Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acids esterified to glycerol. They can be classified as simple or mixed depending on the fatty acid composition. The main difference between fats and oils is their melting point, with fats being solid at room temperature and oils being liquid. Fats and oils undergo various chemical reactions including saponification, hydrogenation, and oxidation. Analytical tests such as acid value, saponification value, and iodine value provide information about fatty acid composition and purity. Fats and oils have many uses including in soaps, foods, and lubricants.
Properties of fats and oils/Organic chemistry 2/Neet preparation/ Reactions of fats and oil/Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
Also see videos:
Properties of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/ux09yaPPPHw
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
Hi dear students, in this presentation I had explained the introduction, sources, functions and chemistry of fats and oils. I had covered the chemical reactions of fats and oils too, which includes hydrolysis, hydrogenation, Rancidity and drying of oils.
I had covered acid value, saponification value, iodine value, ester value, acetyl value, Reichert meissl value and polenske value of fats and oils. After watching this presentation it will be be able to answer the following questions,
What are fats and oils?
What are fats and oils?
What are the qualitative analysis tests for fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the difference between fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What is triglyceride?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What are essential fatty acids?
What is omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?
How vanaspati ghee is made?
What is acid value?
What is acid number?
What is saponification value?
What is iodine value?
What is ester value?
What is acetyl value?
What is reichert meissl value?
In this slide contains Determination of Acid value, Saponification value and Ester value.
Presented by: P.NARESH (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBON : STRUCTURE AND USES OF NAPHTHELENE, ANTHRACENE,DI-PH...RishikaBehere1
Hello everyone, we the students of Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur have created a presentation of subject pharmaceutical organic chemistry -2 of third semester, Unit 4 : polynuclear hydrocarbons . This presentation was made for the purpose of better understanding of the topic structure and medicinal uses of naphthelene , anthracene, diphenylmethane , triphenylmethane , phenanthrene and their derivatives . This portion covers topics like structure, properties , and medicinal uses of polynuclear hydrocarbons such as naphthelene , anthracene , di-phenylmethane, tri-phenylmethane , phenanthrene and their respective derivatives.
Properties of fats and oils/Organic chemistry 2/Neet preparation/ Reactions of fats and oil/Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
Also see videos:
Properties of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/ux09yaPPPHw
Qualitative analysis of fats and oils
https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo
Hi dear students, in this presentation I had explained the introduction, sources, functions and chemistry of fats and oils. I had covered the chemical reactions of fats and oils too, which includes hydrolysis, hydrogenation, Rancidity and drying of oils.
I had covered acid value, saponification value, iodine value, ester value, acetyl value, Reichert meissl value and polenske value of fats and oils. After watching this presentation it will be be able to answer the following questions,
What are fats and oils?
What are fats and oils?
What are the qualitative analysis tests for fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the difference between fats and oils?
What is fatty acid?
What is triglyceride?
What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What are essential fatty acids?
What is omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids?
How vanaspati ghee is made?
What is acid value?
What is acid number?
What is saponification value?
What is iodine value?
What is ester value?
What is acetyl value?
What is reichert meissl value?
In this slide contains Determination of Acid value, Saponification value and Ester value.
Presented by: P.NARESH (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBON : STRUCTURE AND USES OF NAPHTHELENE, ANTHRACENE,DI-PH...RishikaBehere1
Hello everyone, we the students of Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur have created a presentation of subject pharmaceutical organic chemistry -2 of third semester, Unit 4 : polynuclear hydrocarbons . This presentation was made for the purpose of better understanding of the topic structure and medicinal uses of naphthelene , anthracene, diphenylmethane , triphenylmethane , phenanthrene and their derivatives . This portion covers topics like structure, properties , and medicinal uses of polynuclear hydrocarbons such as naphthelene , anthracene , di-phenylmethane, tri-phenylmethane , phenanthrene and their respective derivatives.
Unit 1- Effects of substituents on Mono substituted benzene RingAnjali Bhardwaj
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Activating & Deactivating group
Ortho and Para Directing group
Meta directing group
substitution on the benzene ring
Halides are Ortho & Para directing group why?
Introduction of fats, Reaction of fatty acids, Reaction of fats or oil- Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Halogenation, saponification, Drying of oil, Rancidity, Determination of acid value, saponification value, iodine value, acetyl value,
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Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction.
This is for Bachelor of Pharmacy 3rd semester students that cover the chapter fats and oils. This is useful and also help them to prepare for examination.
