1. Lichens are a symbiotic organism consisting of a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria. They can grow in a wide range of habitats and environments. 2. Lichens have several types of structures and reproduce both sexually through structures like apothecia, and asexually through fragmentation, soredia, and isidia. 3. Lichens serve important ecological roles as pioneer colonizers and environmental pollution indicators. They also have economic uses including as food, medicines, dyes, and in brewing. However, some lichens can be harmful by spreading fires or accumulating radioactive materials.

1. Lichen
Vaishali S.Patil
Assosiate Professor, Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce & Science Akola

2. Lichen Habitat

3. Lichen Habitat & uses

5. Introduction
Lichens means Leprous(Medicine used for tretment of skin diseases)
• A lichen is a composite organism that arises
from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of
multiple fungi species in a mutually beneficial symbiotic
relationship.
• Lichens come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes
plant-like.
• Lichens do not have roots that absorb water and nutrients as plants
do, but like plants, they produce their own nutrition
by photosynthesis. When they grow on plants, they do not live
as parasites, but instead use the plants as a substrate.
• Lichens occur from sea level to high alpine elevations, in many
environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface.

6. • Liches growing on dark, leaves, mosses, on other
lichens, and hanging from branches "living on thin
air" (epiphytes) in rain forests and in temperate
woodland.
• They grow on rock, walls, gravestones, roofs,
exposed soil surfaces, and in the soil as part of
a biological soil crust.
• Different kinds of lichens have adapted to survive in
some of the most extreme environments on
Earth: arctic tundra, hot dry deserts, rocky coasts,
and toxic slag heaps. They can even live inside solid
rock, growing between the grains.

7. •It is estimated that 6% of Earth's land surface is covered by
lichens.
•There are about 20,000 known species of lichens.
• Lichens appers in variety of colors, including reds, oranges,
yellows, and browns, especially in exposed, dry habitats.
Lichens are usually bright green to olive gray when wet. Color
is used in identification.
Structure-
• Lichens grow in a wide range of shapes and forms
(morphologies). The shape of a lichen is usually determined
by the organization of the fungal filaments.
• The nonreproductive tissues, or vegetative body parts, are
called the thallus. A lichen consists of a simple
photosynthesizing organism, usually a green
alga or cyanobacterium, surrounded by filaments of a fungus
which are interwoven.

8. Cortex
Algae
Medulla
Lower
cortex
Rhizines
T.S.Foliose lichen

9. The thallus is made up of filaments of the fungus called
hyphae. The mesh of fungal filaments may be dense or
loose. The thallus may or may not have a protective "skin"
of densely packed fungal filaments, often containing a
second fungal species, which is called a cortex. Foliose
lichens have an upper cortex on the top side of the "leaf",
and a separate lower cortex on the bottom side. Below the
cortex layer is a layer called the photobiontic
layer or symbiont layer. The layer beneath the symbiont
layer called is called the medulla. Another densely packed
layer of fungal filaments called the lower cortex. Root-like
fungal structures called rhizines (usually) grow from the
lower cortex to attach or anchor the lichen to the substrate.

10. Type-
Lichens are grouped by thallus type.
1.Fruticose– growing like a tuft or multiple-branched leafless
mini-shrub, upright or hanging down, 3-dimensional branches
with nearly round cross section (terete) or flattened

12. 2.Foliose– growing in 2-dimensional, flat, leaf-like lobes

13. 3.Crustose – crust-like, adhering tightly to a surface
(substrate) like a thick coat of paint
4.Squamulose – formed of small leaf-like scales crustose
below but free at the tips, intermediate between foliose &
crustose.

14. 5.Leprose – powdery
6.Gelatinous – jelly-like

15. 7.Filamentous – stringy or like matted hair
8.Byssoid – wispy, like teased wool
9.structureless.

16. Reproduction
Vegetative Reproduction-
In many cases, lichen just keep expanding and taking over a region. In
other cases, pieces will break off. This is called fragmentation. These
pieces can get carried away from the parent lichen via wind, animals, or
water.
.

