Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate and detect the chemical components of a sample mixture to determine their presence or absence and/or quantities.Gas chromatography is usually used to separate and measure organic molecules and gases. For the technique to function, the components being analyzed must be volatile, be thermally stable, and have a molecular weight of below 1250 Da.Gas Chromatography involves the use of a separation column, which is made from a length of glass, fused silica, or metal tubing.Gas chromatography is a novel technique for separating and quantitating vaporized compounds using an inert carrier gas. It operates on similar principles to column permeation chromatography, where a sample is dissolved in a mobile phase and passed through a porous stationary structure
Non-clinical contract research organizations (CROs) have become an integral part of drug discovery and development to support sponsors research needs, expedite timelines and provide an extension of technical and scientific support.
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GMP Requirements & Drug & Cosmetic Act Provision.pptxEasy Concept
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is that part of quality assurance, which ensures that products are regularly produced and controlled according to the quality standards suitable for their use.
(GMP) comes in Schedule M in D & C Act 1940 and Rules 1945.
GMPs are the requirements that the drug and methods/control /facilities used in their manufacturing, processing and packaging conforms to practice that will assure the safety and efficacy of the product.
United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) The establishment of a rational relationship between a biological property, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced by a dosage form, and a physicochemical property or characteristic of the same dosage form.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition IVIVC is a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in vitro property of a dosage form and a relevant in vivo response. Generally, the in vitro property is the rate or extent of drug dissolution or release while the in vivo response is the plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed.
GMP Requirements & Drug & Cosmetic Act Provision.pptxEasy Concept
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is that part of quality assurance, which ensures that products are regularly produced and controlled according to the quality standards suitable for their use.
(GMP) comes in Schedule M in D & C Act 1940 and Rules 1945.
GMPs are the requirements that the drug and methods/control /facilities used in their manufacturing, processing and packaging conforms to practice that will assure the safety and efficacy of the product.
United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) The establishment of a rational relationship between a biological property, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced by a dosage form, and a physicochemical property or characteristic of the same dosage form.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition IVIVC is a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in vitro property of a dosage form and a relevant in vivo response. Generally, the in vitro property is the rate or extent of drug dissolution or release while the in vivo response is the plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed.
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, I...Dr. Ravi Sankar
GASSCHROMATOGRAPHY, ADVANCED STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, INTRODUCTION, THEORY, COLUMN OPERATION,INSTRUMENTATION AND DETECTION,APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF GC,PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION IN GC, HOW GC MECHINE WORKS? COLUMN, DETECTORS.
BY P.RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
i am HAFIZ M WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc in science college Multan Pakistan
MSC university of education Lahore Pakistan
I love Pakistan and my teachers
Introduction to gas Chromatography
,Principle of gas chromatography
Instrumentation of gas Chromatography
Type of detectors of gas chromatography
Advantages of gas chromatography
Disadvantages of gas chromatography
Applications of gas chromatography
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2. Gas Chromatography is a widely used
analytical technique used to separate & analyze
the gaseous & volatile compounds. In 1952,
Modern Gas Chromatography was invented by
James & Martin. Since early 1950’s this
technique was first used for the separation of
amino acids now GC has large number of
applications as this technique is rapid & has a
great sensitivity. Both qualitative & quantitative
analysis can be done through Gas
Chromatography.
3. In gas-solid chromatography, solid adsorbent is used as a
stationary phase & separation takes place through
adsorption process while in gas- liquid chromatography,
the stationary phase consists of thin layer of non-volatile
liquid bound to solid support & separation takes place
through the process of partition. Gas-liquid
chromatography is most commonly used technique.
4. Generally, all the chromatographs (GSC or GLC)
consists of six basic components.
Sample injection system
Carrier Gas
Separation column
Column Oven or Thermostat chambers
Detectors
Amplification & Recorder system
5. A sample port is necessary for introducing
the sample at the head of the column. A
calibrated micro-syringe is used to transfer a
volume of sample through a rubber septum
and thus into the vaporization chamber.
