Fungi kingdome
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Fungi are eukaryotic organisms classified in the kingdom fungi. They include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin rather than cellulose, lack chlorophyll, and absorb nutrients from dead or living organisms. They are decomposers that break down organic material. Fungi bodies are made of long, thread-like filaments called hyphae that form a tangled network of structures called mycelium. Fungi can reproduce both sexually through processes like plasmogamy and karyogamy or asexually through spores like sporangiospores or conidia. Mycology is the study of fungi and their roles in areas like medicine,
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Fungi Symbiosis
This document discusses two types of fungal symbiosis: lichens and mycorrhizae. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. The algal partner performs photosynthesis while the fungus protects and provides nutrients. Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots that enhances nutrient transport from the soil to the plant, increasing drought resistance and disease resistance for the plant.
Phylum Deuteromycota
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
Myxomycetes
This document provides information about myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds). It discusses that myxomycetes contain 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera and 888 species. The somatic phase is represented by a multinucleate, apparently naked acellular slimy protoplasmic mass called the plasmodium. At fruiting time, the entire plasmodium is organized into sporangia or sporophores that bear spores. Myxomycetes are classified into three subclasses based on characteristics of the plasmodium and spore-bearing structures.
Zygomycota.pptx
Zygomycota includes common bread molds. It reproduces sexually through the fusion of gametangia to form zygospores, and asexually through non-motile sporangiospores formed in sporangia on sporangiophores. Rhizopus stolonifera is a common example. The mycelia have rhizoids that absorb food below ground, sporangiophores that bear sporangia above ground, and stolons that connect rhizoids and sporangiophores. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia from opposite mating types to form a zygote, which undergoes karyogamy and meiosis to produce spores in a sporangium.
Deuteromycota
Deuteromycota refers to fungi that reproduce asexually and whose sexual reproduction cycle is unknown. They are characterized by septate mycelium and reproduce through conidia. There are four orders within Deuteromycota distinguished by where conidia and conidiophores are produced. Some Deuteromycota have sterile mycelium or sclerotia and some undergo a parasexual cycle involving plasmogamy and haploidization but not true meiosis.
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This document summarizes key information about Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
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2) It reproduces by budding and can reproduce sexually by forming haploid spores through meiosis.
3) As a yeast, it is used in brewing beer, where it ferments sugars and produces carbon dioxide, and in baking bread as a leavening agent.
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Fungi are a large and diverse group of organisms that occupy a wide range of habitats. They vary greatly in size from unicellular yeasts to puffballs over 20 cm wide. Fungi play several important ecological roles as parasites, saprotrophs, and mutualists through mycorrhizal relationships with plants. They are characterized by heterotrophic nutrition, rigid cell walls containing chitin, and reproduction through spores. Their branching filamentous structure called a mycelium absorbs nutrients across its extensive hyphal network.
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Phylum Deuteromycota
Introduction of Phylum Deuteromycota
Characteristics of Phylum Deuteromycota
Economical importance of members of phylum Deuteromycota
Trichophyton interdigidale ( cause Athlete’s foot disease)
Monilinia fructigena (brown rots)
Penicillium roquefortii ( manufacture of blue chesses)
Penicillium chrysogenum - Antibiotic penicillin
Plant pathogens
Human pathogens - Candida species
Human/Animal pathogens -Dermatomycosis
Biological control of soil-borne diseases.
INTRODUCTION
Phylum Deuteromycota is a polyphyletic group of asexually-reproducing fungi that do not display a sexual phase; they are known as imperfect.
They do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed , hence the name imperfect fungi. It has 04 orders. Such as:
Moniliales
Sphaeropsidales
Melanconiales
Mycelia Sterlia
Characteristics:
Most Deuteromycota live on land with a few aquatic exceptions.
They form visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance called ‘mold’.
Deuteromycota don’t possess the sexual structures that are used the classify other fungi. They are strictly asexual reproduction and conidial spores are produced.
Most Deuteromycota have a well-developed, septate mycelium with distinct conidiophores. but some have a unicellular thallus.
