An adder is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. It can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as binary-coded decimal. The most common adders operate on binary numbers.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit IV Chapter II Sequential Circuits- Flip-FlopsArti Parab Academics
Sequential Circuits: Flip-Flop:
Introduction, Terminologies used, S-R flip-flop, D flip-fop, JK flipflop, Race-around condition, Master – slave JK flip-flop, T flip-flop, conversion from one type of flip-flop to another, Application of flipflops.
An adder is a digital logic circuit in electronics that implements addition of numbers. In many computers and other types of processors, adders are used to calculate addresses, similar operations and table indices in the ALU and also in other parts of the processors. These can be built for many numerical representations like excess-3 or binary coded decimal
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
An adder is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. It can be constructed for many numerical representations, such as binary-coded decimal. The most common adders operate on binary numbers.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit IV Chapter II Sequential Circuits- Flip-FlopsArti Parab Academics
Sequential Circuits: Flip-Flop:
Introduction, Terminologies used, S-R flip-flop, D flip-fop, JK flipflop, Race-around condition, Master – slave JK flip-flop, T flip-flop, conversion from one type of flip-flop to another, Application of flipflops.
An adder is a digital logic circuit in electronics that implements addition of numbers. In many computers and other types of processors, adders are used to calculate addresses, similar operations and table indices in the ALU and also in other parts of the processors. These can be built for many numerical representations like excess-3 or binary coded decimal
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
IN THIS SLIDE WE HAVE COVERED THE TOPIC OF DIGITAL ELECTRONIS MULTIPLEXER AND DE MULTIPLEXER TOPIC OF COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT
THANKS FOR READING MY ANIMATION
Data Security and Privacy:
Introduction to Data Security: Importance, common security threats.
Data Privacy: Privacy concerns in the digital age, protecting personal information online.
Introduction to Computer Fundamentals:
Overview of Computer Fundamentals: Definition, importance, and evolution of computers.
Computer Hardware: Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), input and output devices, storage devices.
Computer Software: Operating systems, application software, programming languages. Computer Applications in psychology
Computer Ethics and Emerging Technologies:
Computer Ethics: Ethical considerations in computer usage, intellectual property rights, and plagiarism.
Emerging Technologies: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain Technology.
Introduction to Computer Fundamentals:
Overview of Computer Fundamentals: Definition, importance, and evolution of computers.
Computer Hardware: Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), input and output devices, storage devices.
Computer Software: Operating systems, application software, programming languages. Computer Applications in Healthcare
Computer Networks and Internet Basics:
Computer Networks: Introduction to networks, types of networks (LAN, WAN, WLAN), network topologies.
Networking Basics: Network components (routers, switches, hubs), IP addressing (IPv4, IPv6), TCP/IP Protocol.
Internet and World Wide Web: Understanding the Internet, web browsers, search engines, online research techniques.
Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics, Healthcare Informatics and Analytics for Improved Healthcare System, Intelligent Monitoring and Control for Improved Healthcare System.
Protocols and Evidence based Healthcare: information technology tools to support best practices in health care, information technology tools that inform and empower patients.
Clinical Decision Support Systems: Making Decisions, the impact health information technology on the delivery of care in a rapidly changing healthcare marketplace.
Design and Evaluation of Information Systems and Services: principles of designing information systems, strategies for Information system evaluation, Information Systems Effectiveness Measures.
Quality Improvement Strategies: quality improvement tools, factors that help to create and sustain Healthcare Informatics as a new field. quality improvement cycle: PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) Cycle.
Information Privacy and Security: The Value and Importance of Health Information Privacy, security of health data, potential technical approaches to health data privacy and security.
Electronic Health Records: purpose of electronic health records, popular electronic health record system, advantages of electronic records, challenges of electronic health records, the key players involved.
Overview of Health Informatics: survey of fundamentals of health information technology, Identify the forces behind health informatics, educational and career opportunities in health informatics.
Information System Acquisition & Lifecycle: system acquisition process, phases: Initiation, Planning, Procurement, System Development, System Implementation, Maintenance & Operations, and Closeout. development models.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. UNIT IV: CONTENTS
Multiplexer, De-multiplexer,ALU, Encoder and Décoder:
Introduction,
Multiplexer,De-multiplexer,
Encoder, Décoder,
ALUs
Sequential Circuits: Flip-Flop:
Introduction,Terminologies used, S-R flip-flop,D flip-fop,JK flip-flop,
Race-around condition,
Master – slave JK flip-flop,
T flip-flop,
conversion from one type of flip-flop to another,
Application of flip-flops
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II
4. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: MULTIPLEXER
Multiplexer is a special type of combinational circuit.
There are n-data inputs, one output and m select inputs with 2m = n.
It is a digital circuit which selects one of the n data inputs and routes
it to the output.The selection of one of the n inputs is done by the
selected inputs.
Depending on the digital code applied at the selected inputs, one out
of n data sources is selected and transmitted to the single outputY.
E is called the strobe or enable input which is useful for the
cascading. It is generally an active low terminal that means it will
perform the required operation when it is low.
