Lipids can be classified by their structure as simple lipids like fats and oils or complex lipids like phospholipids. They can also be classified based on whether they undergo hydrolysis in alkaline solutions. Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol, forming triglycerides. Fats are usually saturated while oils contain some unsaturated fatty acids. Waxes differ from fats and oils in that they are esters of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids with higher melting points. Lipids serve important functions and have many applications, such as in soaps, foods, and cosmetics.
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Castor oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn., belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Castor oil
2. Biological Sources of Castor oil
3. Geographical Sources of Castor oil
4. Preparation of Castor oil
5. Description of Castor oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Castor oil
7. Chemical Test of Castor oil
8. Uses of Castor oil
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Castor oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn., belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Castor oil
2. Biological Sources of Castor oil
3. Geographical Sources of Castor oil
4. Preparation of Castor oil
5. Description of Castor oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Castor oil
7. Chemical Test of Castor oil
8. Uses of Castor oil
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester
Lipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone).
Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds.
They are widely distributed in nature both in plants and in animals.
THIS SLIDESHARE CONTAINS THE DESCRIPTION RELATED TO TOPIC LIPIDS FROM PHARMACOGNOSY OF CLASS B.PHARM 4TH SEM. IT IS PREPARED BY SAGAR DHANDAY STUDENT OF B.PHARM. 2ND YEAR (2019 BATCH) IPS, KUK FOR THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Patient compliance with medical adviceRavish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Infrared spectrum / infrared frequency and hydrocarbonsRavish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985Ravish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Medicinal and toilet preparations (excise duties) act, 1995 and rules, 1956Ravish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Anti mycobacterial drugs (tuberculosis drugs)Ravish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Inventory control in hospital (control of dated or perishable inventory )Ravish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Classification
By structure:
1. Simple: fats, oils, waxes, steroids.
2. Complex: phospholipids, spingolipids, glycolipids.
3. They derivatives: hormones, fat-solubility vitamins
On the basis of whether they undergo hydrolysis reactions in alkaline
solution:
1. Saponifiable lipids can be hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions to
yield salts of fatty acids.
2. Nonsaponifiable lipids do not undergo hydrolysis reactions in
alkaline solution.
3.
4. LIPIDS
Lipids are a class of biological molecules defined by low solubility in water
and high solubility in nonpolar solvents.
As molecules that are largely hydrocarbon in nature, lipids represent highly
reduced forms of carbon and, upon oxidation in metabolism, yield large
amounts of energy. Lipids are thus the molecules of choice for metabolic
energy storage.
5. Lipids
•Lipids (fixed oils, fats, and waxes) are esters of long-chain fatty
acids and alcohols, or of closely related derivatives. The chief
difference between these substances is the type of alcohol; in
fixed oils and fats, glycerol combines with the fatty acids; in
waxes, the alcohol has a higher molecular weight, e.g., acetyl
alcohol[CH3(CH2)15OH].
6. • Fats and oils are made from two kinds of molecules: glycerol (a type
of alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each of its three carbons) and
three fatty acids joined by dehydration synthesis. Since there are
three fatty acids attached, these are known as triglycerides.
8. Structure of Fatty Acids
• The “tail” of a fatty acid is a long
hydrocarbon chain, making it
hydrophobic. The “head” of the molecule
is a carboxyl group which is hydrophilic.
Fatty acids are the main component of
soap, where their tails are soluble in oily
dirt and their heads are soluble in water
to emulsify and wash away the oily dirt.
However, when the head end is attached
to glycerol to form a fat, that whole
molecule is hydrophobic.
(CH2)6COOH
H3C
Linoleic acid
9. •The terms saturated, mono-unsaturated,
and poly-unsaturated refer to the number of
hydrogens attached to the hydrocarbon tails
of the fatty acids as compared to the number
of double bonds between carbon atoms in
the tail.
•Fats, which are mostly from animal
sources, have all single bonds between the
carbons in their fatty acid tails, thus all the
carbons are also bonded to the maximum
number of hydrogens possible.
10. • Since the fatty acids in these triglycerides contain the
maximum possible amount of hydrogens, these would be
called saturated fats.
• The hydrocarbon chains in these fatty acids are, thus, fairly
straight and can pack closely together, making these fats
solid at room temperature.
11. •Oils, mostly from plant sources, have some double bonds
between some of the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail,
causing bends or “kinks” in the shape of the molecules.
• Because some of the carbons share double bonds, they’re
not bonded to as many hydrogens as they could if they
weren’t double bonded to each other. Therefore these oils
are called unsaturated fats.
12. • Because of the kinks in the hydrocarbon tails, unsaturated
fats (or oils) can’t pack as closely together, making them
liquid at room temperature.
13. • In unsaturated fatty acids, there are two ways the pieces of
the hydrocarbon tail can be arranged around a C=C double
bond (cis and trans).
