Gas chromatography
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This document discusses recent advances and applications of gas chromatography. It describes how gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used for pharmaceutical quality control and analysis of drugs and metabolites in body fluids. GC-MS has applications in fields like drug detection, environmental analysis, and disease screening. Two-dimensional gas chromatography provides enhanced resolving power and peak capacity compared to conventional GC. Mini gas chromatography is a portable instrument that can separate and identify substances in volatile samples with advantages of low power needs and portability.
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gas chromatography
This document provides an introduction and overview of gas chromatography (GC). It discusses the basic principles of GC, which involves separating components of a mixture based on how they partition between a stationary and mobile phase. The key components of a GC system are described, including the injector where samples are introduced, the column where separation occurs, the oven that controls temperature, and various detectors. Different types of columns, stationary phases, temperature programs, and detectors are discussed to provide flexibility in GC analysis for a wide range of applications.
Flame photometry
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Gas chromatography
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It discusses the basic components and principles of GC, including the mobile and stationary phases, instrumentation, and applications. The key points are:
- GC separates components in a sample using an inert gas mobile phase and either a solid or liquid stationary phase in the column.
- Common instrumentation includes the carrier gas, flow regulators, sample injector, temperature-controlled column oven, detectors, and recorders.
- Separation is based on how strongly components partition between the mobile and stationary phases.
- GC has wide applications in fields like pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, forensics, and industrial quality control.
- Advantages are strong separation power,
Chromatography parameters
This document discusses key chromatography parameters including retention time, retention volume, baseline width, void time, efficiency, retention factor, selectivity, resolution, tailing factor, asymmetry factor, and pressure. Retention time is the time elapsed between sample introduction and maximum signal detection. Retention volume is the mobile phase volume needed to elute a solute. Efficiency describes the theoretical plate number of a column. Selectivity measures the separation of peaks and resolution describes the ability to separate peaks.
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography.pptx
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This document discusses the key chromatographic parameters for HPLC and factors that affect resolution. It defines parameters like retention time, adjusted retention time, selectivity factor, theoretical plates, column efficiency, peak asymmetry, and resolution. It explains how selectivity, efficiency, and retention impact resolution. Higher selectivity, efficiency, and appropriate retention lead to better resolution between analytes. The document also outlines current FDA validation guidelines for these parameters.
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gas chromatography
This document provides an introduction and overview of gas chromatography (GC). It discusses the basic principles of GC, which involves separating components of a mixture based on how they partition between a stationary and mobile phase. The key components of a GC system are described, including the injector where samples are introduced, the column where separation occurs, the oven that controls temperature, and various detectors. Different types of columns, stationary phases, temperature programs, and detectors are discussed to provide flexibility in GC analysis for a wide range of applications.
Flame photometry
A technique to determine concentration of elements in the solution by aspirating this sample into flame. Evaporation, Atomization, Excitation ,Emission and Ionization occur in the flame.
Gas chromatography
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It discusses the basic components and principles of GC, including the mobile and stationary phases, instrumentation, and applications. The key points are:
- GC separates components in a sample using an inert gas mobile phase and either a solid or liquid stationary phase in the column.
- Common instrumentation includes the carrier gas, flow regulators, sample injector, temperature-controlled column oven, detectors, and recorders.
- Separation is based on how strongly components partition between the mobile and stationary phases.
- GC has wide applications in fields like pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, forensics, and industrial quality control.
- Advantages are strong separation power,
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This document discusses key chromatography parameters including retention time, retention volume, baseline width, void time, efficiency, retention factor, selectivity, resolution, tailing factor, asymmetry factor, and pressure. Retention time is the time elapsed between sample introduction and maximum signal detection. Retention volume is the mobile phase volume needed to elute a solute. Efficiency describes the theoretical plate number of a column. Selectivity measures the separation of peaks and resolution describes the ability to separate peaks.
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- The Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) responds to differences in thermal conductivity between carrier gas and eluting compounds. It is non-destructive but has low sensitivity.
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Column chromatography
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Flame photometry uses the principle that metal ions emit light of characteristic wavelengths when excited by a flame. The intensity of light emitted is proportional to the concentration of metal ions. In flame photometry, the sample solution is nebulized and atomized in a flame, causing the metal ions to emit light. A filter selects the characteristic wavelength, which is detected and its intensity measured, allowing determination of the metal ion concentration. Flame photometry is used to analyze samples for concentrations of ions such as sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium.
