal glands
Divided into two classes, depending on their biological activity;
Mineralocorticoids.
Principally affect the excretion of fluid and electrolytes, with a
subsequent sodium retention
Glucocorticoids.
They regulate the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates.
At the present time, the principal source of steroid chemical nucleus
used in drug industry is the plant kingdom.
21
24. Commercial production of
steroids
The steroid hormones and their semisynthetic analogues
represent a multi-million-dollar annual business for the
American drug industry
In the past, the source of steroid hormones was from the
gonads and adrenal glands of animals
The amount of hormones present in these glands was
extremely small; consequently, it was not practical to use the
pure hormone in the therapy
At the present time, the principal source of the steroid chemical
nucleus used in the drug industry is the plant kingdom
24
25. These nucleuses are modified by chemical or
biological methods to produce steroid hormones
For example;
Diosgenin (a sapogenins) Isolated from various
species of Dioscorea → Progesterone
Stigmasterol Isolated from Glycine max (Fam.
Leguminosae) → Hydrocortisone
25
26. Plant steroids used for the
synthesis of steroid
Hormones
Diosgenin: It is a steroidal sapogenin used to prepare
progesterone.
Stigmasterol:
It is converted chemically to progesterone which is then
chemically converted to cortisone. Cortisone is
dehydrogenated to form prednisolone.
Desoxycorticosterone that is a mineralocorticoid is
synthesized from stigmasterol.
26
27. Cholesterol:
Cholesterol is used to prepare testosterone which is
the true testis hormone. It is used to treat various
reproductive dysfunctions in both males and
females.
27
28. Bile Acids :
Bile acids are steroid acids, found predominantly in the bile of
mammals and other vertebrates
The primary bile acids formed in the liver of man are;
A. Cholic acid
B. Chenodeoxycholic acid
Generally, the bile acids do not exist in the free state, but are
conjugated through a peptide bond to either glycine or taurine
28
29. Biosynthesis:
The precursor of the bile acids is cholesterol, which is either
present in the diet or synthesized in the liver cells during the
course of fat metabolism
The cholesterol is first converted to cholic acid and
chenodeoxycholic acid in about equal quantities
These acids in turn combine principally with glycine and to a
lesser extent with taurine to form glyco- and tauroconjugated
bile acids
Bile salts are the sodium salts of the conjugated acids
These salts are then secreted in the bile; therefore, they are
referred to as bile acids/bile salts
29
30. About 94 % of the bile salts are reabsorbed into the blood from
the small intestine (enterohepatic circulation)
The liver cells synthesize about 6 grams of bile salts daily
Deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid are also found in
substantial amounts in mammalian bile
They are not formed in the liver
They are produced in the intestinal tract by the action of
microorganisms on; Cholic acid to form deoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid to form lithocholic acid
Their presence in the bile is attributed to enterohepatic
circulation
30
31. Functions of bile salts
The bile and bile salts play three important roles in our body
1. Emulsifying or Detergent action
Bile salts have a detergent action on the fat particles in the food
This decreases the surface tension of the particles and allows agitation
in the intestinal tract to break the fat globules into minute sizes
2. Excretion of waste products
Bile serves as a means for excretion of several important waste
products from the blood
These include especially bilirubin and excesses of cholesterol
31
32. 3.Micelles formation (help in
the absorption)
Bile salts help in the absorption of fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol,
and other lipids from the intestinal tract
They do this by forming very small physical complexes with these lipids;
the complexes are called micelles
These micelles are semi-soluble in the chyme because of the electrical
charges of the bile salts
The intestinal lipids are “ferried” in this form to the intestinal mucosa,
where they are then absorbed into the blood
Without the presence of bile salts in the intestinal tract, up to 40 % of the
ingested fats are lost into the feces, and the person often develops a
metabolic deficit because of this nutrient loss
32
33. Ox bile extract
Fresh ox bile is partially evaporated
Mucous and albuminous matter is precipitated with alcohol, Filtered,
washed and evaporated to dryness at a temperature not exceeding 80
°C
It contains an amount of the sodium salts of glycocholic acid and
taurocholic acid equivalent to not less than 45% of cholic acid
It is used therapeutically as a choleretic (increase the volume of
secretion of bile from the liver)
The use of chenodeoxycholic acid to dissolve gallstones is a significant
advance in drug therapy, But it is still in investigational stages
33
34. Therapeutic uses of Steroids:
1.Treatment of Heart Diseases:
i. Improved Circulation:
They increase the force of systolic contraction. Increased cardiac
output causes decreased heart rate. The improved circulation tends to
improve renal secretion which relieves the edema often associated with
heart failure.
ii. Congestive heart failure:
Digitalis preparations, Lanatoside C, Gitalin and Digoxin are used for
the treatment of congestive heart failure.
Digoxin has a greater margin of safety than other drugs. Oubain is the
most rapidly acting cardiac glycoside for the treatment of cardiac
failure.
34
35. iii.Cardiotonic:
Digitoxin is a cardiotonic that increases the tone of cardiac
muscles and thus causes the heart to empty more effectively.
Deslanoside is also a cardiotonic and is used to attain rapid
initial dosing by parenteral administration. Strophanthus also
acts as cardiotonic.
iv.Cardiac Tachyarrhythmia:
Digoxin is used for the treatment of Cardiac arrhythmias.
v.Cardiac depression:
veratrum viride (green hellebore) acts as cardiac depressant
35
36. vi.Hypercholestrolemia:
Plant sterols lower the LDL cholesterol levels in hypercholestrolemic,
diabetic and healthy human volunteers. They lower LDL levels without
affecting HDL level. They exert hypercholestrolemic effects possibly by
interfering with uptake of both dietry and biliary cholesterol from
intestinal tract.
They are now used as first line therapy as well as adjunctive therapy in
patients on statin therapy.
vii.Emetics:
Red squill contains cardiac glycosides induces the vomiting reflex and
reduces the life threatening aspects of toxic menifestations.
36
37. viii.Expectorants:
Squill also acts as expectorant.
ix. Sedative and Hypnotics:
Withanolides act as sedatives and hypnotics.
x.Antitumors:
Some withanolides are cell differentiation inducers
whereas others act as antimitotics. Cucurbitacins
have cytotoxic and antitumor properties.
37
38. xi.Hypotensives:
veratrum viride contains alkaloids that are responsible
for their hypotensive activity.
xii.Insecticides:
veratrum spp and cevadilla seeds act as insecticides.
xiii.Antiseptics:
Withanolides act as antiseptics.
xiv.Antiamoebics:
Kurchi or Hollarhena bark is used for amoebic dysentery.
38
39. xv.Rheumatide Arthritis:
Natural cortisones are used to treat rheumatide
arthritis. Glucocorticoids are also used for the
treatment of rheumatism.
xvi.Electrolyte balance:
Deoxycorticosterone synthesized from stigmasterol
is used to restore a balance of sodium and
potassium in body fluids and restore kidney
function in cortical deficiency.
39
40. Other therapeutic applications
of plant sterols:
They are also used for:
Treating gall stones.
Boosting immune system.
Treating common cold and flu.
Treating asthma.
Relieving menopausal symptoms.
Helping with hair loss or baldness.
Relieving enlarged prostate symptoms.
40