Fungi
•
4 likes•1,531 views
Fungi are a large and diverse group of organisms that occupy a wide range of habitats. They vary greatly in size from unicellular yeasts to puffballs over 20 cm wide. Fungi play several important ecological roles as parasites, saprotrophs, and mutualists through mycorrhizal relationships with plants. They are characterized by heterotrophic nutrition, rigid cell walls containing chitin, and reproduction through spores. Their branching filamentous structure called a mycelium absorbs nutrients across its extensive hyphal network.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Reproduction in algae
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
Nutrition in Fungi
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
THE ARCHAEA
This document provides information about the six kingdoms of life and the domains of Archaea and Bacteria. It discusses how biologists classify organisms and some of the key distinguishing characteristics, such as cell structure, nutrition, and reproduction. Specifically, it outlines that Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotic domains. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition and membrane lipids. Bacteria are more ubiquitous and also have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Many bacteria can be pathogenic if they enter the body and use tissues as a food source or secrete toxins.
Classification of fungi
This document outlines Ainsworth's 1973 classification system for fungi. It proposes the kingdom Mycota, divided into the divisions Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Eumycota is further divided into several subdivisions including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. Each subdivision contains multiple classes and orders of fungi classified based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle stages, and reproductive structures. The classification aims to group fungi based on morphology and natural relationships rather than previous artificial systems.
Ascomycota
This document provides information about ascomycetes, a phylum of fungi that reproduces sexually through spore-filled structures called asci. It discusses the structure of ascomycetes including their hyphae and septa. Examples of ascomycetes are described such as yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathogenic Pneumocystis jirovecii, and edible mushrooms like Morchella esculenta. The life cycle and references are also summarized.
Mks cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
Lichens
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
General Account of Chlorophyta & Charophyta
Chlorophyta
=> habitat => plant body => pigments
=> reproduction => some speices of chlorophyta
Charophyta
=> habitat => plant body
=> reproduction => some speices of charophyta
Recommended
Reproduction in algae
This document discusses the different methods of reproduction in algae. It describes vegetative reproduction methods like fragmentation, fission, tubers, and hormogonia. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores like zoospores, aplanospores, akinetes, hypnospores, and tetraspores. Sexual reproduction can be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous depending on the gametes involved. The document provides examples to explain each type of reproduction in algae.
Nutrition in Fungi
Fungi get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from the environment. Fungi are heterotrophic: they rely solely on carbon obtained from other organisms for their metabolism and nutrition. Fungi have evolved in a way that allows many of them to use a large variety of organic substrates for growth, including simple compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, acetate, or ethanol. Their mode of nutrition defines the role of fungi in their environment.
Fungi obtain nutrients in three different ways:
They decompose dead organic matter. A saprotroph is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. Saprotrophic fungi play very important roles as recyclers in ecosystem energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Saprophytic fungi, such as shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), decompose dead plant and animal tissue by releasing enzymes from hyphal tips. In this way, they recycle organic materials back into the surrounding environment. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests.
They feed on living hosts. As parasites, fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may cause illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
They live mutualistically with other organisms. Mutualistic fungi live harmlessly with other living organisms. Recall that mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species, in which both individuals benefit.
THE ARCHAEA
This document provides information about the six kingdoms of life and the domains of Archaea and Bacteria. It discusses how biologists classify organisms and some of the key distinguishing characteristics, such as cell structure, nutrition, and reproduction. Specifically, it outlines that Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotic domains. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition and membrane lipids. Bacteria are more ubiquitous and also have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Many bacteria can be pathogenic if they enter the body and use tissues as a food source or secrete toxins.
Classification of fungi
This document outlines Ainsworth's 1973 classification system for fungi. It proposes the kingdom Mycota, divided into the divisions Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Eumycota is further divided into several subdivisions including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. Each subdivision contains multiple classes and orders of fungi classified based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle stages, and reproductive structures. The classification aims to group fungi based on morphology and natural relationships rather than previous artificial systems.