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1. Thin layer chromatography uses a stationary phase, such as silica gel or alumina, coated onto a plate. A mobile phase, such as a solvent or solvent mixture, is run up the plate to separate the components of a sample spotted onto the plate.
2. Key instruments used in TLC include TLC plates, forceps, pencil, ruler, filter paper, micropipette, and a developing chamber. Samples are spotted onto the plate using a micropipette and developed in the chamber containing the mobile phase and filter paper.
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GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture
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Detectors in Gas Chromatography are devices used to detect and measure compounds eluting from the GC column. The document discusses several common detectors including:
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- The Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) responds to differences in thermal conductivity between carrier gas and eluting compounds. It is non-destructive but has low sensitivity.
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This document discusses mass spectrometry and chemical ionization. It explains that mass spectrometry can provide molecular structure information by determining molecular weight. Chemical ionization is a softer ionization technique than electron ionization, which causes less fragmentation and makes it easier to detect molecular ions. The document describes the instrumentation for chemical ionization, where a reagent gas like methane is ionized by electrons and the resulting ions collide with analyte molecules to form positively or negatively charged molecular ions depending on the mode used. The advantages of chemical ionization are also summarized.
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Ion exchange chromatography uses ion exchange resins to separate ionic compounds based on competition for binding sites on the resin. Cation exchange resins contain negatively charged functional groups like sulfonic acid that bind positively charged cations from solution. Anion exchange resins contain positively charged functional groups like quaternary ammonium that bind negatively charged anions. Eluting solutions with varying salt concentrations are used to displace bound ions from the resin selectively. Ion exchange chromatography finds application in water softening and analysis of ions in environmental and biological samples.
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique used to separate volatile organic compounds. It consists of a carrier gas, an injection port, a separation column, an oven, and a detector. Samples are vaporized and injected into the column where components separate based on interactions with the stationary phase. Separated components exit the column and are detected, producing a chromatogram. Common applications of GC include environmental monitoring, refinery and chemical plant process control, and analysis of biological samples.
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High performance liquid chromatography
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this slide contains all the basic about the topic ion exchange chromatography which contains all important information about topic in very easy language. it will be helpful for BSc, pharmacy and biomedical student.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is a technique used to determine the concentration of metallic elements in liquid or biological samples. It works by atomizing the sample then measuring the absorption of light at specific wavelengths corresponding to the element of interest. The instrument consists of a light source, atomizer, monochromator, detector, and readout. It can detect metals down to ppm concentrations and is used widely in clinical and food testing to analyze essential nutrients and toxic elements.
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Thermal analysis techniques monitor a property of a sample against temperature while the sample is heated in a controlled atmosphere. There are several types of thermal analysis including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during heating or cooling. DTA monitors the temperature difference between a sample and inert reference as heat is applied. These techniques are useful for characterizing pharmaceutical samples and studying thermal transitions such as glass transitions, crystallization, and melting.
Column chromatography
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flame photometry (1).pptx
Flame photometry uses the principle that metal ions emit light of characteristic wavelengths when excited by a flame. The intensity of light emitted is proportional to the concentration of metal ions. In flame photometry, the sample solution is nebulized and atomized in a flame, causing the metal ions to emit light. A filter selects the characteristic wavelength, which is detected and its intensity measured, allowing determination of the metal ion concentration. Flame photometry is used to analyze samples for concentrations of ions such as sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium.
Instrumentation of Thin Layer Chromatography
1. Thin layer chromatography uses a stationary phase, such as silica gel or alumina, coated onto a plate. A mobile phase, such as a solvent or solvent mixture, is run up the plate to separate the components of a sample spotted onto the plate.
2. Key instruments used in TLC include TLC plates, forceps, pencil, ruler, filter paper, micropipette, and a developing chamber. Samples are spotted onto the plate using a micropipette and developed in the chamber containing the mobile phase and filter paper.
3. Detection of separated components is done using visualizing agents like iodine or UV light, or specific reagents that react with certain functional groups to
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Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture
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Experience of our senior brother/sister in different pharmaceutical industries of Bangladesh during their internship.
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Acne is a common skin condition caused by clogged hair follicles and bacterial infection. It presents as whiteheads, blackheads, pimples, and deeper lumps. Risk factors include genetics and hormones. Types include infantile acne, drug-induced acne, and acne fulminans. Treatment involves topical retinoids and antibiotics for mild to moderate acne, with oral antibiotics and isotretinoin for more severe cases.