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Analytical, synthetic, and other evidence in the derivation of the structure of benzene
Orbital Picture
Resonance in Benzene
Aromatic character
Huckels rule of Aromaticity
Fats and oils are the major part of the lipid present in the adipose tissue of mammals. Fats and oils are the esters of fatty acids and alcohols and on hydrolysis gives fatty acids and alcohols. Fats and oils are mainly the glyceryl esters of various fatty acids like palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. These are also called as triglycerides as three molecules of fatty acids condense with one mole of glycerol to form fat.
Unit 1- Effects of substituents on Mono substituted benzene RingAnjali Bhardwaj
Effects of substituents on reactivity and orientation of monosubstituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction
Activating & Deactivating group
Ortho and Para Directing group
Meta directing group
substitution on the benzene ring
Halides are Ortho & Para directing group why?
Introduction of fats, Reaction of fatty acids, Reaction of fats or oil- Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Halogenation, saponification, Drying of oil, Rancidity, Determination of acid value, saponification value, iodine value, acetyl value,
Introduction to benzene, orbital picture, resonance in benzene, Huckel‟s rule
Reactions of benzene - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, Friedel- Craft‟s alkylation- reactivity, limitations, Friedel-Craft‟s acylation.
Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction.
This is for Bachelor of Pharmacy 3rd semester students that cover the chapter fats and oils. This is useful and also help them to prepare for examination.
Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus Ganesh Mote
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
Unit 1-Structure of benzene(Analytical & Synthetic Evidence)Anjali Bhardwaj
Benzene and its derivatives
Analytical, synthetic, and other evidence in the derivation of the structure of benzene
Orbital Picture
Resonance in Benzene
Aromatic character
Huckels rule of Aromaticity
Fats and oils are the major part of the lipid present in the adipose tissue of mammals. Fats and oils are the esters of fatty acids and alcohols and on hydrolysis gives fatty acids and alcohols. Fats and oils are mainly the glyceryl esters of various fatty acids like palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. These are also called as triglycerides as three molecules of fatty acids condense with one mole of glycerol to form fat.
Lipids structure, classification, functions and propertiesKambhampatiChinmayi
This presentation would provide a better understanding of the basics required to get a grip on lipids. Hope it is useful. any suggestions would be humbly accepted. Thank you.
Spirituality VS Science Or Spirituality With ScienceSakshiDeshpande9
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. ROLL NO. NAME TOPICS COVERED
57 MALI DISHA INTRODUCTION
58
59
MARDA SIDDESH
MATALE SHRUTIKA
CHEMIICAL REACTION
61 MOGAL ANUJA SAPONIFICATION
RANCIDITY
62 MOKAL ANKITA DRYING
ACID VALUE
SAPONIFICATION VALUE
63 MORE DIVYA ESTER VALUE
IODINE VALUE
ACETYL VALUE
64 MULE TEJAS RM VALUE
USES
3. Introduction
Fats and oils are the major part of the lipid present in
the adipose tissue of mammals.
Fats and oils are the esters of fatty acids and alcohols
and on hydrolysis gives fatty acids and alcohols.
Fats and oils are mainly the glyceryl esters of various
fatty acids like palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and
linolenic. These are also called as triglycerides.
4. Fats and oils are of two types
a) Simple- When the three fatty acids of triglyceride are
same.
b) Mixed- When the three fatty acids of trigylceride are not
identical.
Natural fats are mainly mixed glycerides and they do not
have free acid or base (groups) so also known as neutral
fats. Fats and oils are obtained from plants as well as
from animals.
A crude fat along with the glyceryl ester contains some
amount of free fatty acids and 1-2% of unsaponifiable
matter like sterols.
5. Difference between fats and oils.
FATS OILS
SOLID OR SEMISOLID AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE
LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
CONTAIN LARGE AMOUNT OF
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
CONTAIN LARGE AMOUNT OF
UNSATURATED ACID
HIGH MELTING POINT LOW MELTING POINT
FATS ARE ANIMAL FATS OILS HAVE VEGETABLE FATS
FATS DO NOT CONTAIN DOUBLE
BONDS
OILS HAVE DOUBLE BOND
FATS ARE MORE STABLE OILS ARE LESS STABLE
Physical and Chemical Properties of Fats:
Fat and oils are colourless or pale yellow in colour. These
are insoluble in water and polar solvents but soluble in
non-polar solvents such as ether, carbon tetrachloride and
carbon disulphide
7. Basic concepts in salt formation
Salts are formed when a compound that is ionized in solution forms
a strong ionic interaction with an oppositely charged counterion,
leading to crystallization of the salt form
In the aqueous or organic phase, the drug and counterion are
ionized according to the dielectric constant of the liquid medium.