Ascomycota
This document provides information about ascomycetes, a phylum of fungi that reproduces sexually through spore-filled structures called asci. It discusses the structure of ascomycetes including their hyphae and septa. Examples of ascomycetes are described such as yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathogenic Pneumocystis jirovecii, and edible mushrooms like Morchella esculenta. The life cycle and references are also summarized.
Mks cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic group of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen essential for aminoacid biosynthesis. Earlier they were called as blue green algae. Now that name is not used because they are not belongs to the algae.
Lichens
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
General Account of Chlorophyta & Charophyta
Chlorophyta
=> habitat => plant body => pigments
=> reproduction => some speices of chlorophyta
Charophyta
=> habitat => plant body
=> reproduction => some speices of charophyta
Algae: general characters and classification
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are distinguished by their lack of tissues, their predominantly aquatic habitat, and unicellular or multicellular thalli not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves. They range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds and reproduce both sexually through gametes and asexually through cell division or fragmentation. Major divisions of algae are classified based on pigments, food storage, flagella structure, cell and thallus structure, and life cycles.
Cynobacteria - A Blue Green Algae
Introduction of cynobacteria , general characters, structure, reproduction, life cycle and ecological importance.
B.SC 1st Year (BOTANY)
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are more closely related to animals than plants. They differ from plants in that they cannot photosynthesize and instead absorb nutrients from dead or living organisms. Fungi are composed of thin filamentous structures called hyphae that can join together into a thick tangled mass called a mycelium. They reproduce through spores and have a cell wall composed of chitin. Fungi come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes ranging from unicellular yeasts to mushrooms that can reach over a meter in diameter.
Algae
Algae are chlorophyll-containing organisms that live in aquatic and moist habitats. They range from unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas to multicellular and colonial forms like Volvox. Algal thalli can take many forms including unicellular, filamentous, parenchymatous, and siphonous structures. More advanced forms have differentiated tissues. Evolutionary theories suggest simpler unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas preceded more complex colonial and multicellular algae.
Bergey's manual systematic bacteriology IInd edition
Major divisions in Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology 2nd edition presented for examination purpose. Pinned important points are compiled here for students.
Fungal Biodiversity or Biodiversity of Fungus
Fungal biodiversity is significant, with an estimated 1.5 million fungal species existing worldwide. Fungi have a worldwide distribution and can be found in diverse habitats. While around 100,000 fungal species have been described, the true extent of fungal diversity is not fully known. Fungi are classified into phyla based on their structures and methods of nutrition, reproduction, and growth. The major phyla of fungi include the Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
Algae
This document provides an overview of algae, including their structure, classification, reproduction, importance, and issues like algal blooms. It discusses that algae come in various forms from single-celled to multicellular and lack true roots/leaves. Algae are broadly divided into unicellular and multicellular categories. It also summarizes Fritsch's 11 class system of algae classification based on pigments, flagella, and food storage. The document outlines that algae reproduce through asexual/vegetative and sexual means and discusses their importance in oxygen production and carbon storage, as well as issues like toxic algal blooms fueled by excess nutrients.
Fungal diversity.pptx
Fungi exhibit tremendous diversity, with an estimated 1.5 million species on Earth though only 5-10% have been described. They occupy nearly every habitat and have important roles in ecosystems. Estimating fungal diversity can be done through cultural or molecular methods. Many fungi remain undiscovered and conservation efforts are needed to protect fungal habitats and biodiversity given their significance. Fungi also have potential benefits for medicine, industry, and as a food source.
Mastigomycotina
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
Fungi
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
basics of Lichens
This document provides information on lichens, including their structure, types, and importance. Some key points:
- Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae or cyanobacteria). This dual organism is known as a thallus.
- The thallus has three main layers - a cortex, algal layer, and medulla. It can take various forms like crustose, foliose, or fruticose.
- Lichens can live in extreme environments thanks to their ability to absorb and retain water. They are classified based on their substrate like bark, rocks, or soil.