With the exception of one group, all members reproduce by means of special spores known as conidia. A few imperfect fungi lack conidia and form only sclerotia.
Recombination of genetic material is known to take place between the different nuclei after some hyphae recombine.
Myxomycetes
This document provides information about myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds). It discusses that myxomycetes contain 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera and 888 species. The somatic phase is represented by a multinucleate, apparently naked acellular slimy protoplasmic mass called the plasmodium. At fruiting time, the entire plasmodium is organized into sporangia or sporophores that bear spores. Myxomycetes are classified into three subclasses based on characteristics of the plasmodium and spore-bearing structures.
Zygomycota.pptx
Zygomycota includes common bread molds. It reproduces sexually through the fusion of gametangia to form zygospores, and asexually through non-motile sporangiospores formed in sporangia on sporangiophores. Rhizopus stolonifera is a common example. The mycelia have rhizoids that absorb food below ground, sporangiophores that bear sporangia above ground, and stolons that connect rhizoids and sporangiophores. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia from opposite mating types to form a zygote, which undergoes karyogamy and meiosis to produce spores in a sporangium.
Deuteromycota
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This document summarizes key information about Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
1) S. cerevisiae is a species of yeast that is used in winemaking, baking, and brewing. It is one of the most studied eukaryotic model organisms.
2) It reproduces by budding and can reproduce sexually by forming haploid spores through meiosis.
3) As a yeast, it is used in brewing beer, where it ferments sugars and produces carbon dioxide, and in baking bread as a leavening agent.
Myxomycotina
This document provides an overview of Myxomycotina (slime molds). It discusses that they are fungus-like organisms characterized by an amoeboid vegetative phase without cell walls. The document outlines the key characteristics and life cycles of the four classes: Acrasiomycetes, Hydromyxomycetes, Myxomycetes, and Plasmodiophoromycetes. It also briefly discusses their economic importance in nutrient cycling and use in laboratory studies due to their protoplasm without cell walls.
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Agaricus
1. Agaricus campestris is a common edible mushroom that grows saprophytically on decaying organic matter like leaves and wood.
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Ppt of fungi
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1) The theory of progressive sterilization proposes that sporophytes evolved through the progressive sterilization of potential sporogenous tissue, with simpler forms like Riccia having a higher proportion of fertile tissue and more complex forms like Funaria having more sterile tissues like feet, setae, and capsule walls.
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3. Lichens serve important ecological roles as pioneer colonizers and environmental pollution indicators. They also have economic uses including as food, medicines, dyes, and in brewing. However, some lichens can be harmful by spreading fires or accumulating radioactive materials.
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2. It has both underground vegetative mycelium and aerial fruiting bodies. The mycelium is either monokaryotic or dikaryotic formed by fusion of opposite mating strains.
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Ppt of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved molecules through enzymes secreted into their environment. Fungi play important roles in decomposition, industrial processes like brewing, and producing medications. They can also cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation.
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- They are divided into four classes - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida - based on characteristics of their vascular tissues, sporangia, and other structures.
- Pteridophytes can have different types of steles like protosteles, siphonosteles, and others to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Lichens ppt
Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between algae or cyanobacteria (the photobiont) and a fungus (the mycobiont). The fungus provides structure and protects the photobiont while the photobiont produces food for both partners through photosynthesis. Lichens have four basic thallus morphologies - crustose, foliose, fruticose, and squamulose. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia, and sexually through ascospores. Lichens produce unique chemical compounds called lichen acids which help defend against herbivores and metal binding properties. Lichens have many uses including as food, fodder
CYCAS-1.pdf
Cycas is a genus of cycads distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. It has unbranched woody stems topped with a crown of large pinnately compound leaves. Species such as C. revoluta are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants. The document describes the anatomy of Cycas roots, stems, and leaves. Roots have a taproot system and some develop coralloid roots through symbiosis with algae and fungi. The stem has a eustele vascular cylinder and undergoes both primary and secondary growth. Leaves are pinnately compound.