The charged groups in the drug's structure and the counterion are
attracted by an intermolecular coulombic force.
During favorable conditions, this force crystallizes the salt form.
All acidic and basic compounds can participate in salt formation
However, the success and stability of salt formation depends upon
the relative strength of the acid or base or the acidity or basicity
constants of the species involved
8. The salt form is separated into individual entities (i.e., the
ionized drug and the counterion) in liquid medium, and its
solubility depends upon the solvation energy in the solvent.
The solvent must overcome the crystal lattice energy of the
solid salt and create space for the solute.
Thus, the solubility of a salt depends on its polarity,
lipophilicity, ionization potential, and size.
A salt's solubility also depends on the properties of solvent
and solid such as the crystal packing and presence of solvates
9. Formation of halides
A halide is a binary phase, of which one part is a halogen atom and
the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative (or
more electropositive) than the halogen, to make a, e.g., fluoride,
chloride, or theoretically tennesside compound.
The alkali metals combine directly with halogens under appropriate
conditions forming halides of the general formula, MX (X = F, Cl, Br or
I). Many salts are halides; the hal- syllable in halide and halite reflects
this correlation.
All Group 1 metals form halides that are white solids at room
temperature.
A halide ion is a halogen atom bearing a negative charge. The halide
anions are fluoride (F), chloride (CI), bromide (Br), iodide (1) and
astatide (At). Such ions are present in all ionic halide salts. Halide
minerals contain halides.All these halides are colourless, high melting
crystalline solids having high negative enthalpies of formation.
10. Formation of esters:
Fatty acids reacts with alcohol in the presence of a strong
acid to form ester(triglycerides)
3 H3-(CH2)14-C=O + CH2OH -H2O CH2O CO(CH2)14CH3
HC O CO(CH2)14CH3
H2C OH H2C O CO(CH2)14CH3
Palmitic acid Glycerol Palm Oil
OH
HC OH
11. Reduction or hydrogenation:
Unsaturated fatty acid undergoes reduction or hydrogenation in
presence of reducing agents to form saturated fatty acid.
OH
3HC-(CH₂)7-CH=CH-(CH₂)7-C=O
Oleic acid
H2
Ni
OH
3HC-(CH2)7-CH2-CH2-(CH2)7-C=O
Stearic acid
12. Saponification
The alkaline hydrolysis of oil or fat (Glyceride) to form Soap (Alkali
Salt of higher fatty Acid & glycerol is known as saponification.
Reaction- Triglycerides are generally animal fats & Vegetable oils.
When they are, reacted with Sodium hydroxide, a hard form of soap
is created.
Ester + Base Alcohol + Soap
13. Rancidity of oils
Rancidity is the complete or in complete oxidation or hydrolysis of
fats and oils when exposed to air, light, moisture or by bacterial
action, resulting in unpleasant taste & odour.
Types of Rancidity:
Hydrolytic Rancidity:- In case of fats of oil the hydrolytic reaction
will occur at the point where the fatty acids are connected to glycerol in
triglyceride molecule.In fatty acids gets Split off from glylen forming a
free fatty acids.
14. How to prevent Rancidity?
To keep them away from direct sunlight or air.
To keep them in Refrigerator
Adding antioxidants.
15. Drying of oils
When highly unsaturated oils are exposed to air, they
undergo oxidation and polymerization to form a thin
waterproof film. such oils are called Drying Oils and the
reaction is referred to as drying
Linseed oil which is rich in linolenic acid is a common drying
oil used in oil based paints
16. Analytical Constants
Acid Value:
It is defined as the number of mg of koH required to completely
neutralize Free fatty acids present in one gram of fat or oil.
It is a measure of the free fatty acids present fat or oil
Principle:
It is determined by by titrating the sample of oil or fat in
alcoholic medium F against 0.1 M KOH
Formula:
Acid value= 5.61 n/w
Where n = burette reading
W = sample weight
17. Significance
Measure of acids breakdown of triglycerides into free.
Fatty acids which has an adverse & undesirable effect
Measure of degree of hydrolytic rancidity.
18. Saponification Value
Saponification number is defined as the number of milligrams of
KOH required to saponify one gram of Fat and oil
Principle
Saponification is the process by which the fatty aids in the
triglycerides or fat are hydrolyzed by an alkali to give glycerol
and potassium salts of fatty acids.