6. A carrier gas plays a vital role in GC. It should
be inert ,dry & free of oxygen. Helium ,
Nitrogen, argon & hydrogen gases are used
as carrier gas depending upon the desired
performance & detector being used .Carrier
gas is supplied at high pressure & is passed
to instrument at a rapid & reproducible rate.
7. Open tubular columns or capillary columns &
packed columns are used in GC. The first type
of capillary column is a wall-coated open
tubular (WCOT) column and the second type
is a support-coated open tubular (SCOT)
column. WCOT columns are have a thin later
of the stationary phase coated along the
column walls.
8. The thermostat oven are there to control the
temperature of the column to conduct precise work.
The oven can be operated in two manners: isothermal
programming or temperature programming. In
isothermal programming, the temperature of the
column is held constant throughout the whole
separation. In the temperature programming method,
the column temperature is either increased continuously
or in steps as the separation progresses
9. Most common types of detectors used in GC
are: Mass Spectrometer , Flame ionization
detector (FID), Electron capture detector
(ECD), Thermal conductivity detector
(TCD),Atomic emission detector (AED),
Photoionization detector (PID),
Chemilumnescence detector. Detector is
present at the end of the column & gives the
quantitative measurement of the components
of the mixture as they elute in combination
with the carrier gas.
10. These are the last & final components of GC
instrumentation. These are meant to record
the signals that come from the detector.
These use special electronic circuits the
process & amplify the signals so as to display
in an understandable graphical format that
represents several peaks of the constituents
of the sample under analysis.
11. In GC, firstly vaporized sample is injected into
the chromatographic column and then sample
through the column with the flow of inert gas &
results in the separation of the components of
sample which are recorded as a sequence of
peaks as they leave the column. The different
components of the sample separated & eluted at
different & particular time which is called
retention time. Retention time is determined by
each component reaching the component at a
characteristic time.
12. GC has wide range of applications in various
fields .It has a medicinal & pharmaceutical
applications. It is used in food, beverage, flavor &
fragrance analysis. It is also helpful in
environmental analysis and monitoring. It is used
to detect doping of drugs .In forensics, it is used
in cases of arson, detection of body fluids, for
the testing of fiber , blood alcohol, detection of
poisons , pesticides & also to detect explosives
residues. It is also useful in Security and chemical
warfare agent detection.
13. Gas chromatography (GC) is widely used in
food analysis. Quantitative and qualitative
analysis of food composition, natural products,
food additives, flavor and aroma components,
a variety of transformation products and
contaminants, such as pesticides, fumigants,
environmental pollutants, natural toxins,
veterinary drugs, and packaging materials are
done through GC.
14. GC has significant role in the identification &
quantification of pollutants of environment.
Capillary GC is used in the analysis of various
classes of persistent organic contaminants in
air, water, soils, sediments and biota. The
organic pollutant groups like volatile organic
compounds (VOCs);
15. Determination of the physicochemical properties
of solid catalysts and adsorbents, catalyst
evaluation and kinetics of catalytic reactions, and
study of catalytic reactions are done under
chromatographic conditions. GC is 110 longer to
be regarded merely as an analytical tool for the
quick (and, if necessary, continuous) determination
of product composition, but as an essential part of
an integrated program of kinetic analysis,
including the determination of reaction parameters
as well as diffusional constants
16. The petroleum products such as jet fuel petrol,
diesel ,kerosene are also analysed through GC.
Test parameters involves column- supeul –Q
PLOT , oven-35 degree celsius, 16 degree per
min. to 250 degree Celsius, detector – TCD ,
carrier gas He ,sample-jet fuel. GC analysis of
water ib gasoline is also done
17. The previous techniques used for the analysis
of copolyamide are time consuming & are
unable to give both qualitative as well as
quantitative analysis.
18. Identification of hazardous compounds in
waste damps.
forensic applications.
Identification of reaction products.
Quantification of pollutants in drinking &
waste water.
Analysis of industrial products for quality
control.
Skin sample analysis.
RNA isolation.
Astro chemistry & geochemical search.[