Evolution of the sporophyte in brophytes
The document discusses two theories on the evolution of the sporophyte in bryophytes:
1) The theory of progressive sterilization proposes that sporophytes evolved through the progressive sterilization of potential sporogenous tissue, with simpler forms like Riccia having a higher proportion of fertile tissue and more complex forms like Funaria having more sterile tissues like feet, setae, and capsule walls.
2) The reduction theory proposes that sporophyte evolution occurred through the downward reduction and simplification of structures, with features like dehiscence apparatuses, photosynthetic capsule walls, and structures like the foot and seta disappearing over time. Supporters believe the simple sporophyte of Riccia represents
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1. Lichens are a symbiotic organism consisting of a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria. They can grow in a wide range of habitats and environments.
2. Lichens have several types of structures and reproduce both sexually through structures like apothecia, and asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia.
3. Lichens serve important ecological roles as pioneer colonizers and environmental pollution indicators. They also have economic uses including as food, medicines, dyes, and in brewing. However, some lichens can be harmful by spreading fires or accumulating radioactive materials.
Basidiomycotina-Characters & Ecology.pdf
This presentation intends to offer a bird's eye view of the Basidiomycotina fungi w.s.r to heterothallism.
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The document discusses the organization and morphological variations of algal thalli. It describes how algal thalli range from unicellular to multicellular forms and can be motile or non-motile. Various types of thalli are discussed including filamentous, parenchymatous, uniaxial, and siphonous forms. The ecology of algae is also covered, noting their habitats can include aquatic, terrestrial, aerophytic, cryophytic, thermophytic, and other unusual environments. The document concludes with a brief discussion of evolutionary trends in algae.
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Along with bacteria, these are the most important Decomposers in the biosphere. They convert dead, organic matter into its inorganic components. Pathogenic/parasitc fungi have specialized hyphae called haustoria, which are used to invade the host's cells and create a nutrient pathway between fungus and host.
Lichens are very effective at absorbing nutrients directly from the atmosphere, and for this reason are very sensitive to smog.They are important primary producers in harsh environments such as tundra.
Several major taxa of fungi are generally recognized...
Chytridiomycota (the "chytrids")
Zygomycota (the black bread molds)
Ascomycota (the sac fungi)
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Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Introduction to Medical Mycology)
This document discusses the general characteristics of fungi. It begins by defining fungi and distinguishing their characteristics from bacteria. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can exist in either a filamentous or unicellular form. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. The document outlines the basic morphological elements of fungi and their metabolic and reproductive processes. It also discusses the classification and diagnosis of fungal infections as well as common antifungal therapies.
Role of immune system in health & diseases
This document provides an overview of the immune system and how microbes cause disease. It begins by classifying microbes such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. It then discusses how bacterial pathogens are able to penetrate host defenses through mechanisms like adherence, capsules and enzymatic activity. The stages of infection and course of infectious disease are outlined. Pathogenic bacteria and the diseases they cause are also summarized.
Kimgdom fungi
The kingdom Fungi includes a vast variety of organisms such as mushrooms, yeast, and mold, made up of feathery filaments called hyphae (collectively called mycelium). Fungi are multicellular and eukaryotic. They are also heterotrophs, and gain nutrition through absorption.
MYCOLOGY.pdf
Mycology is the study of fungi. Key developments in the field include the 19th century observation that fungi can infect plants and animals, and the 1910 publication of a comprehensive book on dermatophytic fungi. Fungi play both beneficial and harmful roles. They are important for decomposition, producing antibiotics and enzymes, yet can also cause diseases in animals, humans, and plants or spoil food and materials. Fungi have eukaryotic cells with rigid cell walls and exist primarily in filamentous or unicellular forms. Major groups include molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi.
introductiontomycology.pptx
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
Fungi
Fungi have several key characteristics:
1) They have cell walls made of chitin and obtain nutrients as heterotrophs and decomposers.
2) Their bodies are made of long filaments called hyphae that form a mycelium.
3) They reproduce both sexually through the mating of hyphae and asexually through spores.