Block diagram
5. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: MULTIPLEXER
Basic Multiplexing Switch Multiplexer Input Line SelectionMultiplexer Symbol
Generally the number of data inputs to a multiplexer is a power of two such as 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. Some of the mostly
used multiplexers include 2-to-1, 4-to-1, 8-to-1 and 16-to-1 multiplexers.
These multiplexers are available in IC forms with different input and select line configurations. Some of the available
multiplexer ICs include 74157 (2-to-1 MUX), 78158 (2-to-1 MUX), 74352 (4-to-1 MUX), 74153 (4-to-1 MUX),
74152 (8-to-1 MUX) and 74150 (16-to-1 MUX).
6. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: MULTIPLEXER: 2 : 1 MULTIPLEXER
Block diagram TruthTableCircuit diagram
The 2 : 1 multiplexer has 2 inputs and 1 control signal.
7. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: MULTIPLEXER: 4 : 1 MULTIPLEXER
Block diagram TruthTable
The 4 : 1 multiplexer has 4 inputs and 2 control signals.
When Enable(E) = 1
Circuit diagram
8. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: MULTIPLEXER: 8 : 1 MULTIPLEXER
An 8-to-1 multiplexer consists of eight data inputs D0 through D7, three input select lines S2 through S0 and a single
output lineY. Depending on the select lines combinations, multiplexer decodes the inputs.
Block diagram TruthTable
When Enable(E) = 1
Circuit diagram
9. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: MULTIPLEXER: 16 : 1 MULTIPLEXER
The 16 : 1 multiplexer has 16 inputs and 4 control signals.
It can be implemented with two 8 : 1 multiplexers:
A B C D Y(Output)
0 0 0 0 D1
0 0 0 1 D2
0 0 1 0 D3
0 0 1 1 D4
0 1 0 0 D5
0 1 0 1 D6
0 1 1 0 D7
0 1 1 1 D8
1 0 0 0 D9
1 0 0 1 D10
1 0 1 0 D11
1 0 1 1 D12
1 1 0 0 D13
1 1 0 1 D14
1 1 1 0 D15
1 1 1 1 D16
Block diagram
Circuit diagram
TruthTable When Enable(E) = 1
10. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: DEMULTIPLEXER
A demultiplexer performs the reverse operation of a multiplexer i.e.
it receives one input and distributes it over several outputs.
It has only one input, n outputs, m select input.
At a time only one output line is selected by the select lines and the
input is transmitted to the selected output line.
A de-multiplexer is equivalent to a single pole multiple way switch
as shown in fig.
Demultiplexers comes in multiple variations.
1 : 2 demultiplexer
1 : 4 demultiplexer
1 : 16 demultiplexer
1 : 32 demultiplexer
11. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT:DEMULTIPLEXER
The demultiplexer is a combinational logic circuit designed to switch one common input line to one of several
seperate output line.
The demultiplexer takes one single input data line and then switches it to any one of a number of individual output
lines one at a time.The demultiplexer converts a serial data signal at the input to a parallel data at its output
lines as shown below.
The Demultiplexer Symbol Demultiplexer Output Line SelectionChannel De-multiplexer
12. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: DEMULTIPLEXER: 1:2 DEMULTIPLEXER
A 1-to-2 demultiplexer consists of one input line, two output lines and one select line.The signal on the select
line helps to switch the input to one of the two outputs.
Block diagram TruthTable When Enable(E) = 1Circuit diagram
13. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: DEMULTIPLEXER: 1:4 DEMULTIPLEXER
A 1-to-4 demultiplexer has a single input (D), two selection lines (S1 and S0) and four outputs (Y0 toY3).The
input data goes to any one of the four outputs at a given time for a particular combination of select lines.
Block diagram TruthTable When Enable(E) = 1Circuit diagram
14. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: DEMULTIPLEXER: 1:8 DEMULTIPLEXER
A 1-to-4 demultiplexer has a single input (D), two selection lines (S1 and S0) and four outputs (Y0 toY3).The
input data goes to any one of the four outputs at a given time for a particular combination of select lines.
Block diagram TruthTable When Enable(E) = 1Circuit diagram
15. APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLEXER AND DEMULTIPLEXER
Communication System – A Multiplexer is used
in communication systems, which has a transmission
system and also a communication network.A
Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the
communication system by allowing the transmission
of data, such as audio & video data from different
channels via cables and single lines.
Transmission from the Computer System of
a Satellite: A Multiplexer is used to transmit the
data signals from the computer system of a satellite
to the ground system by using a GSM
communication.
16. APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLEXER AND DEMULTIPLEXER
Communication System – Multiplexer and Demultiplexer both are used in communication systems to carry
out the process of data transmission.A De-multiplexer receives the output signals from the multiplexer; and, at
the receiver end, it converts them back to the original form.
Arithmetic Logic Unit – The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as an input to the De-multiplexer, and
the o/p of the demultiplexer is connected to a multiple registers.The output of the ALU can be stored in multiple
registers.