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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for around 85% of cases. The three main subtypes are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Treatment depends on the cancer stage and patient's health, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. For early stages, surgery is usually the primary treatment, while later stages involve combinations of treatments to control symptoms and prolong life when cure is not possible. Clinical trials play an important role in advancing new treatments.
Mechanism of drug absorption in git
1. Drug absorption involves the movement of unchanged drug molecules from the site of administration into systemic circulation. It occurs primarily through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is influenced by factors like solubility, permeability, and transport mechanisms.
2. There are three main mechanisms of drug transport across the GI tract - transcellular, paracellular, and vesicular. Transcellular transport occurs across cells and includes passive diffusion, active transport, and carrier-mediated transport. Paracellular transport is between cell junctions. Vesicular transport involves endocytosis within cells.
3. The most common mechanism is passive diffusion, which does not require energy. Other mechanisms like active transport and carrier-mediated transport use
Antiarrhythmic drugs
Cardiac arrhythmias can be caused by abnormalities in heart rate, rhythm, origin of impulses, or conduction. The main mechanisms are reentry, automaticity, parasystole, and triggered activity. Reentry requires two pathways that form a loop with a block in one pathway and slow conduction in the other. Common arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and supraventricular tachycardia. First-line drugs for treating arrhythmias include lignocaine, amiodarone, adenosine, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. These drugs work via different mechanisms such as blocking sodium, potassium, or calcium channels to suppress arrhythmias.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a medical procedure that removes waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure. It uses a hemodialysis machine and an artificial kidney called a dialyzer to filter the blood outside of the body. Blood flows through the dialyzer where diffusion and ultrafiltration remove waste and regulate electrolytes, and is then returned to the patient. Hemodialysis is usually done three times a week for four hours each session through an arteriovenous fistula, graft, or catheter. Potential complications include hypotension, muscle cramps, nausea, and disequilibrium syndrome.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Gas chromatography
- 1. RECENT ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS BY ANJITA KHADKA
- 2. Pharmaceutical Application: 1. Quality control and analysis of drug products like: • Antibiotics (Penicillin) • Antiviral (amantidine) • General anesthetics (chloroform and ether) • Sedatives/hypnotics (barbiturates) etc. 2. Assay of Drugs: Purity of compound can be determined for drugs like Atrophine sulphate, Clove oil, Stearic acid etc.
- 3. 3. In determining the levels of metabolites in body fluids like plasma, serum, urine etc. Miscellaneous: • Analysis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, steroids, drug and pesticides residues, trace elements in foods. • Pollutants like formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, benzene, DDT etc. • Dairy product analysis like milk, butter- for detection of aldehydes, milk sugars, ketones and fatty acids. • Separation and identification of volatile materials, plastics, natural and synthetic polymers, paints and microbiological samples. • Determination of blood alcohol content in the body.
- 4. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS):
- 5. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS): Analytical method that combines the features of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Advantages: High sensitivity High selectivity Speed
- 6. Application: Drug detection Fire investigation Environmental analysis Explosives investigation Identification of unknown samples Detect inborn errors of metabolism (congenital metabolic disease).
- 7. fig: insides of the GC-MS, with the column of the gas chromatograph in the oven on the right.
- 12. Advantages of 2D Gas chromatography: To separate a complex mixture of substances into individual components. Enhanced resolving power. Higher peak capacity.
- 13. The Mini Gas Chromatograph (Mini GC) is a portable instrument for separating, analyzing, and identifying substances contained in a volatile liquid or gaseous sample.
- 14. Mini GC:
- 15. Advantages of mini GC: Low power requirements Easy to use with standardized software Automated sampling or direct injection No carrier gas required (room air is used as carrier gas)- micro electro mechanical system based. Portable and light weight design Small internal volume
- 16. Measure several compounds used in mini GC: Alcohols Aldehydes Aromatic hydrocarbons Carboxylic acids Ketones Esters Ethers Nitriles
- 17. G. R. Chatwal & S. K. Anand, “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis”,(Himalaya publishingnhouse), place, 2008, 2.673-2.700 www.vernier.com/products/sensors/gc-mini en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_two- dimensional_gas_chromatography en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrom etry