17. Soredia, which are made up of algae surrounded,
or enveloped, with some fungi. These little bundles
break off, get carried away, and then grow in a new
location.
Isidia are globular-like structures
containing fungi and alga that break off
and create new lichen.

18. By lobules:
Some dorsiventral outgrowths are produced on the margins of the thallus of Parmelia
and Peltigera lichens. These structures are known as lobules and act as organs of
vegetative propagation.
Some lichens by forming propagules of different kinds such as phyllidia (leaf or scale
like dorsiventral portions e.g., Peltigera), blastidia (yeast like, segmented e.g., Physcia),
schizidia (scale like e.g., Parmelia), hormocyst (algae hyphal and fungal hyphae grow
together in a chain like manner e.g., Lempholema), goniocysts (unsorallium like
structures), etc.

19. Asexual Reproduction:
By Sporulation:
Certain lichens may also reproduce asexually by means of conidia (e.g.,
Arthonia), oidia and Pycniospores or pycnidiospores (Fig. 12 A, B).
However, it is of rare occurrence. In some cases hyphae break down into
small pieces known as oidia while pycniospores are produced within the
flask shaped structures known as pycnidia (Fig. 12).

20. Sexual Reproduction:
The sexual reproduction in Ascolichens and Basidiolichens is like class Ascomycetes
and Basidiomycetes respectively. Ascolichens have the male reproductive organ is
called the spermogonium and the female is known as carpogonium. They develop either
on the same hypha or on two different hyphae of the same mycelium. After fertilization
the formation of fruiting body i.e. apothecium or perithecium takes place.
Structure of Apothecium: It is round and cup-shaped structure (Fig. 14 A). If the
apothecium consists only the fungal component, it is known as lecideine type (e.g.,
Lecidea, Cladonia, Gyrophora) and if it consists both algal and fungal components it is
known as lecanorine type (e.g., Lecanora, Parmelia).
Apothecium

21. It can be divided into two parts (Fig. 14 A):
(1) Disc of the Apothecium:
(a) Hymenium (Thecium). It is the upper-most fertile layer of
apothecium consisting of a closely packed, palisade like layer of sac-like
asci and sterile hair like fungal hyphae known as paraphyses. This layer
is also called hymenial layer or hymenium. Each ascus contains 8
ascospores (Fig. 14 B). Ascospores are of various shapes and size,
multicellular uni- or bitunicate and uni- or multinucleate.
The sterile tissue that separates the asci is called hamathecium. As many
as four types of hamathecial tissues are identified in an ascocarp.
These are:
1. Paraphyses:
Arise from the base of ascocarp and grow upwards.
2. Paraphysoides:
They are formed by stretching of the tissues of ascocarp before the
development of asci.

22. 3. Periphysoides:
Arise from the roof of ascoscarp and grow downwards.
4. Periphyses:
Arise in the ostiolar canal and protrude outside the ostiole.
(b) Sub-hymenium:
The region consists of the closely interwoven sterile hyphae. It
is present just below the fertile layer.
(2) Margin of Apothecium:
This part surrounds the disc and also forms the edge of the
apothecium.
Germination of ascospores:
The ascospores may be simple or septate. They are very light
in weight and easily disseminated to a long distance by wind.
After falling on suitable substratum it germinates and produces
fungal hyphae. The hypha grows into a new lichen thallus, if it
comes in contact with an appropriate algal component.