- India has a high lic
Phylum Chytridiomycota & Zygomycota
This document provides an overview of the phyla Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. It discusses their key characteristics including habitat, morphology, mode of nutrition, reproduction and life cycles. Chytridiomycota are unique among fungi in having flagellated cells. They are mostly parasites or saprobes in freshwater. Zygomycota form coenocytic hyphae and reproduce sexually via zygospores. Examples discussed are Rhizopus stolonifer bread mold. Both phyla play important ecological roles in decomposition but some species are pathogens of plants, animals or other fungi.
Basidiomycota F.ppt
the presentation is about basidiomycota phylum of kingdom fungi, this phylum includes macroscopic fungi like mushrooms and rusts etc
Nomenclature and classification of viruses
This document discusses virus taxonomy and classification. It provides:
1. An overview of virus classification systems, which are primarily based on phenotypic characteristics like morphology, nucleic acid type, host, and disease symptoms.
2. A history of virus naming conventions from early systems based on host names to current standardized systems like ICTV and Baltimore classifications.
3. Details on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) which develops agreed-upon virus taxonomy, names, and classifications communicated internationally.
Zygomycota.pptx
Zygomycota includes common bread molds. It reproduces sexually through the fusion of gametangia to form zygospores, and asexually through non-motile sporangiospores formed in sporangia on sporangiophores. Rhizopus stolonifera is a common example. The mycelia have rhizoids that absorb food below ground, sporangiophores that bear sporangia above ground, and stolons that connect rhizoids and sporangiophores. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia from opposite mating types to form a zygote, which undergoes karyogamy and meiosis to produce spores in a sporangium.
General features and structure of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
Fungi-ascomycete
Ascomycetes are a large phylum of fungi characterized by producing sexual spores called ascospores within a sac-like structure called an ascus. Common types of ascomycetes include yeasts, powdery mildews, and cup fungi. Ascomycetes can cause food spoilage and plant diseases but also include many edible mushrooms and fungi used to produce antibiotics. The lifecycle of ascomycetes involves both asexual reproduction via conidia and sexual reproduction involving the formation of ascospores within asci.
Unit i discovery of viruses ppt
This document discusses the discovery and structure of viruses. It describes how Ivanovsky and Beijerinck discovered viruses through filtration experiments in the late 1800s. Viruses were found to be filterable, invisible agents that could not be grown in culture. The structure of viruses is then explained, noting they contain nucleic acids surrounded by a protein capsid, and some have an outer envelope. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and lack cellular structures like organelles.
Classification of algae
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
Diversity in living organisms
The document discusses the classification of living organisms into kingdoms and describes the key characteristics of each kingdom. It outlines five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. For each kingdom, it provides 1-3 key defining characteristics and examples of organisms that belong to that kingdom. It also discusses further classification within kingdoms like Protista into categories based on characteristics.
Introduction and growth of microorganisms in food
Introduction to microbiology: Microbiology in daily life, Characteristics, and morphology of bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa and algae. Control of micro-organisms- Growth curve; Influence of environmental factors on growth- PH, Water activity, O2 availability, Temperature, Pressure and Radiation.
More Related Content
What's hot
Algae: general characters and classification
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are distinguished by their lack of tissues, their predominantly aquatic habitat, and unicellular or multicellular thalli not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves. They range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds and reproduce both sexually through gametes and asexually through cell division or fragmentation. Major divisions of algae are classified based on pigments, food storage, flagella structure, cell and thallus structure, and life cycles.
Cynobacteria - A Blue Green Algae
Introduction of cynobacteria , general characters, structure, reproduction, life cycle and ecological importance.
B.SC 1st Year (BOTANY)
Zygomycotina
Zygomycota is a division of fungi that includes two classes - zygomycetes and trichomycetes. Zygomycetes have about 1060 species that are mostly terrestrial, living in soil or decaying matter. They reproduce both sexually through the formation of zygospores and asexually via sporangiospores. Trichomycetes are a smaller class found associated with the guts of aquatic insect larvae where they form thalli but do not penetrate the host tissues.