• In cis bonds, the two pieces of the carbon chain on either
side of the double bond are either both “up” or both
“down,” such that both are on the same side of the
molecule.
• In trans bonds, the two pieces of the molecule are on
opposite sides of the double bond, that is, one “up” and one
“down” across from each other.
15. • If oil is used only once like when you fry an egg, only a few of the
bonds do this so it’s not too bad. However, if oil is constantly reused,
like in fast food French fry machines, more and more of the cis
bonds are changed to trans until significant numbers of fatty acids
with trans bonds build up. The reason for this concern, is that fatty
acids with trans bonds are carcinogenic, or cancer-causing.
• Although most vegetable oils are liquid at ordinary temperatures and
most animal fats are solid, there are notable exceptions, such as
cocoa butter, which is a solid vegetable oil, and cod liver oil,
which is a liquid animal fat.
18. Product of Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation converts double bonds in oils to single bonds. The solid products are used to make
margarine and other hydrogenated items.
18
CH
CH2
CH2 O
O
O
C (CH2)14CH3
O
C (CH2)14CH3
O
C (CH2)14CH3
O
19. Hydrolysis
Triglycerides split into glycerol and three fatty
acids (H+ or enzyme catalyst)
19
CH
CH2
CH2 O
O
O
C (CH2)14CH3
O
C (CH2)14CH3
O
C (CH2)14CH3
O
H2O+3
3+ HO C (CH2)14CH3
O
CH
CH2 OH
OH
CH2 OH
H+
20. Saponification and Soap
•Hydrolysis with a strong base
•Triglycerides split into glycerol and the salts of
fatty acids
•The salts of fatty acids are “soaps”
•KOH gives softer soaps
20
21. Saponification
21
3+ Na+ -
O C (CH2)14CH3
O
CH
CH2 OH
OH
CH2 OH
CH
CH2
CH2 O
O
O
C (CH2)16CH3
O
C
O
(CH2)16CH3
(CH2)16CH3C
O
+ 3 NaOH
salts of fatty acids (soaps)
22. Production of fixed oils and fats
• Fixed oils and fats of vegetable origin are obtained by:
1. Extraction by expression
Fixed oils are obtained by expression in hydraulic presses.
If the expression is carried out in the cold, the oil is known
as a "virgin oil" or a "cold-pressed oil." In contrast, if the
expression is carried out in heat, the oil is known as a "hot-
pressed oil."
2. Extraction by solvents
Sometimes organic solvents are used for the extraction of
oils.
23. • Animal fats are separated from other tissues by rendering with
steam, with or without pressure. The heat melts the fat, which rises
to the top and may be separated by decantation.
24. Biosynthesis of lipids
• The biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is from
combinations of acetate units (acetate pathway).
25. Applications of fixed oils and fats
1. Soap manufacture
2. Suppositories, tablet coating
3. Dietary supplements
4. Emulsifying agents
5. Manufacture of paints, varnishes and lubricants
6. Therapeutic uses (castor oil).
27. Waxes
wax is а monoester formed from the reaction of а long-chain
monohydroxy alcohol with а fatty acid molecule.
Example
Biological role: They serve as protective coatings on leaves, stems, and
fruit of plants and the skin and fur of animals.
28. Waxes
• Like fats, waxes are esters of fatty acids. The alcohol, however, is not glycerol
but usually a long-chain, high-molecular weight alcohol.
• In plants, waxes are generally found covering the external parts, like the
epidermis of leaves and fruits, where their main function is to prevent the
loss of water.
29. • Wax is also produced by insects, e.g. the honeycombs of bees and
wasps.
USES OF WAX
1. Wax is used in pharmacy to make soft ointments harder and to
prepare lip salves.
2. The technical uses of waxes are substantial, e.g. in shoe polishes
and car waxes.
30. Waxes fixed oils and fats
• Wax has a melting point above approximately 45 °C (113 °F) (which
differentiates waxes from fats and oils).
• Fats and oils my be saponified by means of either aqueous or
alcoholic alkali but waxes are only saponified by alcoholic alkali. (this
fact is used for the detection of fats when added as
adulterants to waxes).
32. Characterization of fats.
• Acid number. It is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to
neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of the oil or fat.
• Saponification number. It is number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required
tо completely saponify l00 g of the oil or fat.
• Iodine number. It is the number of grams of iodine that combine with 100 g of oil or
fat. It is а measure of the degree of unsaturation of а fat or oil; а high iodine number
indicates а high degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids of the fat.
• Ester value. It is number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required tо combine
with fatty acids which are present in glyceride form in 1 gm sample of fat or oil.
• Unsapopnificable matter: It is substances such as sterols, stigmasterol which remain
after saponification of oil
• Peroxide value: amount of peroxide formed in lipid oxidation.
Value indicates rancidity of oil.