The document then discusses the five major fungal phyla - Zygomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. It provides more details on Zygomycota, including how bread mold is an example and goes through its life cycle and
نور احمد المزيني (General characters of Fungi).pptx
This document provides an overview of fungi and outlines several objectives:
1) It defines mycology and mycoses, explaining that mycology is the study of fungi and mycoses are infections caused by fungi.
2) It explains the importance of both harmful and useful fungi, noting examples of each.
3) It describes the structure of the fungal cell, which contains a nucleus and cell wall with chitin.
4) It explains that fungi obtain nutrients through heterotrophic and absorptive nutrition, lacking chlorophyll and obtaining carbon from organic compounds.
5) It classifies fungi according to morphology as molds, yeasts, or dimorphic and can reproduce both sexually and asexually
An Introduction to Fungi.pdf
Mycology is the study of fungi. Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that lack chlorophyll. They can be unicellular or multicellular, and their plant body is called a thallus. Fungi reproduce through both asexual and sexual means and can be saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic. Common modes of nutrition include absorbing nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter as saprophytes, deriving nutrients from living hosts as parasites using structures called haustoria, and engaging in mutually beneficial relationships with plants or algae in lichens and mycorrhizal associations.
Fungi
This document provides an overview of fungi, including:
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients through their extensive hyphal networks. They can be saprobes, parasites, or form mutualistic relationships.
- Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores formed by meiosis and asexually through spores formed by mitosis. Their life cycles vary but generally involve both haploid and diploid stages.
- Major fungal divisions include Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. They play important roles in decomposition, industries like brewing, and form mycorrhizal relationships with plants.
Fungi
Microorganism : Fungi, Classification, structure , general characteristics and morphology related to food
Mycology -introduction and lab diagnosis with QC
The document provides information on mycology including the classification, morphology, and laboratory diagnosis of fungi. It describes the characteristics of fungi, including their eukaryotic nature and ability to exist in both yeast and mold forms. The document also outlines the different types of fungal infections including cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic mycoses.
General charactersistics of fungi
The document provides information about the general characteristics and fascinating aspects of fungi. It defines fungi as eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and have cell walls containing chitin. Fungi can exist unicellular as yeasts or multicellular as molds, and reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores. The document highlights that fungi play important roles in decomposition, relationships with plants, and uses like food and medicine.
6_2017_02_26!11_21_41_PM (1).ppt
Fungal cells have a rigid cell wall composed mostly of chitin and glucan surrounding the nucleus and cytoplasm. The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and contains proteins and lipids. Organelles include mitochondria with flattened cristae, Golgi bodies with single tubular elements, and other structures like ribosomes and vacuoles. Fungi reproduce both sexually through gametangia and asexually through spores. Asexual reproduction occurs via budding, fission, fragmentation or production of spores like zoospores, sporangiospores, and conidia. Fungi can have saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic nutritional modes.
Chapter5 microbiology farid
The document summarizes key aspects of microbial diversity, including characteristics of eukaryotic microbes such as algae, fungi, protozoa, and their medical significance. It describes how algae are photosynthetic and range in size, fungi reproduce through budding, spores or hyphae and cause superficial to systemic infections in humans, and protozoa are eukaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms that can be parasites and cause diseases like malaria, giardiasis and African sleeping sickness.
AN INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY 11 2017.ppt
This document provides an introduction to medical mycology. It defines mycology and medical mycology as the study of fungi and fungal infections that affect humans. It discusses the natural ecology of fungi, their modes of reproduction, pathogenicity and virulence factors. It also covers the classification of fungi based on sexual reproduction and morphology. Key points of classification include the phyla of Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and the artificial group of Deuteromycetes. The document concludes with examples of medically important fungal genera within these groups.
Fungus Part I
This document provides an overview of mycology (the study of fungi). It discusses that fungi are eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and can exist as unicellular or multicellular forms. It describes the cell structure of fungi including their cell walls made of chitin and cell membranes containing ergosterol. It covers the taxonomic classification of fungi into phyla and discusses the structures and reproduction of different types of fungi including yeasts, molds, and thermally dimorphic fungi. It also addresses the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections through microscopy, staining, culture and the clinical manifestations of different fungal infections.