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are more closely related to animals than plants. They differ from plants in that they cannot photosynthesize and instead absorb nutrients from dead or living organisms. Fungi are composed of thin filamentous structures called hyphae that can join together into a thick tangled mass called a mycelium. They reproduce through spores and have a cell wall composed of chitin. Fungi come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes ranging from unicellular yeasts to mushrooms that can reach over a meter in diameter.
Algae
Algae are chlorophyll-containing organisms that live in aquatic and moist habitats. They range from unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas to multicellular and colonial forms like Volvox. Algal thalli can take many forms including unicellular, filamentous, parenchymatous, and siphonous structures. More advanced forms have differentiated tissues. Evolutionary theories suggest simpler unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas preceded more complex colonial and multicellular algae.
Bergey's manual systematic bacteriology IInd edition
Major divisions in Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology 2nd edition presented for examination purpose. Pinned important points are compiled here for students.
Fungal Biodiversity or Biodiversity of Fungus
Fungal biodiversity is significant, with an estimated 1.5 million fungal species existing worldwide. Fungi have a worldwide distribution and can be found in diverse habitats. While around 100,000 fungal species have been described, the true extent of fungal diversity is not fully known. Fungi are classified into phyla based on their structures and methods of nutrition, reproduction, and growth. The major phyla of fungi include the Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
Algae
This document provides an overview of algae, including their structure, classification, reproduction, importance, and issues like algal blooms. It discusses that algae come in various forms from single-celled to multicellular and lack true roots/leaves. Algae are broadly divided into unicellular and multicellular categories. It also summarizes Fritsch's 11 class system of algae classification based on pigments, flagella, and food storage. The document outlines that algae reproduce through asexual/vegetative and sexual means and discusses their importance in oxygen production and carbon storage, as well as issues like toxic algal blooms fueled by excess nutrients.
Fungal diversity.pptx
Fungi exhibit tremendous diversity, with an estimated 1.5 million species on Earth though only 5-10% have been described. They occupy nearly every habitat and have important roles in ecosystems. Estimating fungal diversity can be done through cultural or molecular methods. Many fungi remain undiscovered and conservation efforts are needed to protect fungal habitats and biodiversity given their significance. Fungi also have potential benefits for medicine, industry, and as a food source.
Mastigomycotina
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
Fungi
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
basics of Lichens
This document provides information on lichens, including their structure, types, and importance. Some key points:
- Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae or cyanobacteria). This dual organism is known as a thallus.
- The thallus has three main layers - a cortex, algal layer, and medulla. It can take various forms like crustose, foliose, or fruticose.
- Lichens can live in extreme environments thanks to their ability to absorb and retain water. They are classified based on their substrate like bark, rocks, or soil.
- India has a high lic
Phylum Chytridiomycota & Zygomycota
This document provides an overview of the phyla Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. It discusses their key characteristics including habitat, morphology, mode of nutrition, reproduction and life cycles. Chytridiomycota are unique among fungi in having flagellated cells. They are mostly parasites or saprobes in freshwater. Zygomycota form coenocytic hyphae and reproduce sexually via zygospores. Examples discussed are Rhizopus stolonifer bread mold. Both phyla play important ecological roles in decomposition but some species are pathogens of plants, animals or other fungi.
Basidiomycota F.ppt
the presentation is about basidiomycota phylum of kingdom fungi, this phylum includes macroscopic fungi like mushrooms and rusts etc
Nomenclature and classification of viruses
This document discusses virus taxonomy and classification. It provides:
1. An overview of virus classification systems, which are primarily based on phenotypic characteristics like morphology, nucleic acid type, host, and disease symptoms.
2. A history of virus naming conventions from early systems based on host names to current standardized systems like ICTV and Baltimore classifications.
3. Details on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) which develops agreed-upon virus taxonomy, names, and classifications communicated internationally.
Zygomycota.pptx
Zygomycota includes common bread molds. It reproduces sexually through the fusion of gametangia to form zygospores, and asexually through non-motile sporangiospores formed in sporangia on sporangiophores. Rhizopus stolonifera is a common example. The mycelia have rhizoids that absorb food below ground, sporangiophores that bear sporangia above ground, and stolons that connect rhizoids and sporangiophores. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia from opposite mating types to form a zygote, which undergoes karyogamy and meiosis to produce spores in a sporangium.
