Searching and Retrieval: locate or retrieve specific information to meet an information need, information retrieval techniques.

1. Health
Informatics
BCA-2020: Semester-V

2. Module 2:
Chapter 3
INFORMATION SYSTEM
ACQUISITION &
LIFECYCLE
MEDICAL INFORMATION
STRUCTURING
SEARCHING AND
RETRIEVAL

3. Module
Content
 Information System Acquisition & Lifecycle: system acquisition
process, phases: Initiation, Planning, Procurement, System
Development, System Implementation, Maintenance &
Operations, and Closeout. development models.
 Medical Information Structuring: Analysing and Designing
Structure of healthcare information systems, Architectures of
Information Systems.
 Searching and Retrieval: locate or retrieve specific information to
meet an information need, information retrieval techniques.

4. LearningObjectives  State the challenges of rapid high quality medical
searches
 Define the role of Google and Google Scholar in
healthcare
 Describe the role of PubMed and Medline
searches
 Identify the variety of search filters essential to an
excellent PubMed search
 Enhance PubMed searching with third party
PubMed tools

5. Introduction
 The most rapid and comprehensive way to access information
today from anywhere in the world is a search of the WorldWide
Web via the Internet.
 If one assumes that the Internet is the new global library with
more than three billion web sites, then it should come as no
surprise that Internet search engines are the gateway.
 Search engines provide access to a breadth of information on
medical issues targeted for the general public as well as the health
professional.
 Google,Yahoo!, Bing and Ask.Com are the most popular search
engines because of their ease of use and accessibility. However,
searchers found that usability and relevance of results varied
among them.
 Google is the clear favorite with 2/3 of the market share in Internet
searching and, as reported in a recent article comparing all four
search engines,Google search results had the highest validity and
least redundancy.

6. MedicalSearch
Engines
 Medical search engines exist, including
 Omnimedicalsearch.com
 Healthline.com
 Tripdatabase.com
 pogofrog.com
 They filter resources by eliminating commercial sites and claim to
retrieve more peer reviewed information than general search engines.
 However, medical search engines are not as accessible as Google,
which has the advantage of being well known and simple to use.
 Other useful search engines that provide medical coverage are
PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Wiley Online, CINAHL, andWeb of
Science.
 Most databases offer sophisticated features and filters that enhance
search precision and improve result relevance. PubMed remains the
search engine of choice for formal searches of the medical literature,
although its use of controlled subject headings and search protocols
make it more difficult to navigate than general search engines.

7. Google
 The name Google is derived from the word googol, which is the
mathematical term for the number 1 followed by 100 zeroes. 11 Its
success is based largely on its intuitiveness, retrieval speed and
productive results.
 Google is a fascinating company with a myriad of continuous
innovations. It was developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1996
when they were graduate students at Stanford University.
 As the world’s largest and fastest search engine, Google performs one
hundred billion searches each month by utilizing thousands of servers
running the Linux operating system.
 It provides a global review, returning articles from the lay press,
medical journals, magazines, etc. Because Google yields so many
results in an average search, it is important to narrow or filter a
search.
 Google cites Medline abstracts and full text articles if they are
available; so for an informal search it is reasonable to start with
Google and expect to find an answer in the first few citations listed. It
is likely one will find an acceptable answer in less time than it takes to
use PubMed, particularly if an advanced search strategy is used to
narrow the search with additional descriptors.

8. Google
 Successful searching depends on maximizing Google search options
such as the ones listed below:
List the most important term first
Search for synonyms by placing ~ in front of a search term or by using
“or” as the operator (cancer or carcinoma will recover results dealing
with either cancer or carcinoma)
“And” is implied in Google and not necessary (e.g., a search for diabetes
diet will recover results about diabetes and diet)
Put quotation marks around the words to search for an exact phrase,
e.g. “University ofWest Florida” so searchers don’t retrieve every
citation with the words Florida,West or University
Remember that searches are not case sensitive and punctuation is not
needed
Spelling errors are automatically corrected with Google’s Spell Checker
Type “define:” before a word or phrase to haveGoogle serve as a
dictionary
Enter an arithmetic string and Google will function as a calculator
Search the name of a drug and Google will display a summary,
description, dosage recommendations, side effects, and precautions
from NIH (National Institutes of Health)