24. A. Economic importance:
(a) Useful aspects:
(i) Pioneer colonizers
Lichens are said to be the pioneers in establishing vegetation on
bare rocky areas (lithosere). They are the first members to
colonize the barren rocky area. During development they bring
about the disintegration of rock stones (biological weathering)
by forming acids e.g., oxalic acid, carbonic acid etc. Thus, they
play an important role in nature in the formation of soil (a
phenomenon called pedogenesis).
(ii) Role in environmental pollution:
Lichens are very sensitive to atmospheric pollutants such as
sulphur dioxide. They are unable to grow in towns, cities and
around industrial sites such as oil refineries and brickworks. So,
the lichens can be used as reliable biological indicators of
pollution. By studying lichens on trees, a qualitative scale has

25. b) Food and Fodder:
The lichens serve as important source of food for invertebrates. A large
number of animals for example, mites, caterpillars, termites, snails, slugs
etc. feed partly or completely on lichens. Lichens as food have also been
used by man during famines. They are rich in polysaccharides, certain
enzymes and some vitamins.
Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss) is taken as food in Sweden, Norway,
Scandinavian countries, Iceland etc. Lecanora esculenta is used as food
in Israel and Umbilicaria esculenta in Japan. Species of Parmelia
(known as rathapu or ‘rock flower’ in Telgu) are used as curry
powder in India. In France the lichens are used in confectionary for
making chocolates and pastries.
Cladonia rangiferina (Reindeer moss) is the main food for reindeers
(a kind of deer) in polar countries. Cetraria islandica is also used as
fooder for horses. Species of Stereocaulon, Evernia, Parmelia and
Lecanora are also used as fodder.

26. (c) Source of Medicines:
Since very early times the lichens are used to cure jaundice, fever, diarrhoea, epilepsy,
hydrophobia and various skin diseases. Various lichens are of great medicinal value
A yellow substance usnic acid is obtained from species of Usnea and Cladonia. It is a
broad spectrum antibiotic and is used in the treatment of various infections. It is
effective against gram positive bacteria. Some lichen compounds e.g., lichenin,
isolichenin have anti-tumour properties.
Protolichesterinic acid, a compound obtained from some lichens, is used in preparation
of anti-cancer drugs. Erythrin obtained from Roccella montagnei, is used to cure
angina. Many antiseptic creams such as Usno and Evosin are available in the market
and are well known for their antitumour, spasmolytic and antiviral activities.
(d) In Industry:(i) Tanning and dyeing:
Some lichens are used in leather industry. Cetraria islandica and Lobaria pulmortaria
show the astringent property. This astringent substance is extracted from the thallus and
is used in tannin industry. Lichens are also used in preparing natural dyes. Orchil, a blue
dye obtained from Roccella and Leconara, is used to dye woollen articles and silk
fabrics.
It is purified as orcum and used as a a biological stain. A brown dye is obtained from
Parmelia spp. whereas Ochrolechia spp. yield a red dye. Litmus used as a acid-base
indicator, is also a dye and is obtained from Roccella tinctoria and Lasallia pustulata.

27. (ii) Cosmetics and perfumes:
Evernia, Ramalina, Pseudorina are reported to have perfumed volatile oils. Due to the aromatic
substances present in the thallus, the lichens are used in the preparation of various cosmetic
articles, perfumery goods, dhoop, hawan samagris etc.
(iii) Brewing and distillation:
Some species of lichen for example, Cetraria islandica contain carbohydrates in the form of
lichenin. In Sweden and Russia alcohol is produced from these lichens. These lichens are also
used in confectionary.
(iv) Minerals: Lecanora esculenta is found in lime stone deserts and yields large
amount of calcium oxalate crystals. These are 60% of its dry weight.
(e) Natural products:
Lichens are known to produce over 550 natural products. Some important natural products
are:

28. (f) Poison from Lichen: Some lichens are poisonous due to
presence of various substances in them:
B. Harmful Aspects:
(a) Lichens growing on young fruit trees and sandal trees are harmful to the plant.
(b) During hot season some species of lichens (e.g., Usnea barbarata) become so dry
and inflammable that they often help in spreading forest fire.
(c) Some lichens act as allergens.
(d) The commercial value of glass and marble stone is reduced because of itching of
their surface by lichens.
(e) Some lichens e.g., Cladonia rangifera, Cetraria islandica accumulate large quantities
of radioactive strontium (Sr90 ) and caesium (Cs137 ) from atomic fall-outs. These may
be incorporated in the food chain, lichen → reindeer → man, leading to their
accumulation in human tissues.