General features and structure of cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that can live in a variety of habitats including freshwater, marine water, and moist soil. They contain chlorophyll a and other pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria range in size from 1-10 μm and can exist as unicellular, colonial, or filamentous forms. Their structure includes a sheath, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing thylakoids, and inclusions like cyanophycean granules and gas vacuoles. Cyanobacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation and use phycobilisomes and thylakoids to carry out photosynthesis.
Fungi-ascomycete
Ascomycetes are a large phylum of fungi characterized by producing sexual spores called ascospores within a sac-like structure called an ascus. Common types of ascomycetes include yeasts, powdery mildews, and cup fungi. Ascomycetes can cause food spoilage and plant diseases but also include many edible mushrooms and fungi used to produce antibiotics. The lifecycle of ascomycetes involves both asexual reproduction via conidia and sexual reproduction involving the formation of ascospores within asci.
Unit i discovery of viruses ppt
This document discusses the discovery and structure of viruses. It describes how Ivanovsky and Beijerinck discovered viruses through filtration experiments in the late 1800s. Viruses were found to be filterable, invisible agents that could not be grown in culture. The structure of viruses is then explained, noting they contain nucleic acids surrounded by a protein capsid, and some have an outer envelope. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and lack cellular structures like organelles.
Classification of algae
- Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms commonly found in aquatic environments like freshwater, marine, and brackish water. They can be motile or non-motile.
- Algae are classified based on characteristics like cell walls, pigments, morphology, habitat, flagella, and reproduction. Major classifications include 11 classes proposed by Fritsch in 1945.
- Chlorophyta is the division of green algae, mostly freshwater. It contains unicellular and colonial forms like Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Acetabularia.
What's hot (20)
Bergey's manual systematic bacteriology IInd edition
Bergey's manual systematic bacteriology IInd edition
Similar to Fungi
Diversity in living organisms
The document discusses the classification of living organisms into kingdoms and describes the key characteristics of each kingdom. It outlines five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. For each kingdom, it provides 1-3 key defining characteristics and examples of organisms that belong to that kingdom. It also discusses further classification within kingdoms like Protista into categories based on characteristics.
Introduction and growth of microorganisms in food
Introduction to microbiology: Microbiology in daily life, Characteristics, and morphology of bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa and algae. Control of micro-organisms- Growth curve; Influence of environmental factors on growth- PH, Water activity, O2 availability, Temperature, Pressure and Radiation.
Fungi
1. The document provides an overview of fungi, including their general characteristics, classification, morphology, reproduction, and importance.
2. Fungi are classified based on their sexual reproduction (zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes) or morphology (molds, yeasts, yeast-like, dimorphic). They reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores.
3. Fungi play important beneficial roles like decomposition and producing antibiotics, but can also cause diseases and spoilage. Understanding their properties, life cycles, and taxonomy is important for fields like medicine and agriculture.
Nematoda
Nematodes are small roundworms classified into 5 groups based on their food source. They have bilateral symmetry, a pseudocoelom body cavity, and generally reproduce sexually. Nematodes transport food through their pseudocoelom and digestive system, and breathe and circulate fluids through diffusion and a circulatory system of tubes. Many nematodes are parasitic and can cause diseases in humans and other animals, while others are beneficial as they eat pest insects.
Ppt of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved molecules through enzymes secreted into their environment. Fungi play important roles in decomposition, industrial processes like brewing, and producing medications. They can also cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation.
Fungi
This document provides an overview of fungi. It discusses that fungi are eukaryotic organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi. They can exist as molds, yeasts, or dimorphic fungi. Fungi have cell walls containing chitin and reproduce asexually through spores or budding or sexually through the fusion of hyphae. The document outlines the morphological characteristics, differences from bacteria, classification systems based on cell structure and reproduction, and types of fungal infections like superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic mycoses.