9. Google’s
settings and
advanced
options
 Google’s settings and advanced options are available from the
results page using the gear icon:
 Setting Preferences o Language preferred (e.g. English)
 Number of search results per page (e.g. 10 or 20)
 Whether the search should launch in a new window (recommended
because when the current page is exited, the search is lost.)
 Advanced Search Options
 Includes and, or, not capabilities
 Narrows results by language and region
 Limits results to certain domains (e.g., .edu for education, .gov for
government, .org for organizations)
 Selects search by File type:Word, Excel, PDF, PowerPoint, etc.
 Limits by reading level or license rights
 Under Find webpages that have… the search can target a term or
terms in the title only or in the body or both

10. Google
Scholar
 Google Scholar is an offspring of Google that searches the full text
of peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles at publishers’ websites,
including citations and abstracts provided online by the National
Library of Medicine through PubMed.
 Unlike many proprietary databases, Google Scholar is free and
easily accessible.
 It will link to full text articles but there may be a cost to retrieve
them if they are not open access or if the researcher is not
affiliated with a library that subscribes to the journals.
 In late 2013 they added the option to save articles to a personal
library.
 Google Scholar was implemented in 2004 and describes itself as
“…a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From
one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources:
articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from
academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories,
universities and other web sites.”

11. Google
Scholar
 Early in its inception, there were some drawbacks to Google
Scholar, especially its focus on highly cited studies that tended to
be older.
 This has been largely overcome with the “SinceYear” filter that
allows the researcher to find more recent publications.
 There is also a sort feature that will display publications by date.
 In addition, current reviews of Google Scholar note its
improvement in recall and precision.
 Chen stated that his “…empirical study found that more than five
years after its debut…Google Scholar is able to retrieve any
scholarly journal article record from all the publicly accessibleWeb
sites and from subscription based databases.”

12. PubMed
Search Engine
MEDLINE:MedicalLiterature
AnalysisandRetrievalSystemOnline
 PubMed is a web-based retrieval system developed by the
NationalCenter for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the
National Library of Medicine (NLM).
 PubMed is one of twenty-three databases in NCBI's retrieval
system, known as Entrez, that index information in toxicology,
bioinformatics and genomics from a variety of sources including
textbooks.
 PubMed provides free access to MEDLINE, which contains 22
million citations from the world’s medical literature from the
1940s to the present.
 PubMed covers the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry,
veterinary medicine, health care administration, the pre-clinical
sciences and some other areas of the life sciences.
 NLM licenses its data to vendors to be used through proprietary
interfaces, but the PubMed search interface for MEDLINE is only
available from the National Library of Medicine.

13. PubMed
Search Engine
 For simple answers to common problems PubMed may not be the
ideal place to start, but it is the primary search engine for
physicians seeking information on unusual cases and research
topics.
 Although the PubMed search process is labor intensive, healthcare
workers who seek evidence based medical answers should learn to
use it and it is especially important to master in an academic or
research environment.
 As is the case with most sophisticated databases, PubMed has
filters, features, and capabilities that produce relevant search
results. But without proper training, PubMed searching can be
challenging and frustrating.
 It contains important features and shortcuts that make a search
easier and more successful. Excellent tutorials exist on the
PubMed site to teach one the basics of a good search. Also,
several helpful review articles have been written about PubMed
tools and features.

14. PubMed
Search Engine
 The query box in PubMed accepts keyword, Medical Subject
Heading (MESH) and natural language (Google-type) entries.
Search terms may be entered alone or connected by Boolean
search operators “AND” or “OR.”
 PubMed citations include the author, title, journal, publication
date and PubMed identification number (PMID) (only 65% of
Medline citations include an author abstract).
 PubMed does not search the full-text of cited articles.

15. Medical
Subject
Heading
(MeSH)
 Medical Subject Heading (MeSH): Journal articles are categorized
by NLM indexers in order to facilitate searching.Articles are
assigned two or more subject headings from a structured
vocabulary called MeSH. Understanding what these terms are and
how they can refine a search is an important first step in
harnessing the power of PubMed.
 As one can imagine, terms such as low back pain could be labeled
lumbar pain, osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine, etc.
 It will improve the search significantly if the preferred term is
used. MeSH can be accessed in the drop down menu in the
PubMed search window or by choosing the MeSH Database from
the menu section entitled More Resources.
 Figure shows how the term “low back pain” is organized in MeSH.
The MeSH entry shows a definition of the term and its synonyms,
and displays a set of subheadings that can be used to narrow a
search on low back pain.