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Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Introduction to Medical Mycology)
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Introduction to Medical Mycology)
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Fungi are eukaryotic organisms classified in the kingdom fungi. They include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin rather than cellulose, lack chlorophyll, and absorb nutrients from dead or living organisms. They are decomposers that break down organic material. Fungi bodies are made of long, thread-like filaments called hyphae that form a tangled network of structures called mycelium. Fungi can reproduce both sexually through processes like plasmogamy and karyogamy or asexually through spores like sporangiospores or conidia. Mycology is the study of fungi and their roles in areas like medicine,
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#Application of Genetic Engineering
#Genetic engineering of Bacteria
#Bacteria as biofactories: to produce insulin
for diabetic patients
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#Genetically-engineered bacteria :
can inhale CO2 from the air and convert it into energy.
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https://youtu.be/MgPyAHHorEU
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# branch of microbiology
# study of bacteria
# application
# role of bacteriology
# bacteria
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#History
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# branch of bacteriology
# Recombination bacteria
# pathogenetic bacteriology
Polymerase chain reaction
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# Introduction of PCR
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
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light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
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As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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Masking and demasking reagents
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Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Fungi kingdome
- 1. Fungus :Kingdom of organisms Presented By :Khushbu’s Microbiology
- 2. Introduction of Fungi Fungi :eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. These organisms are classified under kingdom fungi. The organisms found in Kingdom fungi contain a cell wall and are omnipresent. They are classified as heterotrophs among the living organisms.
- 3. Mycology Mycology :branch of biology concerned with the systematic study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use to humans as a source of medicine, food, psychotropic substances consumed for religious purposes, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning / infection. Phytopathology: the study of plant diseases, is closely related because many plant pathogens are fungi
- 4. • Appearance of black spots on bread left outside for some days, the mushrooms and the yeast cells, which are commonly used for production of beer and bread are also fungi. • They are also found in most of the skin infections and other fungal diseases.
- 5. General Characteristics of Fungi: • Decomposers – the best recyclers around • No chlorophyll – non photosynthetic • Most multicellular (hyphae) – some unicellular (yeast) • Cell walls made of chitin (kite-in) instead of cellulose like that of a plant • Lack true roots, leaves and stems • Absorptive heterotrophs • Can invade the interior of a substrate with absorptive filaments • Digest food externally and then absorb it • Lack of chlorophyll affects the lifestyle of fungi… • Not dependent on light • Can occupy dark habitats • Can grow in any direction
- 6. Structure of Fungi Body of fungus made of tiny filaments or tubes called hyphae . Contain cytoplasm and nuclei (more than 1) Each hyphae is one continuous cell Cell wall made of chitin A tangled mess of hyphae is called mycelium Rhizoids are root-like parts of fungi that anchor them to the substrate (whatever they are bonding to) Mycelium increase the surface area of the fungi to absorb more nutrients.
- 7. Cell Organization : Fungi cell wall : mainly made up of chitin &cellulose. Chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine. cellulose is nothing but a polymer of d-glucose. Besides, the cell wall may be made up of cellulose- glycogen, cellulose-chitin or polygalactosamine- galactan.
- 8. Reproduction : fungi either reproduces vegetatively, asexually or sexually: Vegetative Reproduction : Fragmentation: Some forms belonging to Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina multiply by breakage of the mycelium. Budding: Some unicelled forms multiply by budding. Fission: A few unicelled forms like yeasts and slime moulds multiply by this process. Asexual Reproduction • Sporangiospores: thin-walled, non-motile spores formed in a sporangium. • Zoospores: thin-walled, motile spores formed in a zoosporangium. • Conidia: In some fungi, the spores are not formed inside a sporangium. Sexual reproduction: Plasmogamy: Fusion of two protoplasts. Karyogamy: Fusion of two nuclei. Meiosis: The reduction division.
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