Five Kingdom Classification
Five Kingdom Classification:
Phylum Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantate (Angiosperms And Gymnosperms) and Animalia (Porifera, Coelentrata, Platyhelminths, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordata, Vertebrata)
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdf
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
Classification of fungi
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. They include mushrooms, yeasts, molds, and crop parasites. Fungi play important roles in symbiotic relationships with plants. They are classified into two divisions - Myxomycota containing plasmodial fungi and Eumycota containing filamentous fungi. Eumycota is further divided into five subdivisions - Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina - based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle, and mode of reproduction. Many fungi are plant pathogens that cause diseases in important crop species
Fungi
This document provides an overview of fungi, including that they are neither plants nor animals, are decomposers essential for recycling, and have diverse forms such as mushrooms, puffballs, and lichens. Fungi obtain nutrients by breaking down dead matter or parasitizing living organisms. They reproduce via microscopic spores produced in fruiting bodies and dispersed through various mechanisms like wind, rain, or insects.
Chapter 3.pptx
This document provides an overview of fungal taxonomy and classification. It discusses the six main fungal phyla: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and imperfect fungi. Each phylum is characterized by its unique traits such as spore production, nutrition, and phylogenetic relationships. The document also outlines the taxonomic ranks including species, genus, family, order, class, and kingdom.
Morphology of protozoa
This document defines parasites and summarizes different types of parasites and their life cycles. It discusses ectoparasites that live on the outer surface of hosts, and endoparasites that live within hosts. Obligate parasites cannot exist without a host, while facultative parasites can live with or without a host. Accidental parasites may infect unusual hosts. The document also examines different types of hosts and relationships between parasites and hosts.
MYCOLOGY.pdf
Mycology is the study of fungi. Key developments in the field include the 19th century observation that fungi can infect plants and animals, and the 1910 publication of a comprehensive book on dermatophytic fungi. Fungi play both beneficial and harmful roles. They are important for decomposition, producing antibiotics and enzymes, yet can also cause diseases in animals, humans, and plants or spoil food and materials. Fungi have eukaryotic cells with rigid cell walls and exist primarily in filamentous or unicellular forms. Major groups include molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi.
Fungi - An Introduction
This slide provides knowledge about fungi such as its structure, classification, reproductive system, fungal disease and so on.
Introdution of fungi by brijesh pratap singh and ravindra chauhan
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that play important roles in ecosystems. They range from unicellular yeasts to complex multicellular mushrooms. Fungi reproduce both sexually, through spores formed via meiosis, and asexually, through mitotic spores or budding. Their cell walls contain chitin and they absorb nutrients from dead or living organic matter. Major groups of fungi include the Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
Order hemiptera True bugs
Hemiptera, commonly known as true bugs, is an order of insects characterized by their piercing and sucking mouthparts.
There are over 6000 described species of Hemiptera that vary greatly in size and habitat. They exhibit incomplete or "simple" metamorphosis, progressing from egg to nymph to adult. Nymphs resemble wingless adults.
Hemiptera are divided into three suborders - Heteroptera contain true bugs like bed bugs and water bugs, Auchenorrhyncha contain plant-feeding insects like cicadas and leafhoppers, and Sternorrhyncha contain sap-sucking insects like aphids and scales. Each suborder shares
0001 nishi
This document provides information on biological classification. It begins with the basic taxonomic ranks from kingdom to species. It then discusses the five kingdom system and key differences between the kingdoms. The document provides examples of classification for various organisms, including hydra, earthworm, snail, starfish, and organisms from other kingdoms. It discusses characteristics of different phyla such as porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata. For several organisms, it provides the full scientific classification from kingdom to species.
General characteristics of fungi by rk
Fungi are ubiquitous organisms found in almost every habitat on Earth where organic material exists. They can be terrestrial and live in soil, aquatic and live in freshwater, or exist as parasites or symbionts with other organisms. Fungi obtain food from external sources as heterotrophs and lack chlorophyll. They reproduce through vegetative means like fragmentation, or asexually through spores like conidia. Many fungi also reproduce sexually through processes like planogametic copulation or gametangial contact. Fungi have complex life cycles incorporating somatic growth phases through mycelium and specialized reproductive phases.