16. PubMed
Search Engine
 PubMed Limits Option allows a search to be narrowed by date,
age of subjects, gender, humans or animals, and language.
 The searches can be limited to retrieve only full text and free full
text articles and abstracts. (Keep in mind that most articles before
1975 did not contain abstracts.)
 The search can also be limited by:
 Author or journal name
 Searchable main publication types include ClinicalTrial, Editorial,
Letter, MetaAnalysis, Practice Guideline, Randomized Controlled
Trial, and Review
 Searchable topic subsets include AIDS, Bioethics, Cancer,
Complementary Medicine, History of Medicine, Systematic Reviews
andToxicology
 Field tags.
 The search can stipulate whether the search term should be in the
title or body of the article.These are just a few of the limiting
options.There are multiple other choices available as well.

17. Entering a
Search in
PubMed
 PubMed is based on an architecture that uses indexed concepts
(MeSH Headings) and Boolean logic to retrieve information.
 Search questions should be analyzed and broken down into
concepts that are described using MeSH Headings or text words.
 These search terms are then joined together by AND to retrieve
articles that contain both concepts, or joined together by OR to
retrieve articles that contain either concept. ( Boolean operators
should be capitalized.)
 To search for articles on sinusitis caused by bacteria, search
sinusitisAND bacterial infections.
 Although the search box in PubMed looks very much like Google,
the words entered in the search box are processed based on
concept searching rather than by natural language searching.
 Recognizing that most searchers are accustomed to Google,
PubMed is developing a natural language search engine that
works with the concept search engine to retrieve articles.

18. Selecting
limits in
PubMed
 Selecting limits: Once the concept search has been entered one may limit the
search with filters.
 In addition to searching for articles that list sinusitis as the main topic (sinusitis
[MAJR]), we have limited our search by age (Adult: 19 to 44), humans, core
clinical journals (all of which are in English), the past five years, and those with
links to free full text. (We could have also selected clinical trial, random
controlled trial or review, or checked the box for all four.)
 The search with limits greatly decreased the number of returned citations and
improved the quality of the results. Requesting free full text articles also
reduced the search considerably.

19. Options for
Saving Results
in PubMed
 Clipboard: store up to 200 citations for up to eight hours.
 E-mail: send selected results to a colleague or to oneself. • File:
put the results into a format that is suitable for a bibliographic
software program.
 Order: send the citation to an affiliated library under the
Loansome Doc program for document delivery.
 Citation Manager: export results to an external citation manager
(e.g., RefWorks, EndNote).
 Collections and My Bibliography (or My NCBI, located on upper
right hand corner of the main screen) provides a valuable storage
area for searches and collections of articles retrieved allowing one
to:
 Save searches (otherwise gone in eight hours)
 Set up e-mail alerts to notify when new articles are published on the
topic of interest
 Display links to online full-text of articles (LinkOut)
 Choose filters that group search results

20. PubMed
PubReMiner
 PubReMiner allows the searcher to enter keywords or PMIDs
related to a query and then analyzes the relevant PubMed
citations and their indexing to develop frequency tables.The
tables list the most active journals, authors and associated
keywords related to the search terms. Items from the tables can
then be added to the search and run in PubMed. PubReMiner is
available directly from the website.
 1. Enriching Results with Semantics andVisualization:Tools in this
group analyze search results and identify biomedical terms from
the text, or employ other recognition features to enrich searching
language. PubMed Ex is an example of this type of tool:
 PubMed EX: PubMed EX is a browser extension for Mozilla Firefox
and Internet Explorer that marks up PubMed search results with
additional information derived from data mining. PubMed EX
provides background information that enables searchers to focus on
key concepts in the retrieved abstracts.

21. PubMed
PubReMiner
 2. Clustering Results intoTopics: Categorizing results is a common
approach employed by web tools. GOPubMed is an example of a
clustering tool:
 GOPubMed is a knowledge-based semantic browsing tool for searching
PubMed. Simply enter keywords or MeSH headings into the search box and
the search engine will display the frequency of relevant terms with which to
formulate the search.
 3. Ranking Search Results: PubMed displays results in reverse
chronological order, whereas several web tools use relevance or other
ranking systems to find and sort documents. One example of a ranking
system is Quertle.
 Quertle: Quertle is a semantic search engine that helps users find more
relevant results by employing power terms that relate to biomedicine and
by focusing on relationships between terms. Quertle offers filters by date,
publication type, and key concept.
 4. Improving Search Retrieval and Experience: By providing alternative
interfaces to PubMed searchers, tools in this group offer new web
capabilities. iPubMed is an example of this type of tool.
 iPubMed:This search interface has an interactive search feature. Spelling
errors are automatically corrected and it links outs to full text articles,
citation managers, and Google Scholar.

22. ThankYou!