A known quantity of fat or oil is refluxed with an excess
amount of alcoholic KOH.
After saponification the remaining KOH is estimated by
titrating it against a standard acid.
The value obtained is used for the determination of
saponification no of fats and oil
19. Sample is titrated with with 0.5M HCI ( back reading, a ml).
Perform blank titration (b ml)
Saponification value = 28.05(b-a)/w
Significance
Gives an idea about the molecular weight of fat/ oil. smaller
the saponification value higher the molecular weight
Indicates the amount of alkali required for converting oil / fat
into soap
It also indicates the length of carbon chain of the acid present
in that particular oil chain or fat.
20. Ester Value:
It is the number of mg of KOH required to saponify the ester
present in 1gm of the substances.
Ester value = Saponification value - Arid Value
Reaction:
21. Principle:
It is determined by titrating the Sample of sil & fat in alcoholic
medium against 0.5m Hcl.
Formula:
E.V=S.V-A.V
Significance:
The ester value shows the amount alkali consumed in the
saponification of the ester and if possible identify and diffrentiate
the fats with this value
22. Iodine Value:
It is the number of grams of iodine that would add to C=C present
in 100 g of the fats and ail.
Reaction:
23. Principle:
The oil / fat sample taken in Carbon tetrachloride is treated
with a known excess of iodine monochloride Solution in glacial
acetic acid.
The excess of jodine monochloride is treated with
potassium lodide.
Now, this sample is titrated against 0.1M Sodium
thiosulphate solution, starch solution used as a indicator for
estimation of liberated iodine (A) and then perform blank
titration (B)
Iodine value =1.269(b-a)/w
Formula:
24. Significance:
The lodine value is a measure of the amount of double bonds
(unsaturation) in a fats.
Iodine Value = No. of double bond ↑
Unsaturated Lipids are more susceptible to rancidity
25. Acetyl value:
It is the mg of KOH required to acetic acid liberated by the hydrolysis of
1g of the acetylated Substance
Principle:
It is determined through saponification value
The process consists of acetylating the oil with a measured
quantity of acetic anhydride in pyridine decomposing the excess
anhydride by boiling with water and then addition in of sufficient
butyl alcohol to give a homogenous solution titrating with alkali.
26. Significance:
It is the measure of hydroxy OH acids in lipids
Acetyl value = more amount of free fatty acids
Formula:
Acetyl value= 1335(b-a)/(1335-a)
Where,
a= saponification of the substance
b= saponification value of the acetylite substance
27. Reichert-Meissl number [Reichert Meiss (RM) value]
It is defined as the ml of 0.1 N KOH required to neutralize the
soluble volatile fatty acids distilled from 5 g fat.
RM number is useful in testing the purity of butter since it
contains a good concentration of volatile fatty acids (butyric
acid, caproic acid and caprylic acid).
Butter has a RM number in the range 25-30, while it is less than
I for most other edible oils. Thus any adulteration of butter can
be easily tested by this sensitive RM number.
Reichert Meissl RM value
28. Principle:
Fat is saponified using glycerol-alkali solution & acidified by
sulphuric acid to liberate free fatty acids.
The liberated fatty acids are steam distilled and the steam
volatile fatty acids are collected (as condensate). The cooled
condensate of the volatile fatty acids is filtered for separation of
water soluble and water insoluble fatty acids.
The water soluble fatty acids is titrated with alkali to give RM
value.
Water-insoluble fatty acids is titrated to give the polenske value.
29. Significance:
It is a measure of water soluble steam volatile fatty
acids chiefly butyric and caproic acids present in oil
or fat.
No other fat contains butyric acid glycerides, and
therefore, the Reichert Meissl value of the butter
fat is higher than that for any other fat.
These determinations have been used principally
for analysis of butter and margarines.
30. USES OF FATS AND OILS :
(1)They are energy reservoirs and are more efficient proteins and
carbohydrates.
(2) They are used in soap industries.
(3) They are used as raw materials for preparing higher alcohols used for
manufacturing synthetic detergent.
(4) Groundnut oils are used for manufacturing Vanaspati ghee
(marketed as Dalda, Rath, Gagan, etc.).
(5) Castor and cotton seed oils are used as purgatives.
(6) Cod liver oils are used in vitamin A and D deficiency conditions.
(7) They provides excellent insulation since fat is bad conductor of heat.
(8) Derived lipids are important building blocks of biologically active
materials.