Introduction to fungi
This document provides an introduction to fungi, including:
- Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that reproduce through spores and have filamentous hyphae or unicellular yeast cells. Mycology is the study of fungi.
- Fungi absorb nutrients from dead or living organic matter and have cell walls containing chitin. They can grow in a variety of temperatures and environments.
- Hyphae make up the vegetative structure of fungi and form a mycelium. Hyphae can be septate or coenocytic. Fungi exhibit different growth forms including yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi.
Similar to Fungi (20)
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdf
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdf
Introdution of fungi by brijesh pratap singh and ravindra chauhan
Introdution of fungi by brijesh pratap singh and ravindra chauhan
Recently uploaded
Top five deadliest dog breeds in America
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit - NGV Pavilion Concept Design
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdPollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Types of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Recently uploaded (20)
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Fungi
- 2. Fungi: a large & successful group 100 000 species Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 3. Fungi range in size: unicellular yeasts large puffball 20-60 cm Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 4. Fungi occupy a range of habitats: aquatic Marine fungi Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 5. terrestrial New Glowing Fungi Species Found in Brazil [October, 2010] Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 6. terrestrial Searching for truffles $4,000 per kilogram The female pig becomes excited when she sniffs a chemical that is similar to the male swine sex attractant. Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 7. Fungi include: moulds – grow on: damp organic material (e.g. bread, leather & decaying vegetation and dead fish) Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 8. Fungi include: unicellular yeast – abundant on sugary surfaces of ripe fruit Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 9. parasites Rust fungus About 30% of the 100,000 known species of fungi are parasites, mostly on or in plants. Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 11. Only about 50 fungal species are known to parasitise humans and other animals, but their damage can be disproportionate to their taxonomic diversity. ringworm The yeast Candida causes Thrush Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 13. General Characteristics of Fungi 1. Heterotrophic nutrition: lack chlorophyll and so are non- photosynthetic can be: Parasites Saprotrophs Mutualists Mycorrhiza: the symbiotic association of the mycelium of a fungus with the roots of a seed plant Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 14. General Characteristics of Fungi 1. Heterotrophic nutrition: lack chlorophyll and so are non- photosynthetic can be: Parasites Saprotrophs Mutualists Mycorrhiza
- 15. Plant growth without mycorrhizae is often stunted. Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 16. nutrition is absorptive 3. Nutrients are absorbed from all over the hyphae. 1. Extracellular enzymes from growing tips. 2. Digestion takes place outside the body. Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 17. 2. Rigid cell walls containing chitin Chitin: a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, very similar in structure to cellulose Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 18. Chitin like cellulose has a high tensile strength and so: gives shape to the hyphae prevents osmotic bursting of cells Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 19. 3. Body is usually a mycelium mycelium is a network of fine tubular filaments called hyphae A hypha grows out of a germinating spore Mycelium Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 20. What is a ‘hypha’? Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 21. a cylindrical, branching filament composed of a tubular cell wall filled with cytoplasm and organelles A hypha is: (lacks septa) Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 22. Mycelium may be: i) septate (have cross-walls) e.g. Penicillium, or ii) aseptate (no cross-walls present; are coenocytic) e.g. Mucor (fig. 2). Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 23. 4. Store glycogen not starch Spores being dispersed Spores inside sporangium Arial hyphae Branching hyphae Hyphae dividing at tip Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 24. 5. Method of Reproduction : Asexual reproduction Spore production Sexual reproduction Conjugation - filaments of different mating types fuse [not in syllabus] Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 25. What is a ‘spore’? A reproductive cell that is capable of growing into a new individual by mitosis alone Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 26. 6. Non-motile cells never possess flagella Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 27. What is a fungus? A eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism devoid of chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients by absorption, and reproduces by spores Dr. M. Azzopardi
- 28. THE ENDDr. M. Azzopardi