Serial to Parallel Converter – The serial to parallel converter is used to reform parallel data. In this method,
serial data are given as an input to the De-multiplexer at a regular interval, and a counter is attached to the
demultiplexer at the control i/p to sense the data signal at the demultiplexer’s o/p.When all data signals are
stored, the output of the demultiplexer can be read out in parallel.
17. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: ENCODER
An Encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the
reverse operation of Decoder.
It has maximum of 2^n input lines and ‘n’ output lines,
hence it encodes the information from 2^n inputs into an n-bit
code.
It will produce a binary code equivalent to the input,which is
active High.Therefore, the encoder encodes 2^n input lines
with ‘n’ bits.
Uses of Encoders –
Encoders are very common electronic circuits used in all
digital systems.
Encoders are used to translate the decimal values to the
binary in order to perform the binary functions such as
addition, subtraction,multiplication,etc.
Other applications especially for Priority Encoders may
include detecting interrupts in microprocessor applications.
18. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: ENCODER: 4 : 2 ENCODER
The 4 to 2 Encoder consists of four inputsY3,Y2,Y1 &Y0 and two outputs A1 & A0.At any time, only one
of these 4 inputs can be ‘1’ in order to get the respective binary code at the output.The figure below shows the
logic symbol of 4 to 2 encoder.
Block diagram TruthTableCircuit diagram
Logical expression for A1 and A0 :
A1 =Y3 +Y2
A0 =Y3 +Y1
19. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: ENCODER: 4 : 2 ENCODER
The 8 to 3 Encoder or octal to Binary encoder consists of 8 inputs :Y7 toY0 and 3 outputs :A2,A1 & A0. Each
input line corresponds to each octal digit and three outputs generate corresponding binary code.
Block diagram TruthTableCircuit diagram
Logical expression for A1 and A0 :
A2 =Y7 +Y6 +Y5 +Y4
A1 =Y7 +Y6 +Y3 +Y2
A0 =Y7 +Y5 +Y3 +Y1
20. DECIMALTO BCD ENCODER
The decimal to binary encoder usually consists of 10 input lines and 4 output lines. Each input line
corresponds to the each decimal digit and 4 outputs correspond to the BCD code.This encoder accepts the
decoded decimal data as an input and encodes it to the BCD output which is available on the output lines.
Logical expression for A3,A2,A1 and A0 :
A3 =Y9 +Y8
A2 =Y7 +Y6 +Y5 +Y4
A1 =Y7 +Y6 +Y3 +Y2
A0 =Y9 +Y7 +Y5 +Y3 +Y1
Block diagram TruthTableCircuit diagram
21. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: DECODER
Decoder is a combinational circuit that has ‘n’ input lines and maximum of 2n output lines. One of these outputs will be
active High based on the combination of inputs present, when the decoder is enabled.That means decoder detects a
particular code.The outputs of the decoder are nothing but the min terms of ‘n’ input variables lines, when it is
enabled.
A Decoder with Enable input can function as a demultiplexer.A demultiplexer is a circuit that receives information from
a single line and directs it to one of possible output lines.
TruthTable-Circuit Diagram
22. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT: DECODER: 2TO 4 DECODER
Let 2 to 4 Decoder has two inputs A1 & A0 and four outputsY3,Y2,Y1 &Y0.
Enable Inputs Outputs
E A1 A0 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
0 x x 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Boolean functions for each output
Y3=E.A1.A0Y3=E.A1.A0
Y2=E.A1.A0′Y2=E.A1.A0′
Y1=E.A1′.A0Y1=E.A1′.A0
Y0=E.A1′.A0′
Block diagram TruthTableCircuit diagram
23. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
Inside a computer, there is an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which is
capable of performing logical operations (e.g.AND, OR, Ex-OR, Invert
etc.) in addition to the arithmetic operations (e.g.Addition, Subtraction
etc.).
The control unit supplies the data required by the ALU from memory,
or from input devices, and directs the ALU to perform a specific
operation based on the instruction fetched from the memory.
ALU is the “calculator” portion of the computer.
An arithmetic logic unit(ALU) is a major component of the central
processing unit of the a computer system.
It does all processes related to arithmetic and logic operations that
need to be done on instruction words.
In some microprocessor architectures, the ALU is divided into the
arithmetic unit (AU) and the logic unit (LU).
24. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
Different operation as carried out by ALU can be categorized as
follows –
logical operations −These include operations like AND, OR,
NOT, XOR, NOR, NAND, etc.
Bit-Shifting Operations −This pertains to shifting the
positions of the bits by a certain number of places either
towards the right or left, which is considered a multiplication or
division operations.
Arithmetic operations −This refers to bit addition and
subtraction.Although multiplication and division are sometimes
used, these operations are more expensive to make.
Multiplication and subtraction can also be done by repetitive
additions and subtractions respectively.
25. ALU CIRCUIT
An ALU can be designed by
engineers to calculate many
different operations.
When the operations become
more and more complex,then
the ALU will also become
more and more expensive and
also takes up more space in
the CPU and dissipates more
heat.
That is why engineers make
the ALU powerful enough to
ensure that the CPU is also
powerful and fast, but not so
complex as to become
prohibitive in terms of cost
and other disadvantages.