This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
Detail description about important fungi that comes under chytridiomycota and zygomycota has been described, gives an idea about fungi and their life cycles under thus groups
This report will contain a few general discussions about the Kingdom Fungi and proceed to Focus on the Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi). Majority of the information in this slide came from online sources. If you feel the need to correct some parts, please let me know on the comments section.
This is a presentation about the class Phycomycete of Kingdom fungi. It includes their general characteristics, reproduction and classification in detail.
Describe in detail about fungi and general characters of fungi and different modifications and reproduction in fungi especially for undergraduate students
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances , including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco.
REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI
Vegetative Reproduction
-Fission of somatic cell
-Budding of somatic cell
-Fragmentation or disjoining of hypha
Asexual spore formation
-Endospore
-Conidia
-Aplanospores
-Arthrospores/Oidia
-Chlamydomonas
Sexual Reproduction
-Plasmogamy
-Karyogamy
-Meiosis
---Oogamy
---Isogamy and anisogamy
---Spermatization
---Direct union of vegetative hypha and parthenogenesis
SEXUAL SPORES IN FUNGI
i. Ascospore
ii. Basidiospore
iii. Zygospore
iv. Oospore
LIFE CYCLE
--Haploid phase
--Dipload phase
--Haploid and diploid phases
--Dikaryotic phase
Incineration is the method of choice for treating large volumes of infectious waste, animal carcasses, and contaminated bedding materials. Because incinerators usually are located some distance from the laboratory, additional precautions for handling and packaging of infectious waste are necessary.
Types of Biomedical Waste Disposal
Autoclaving. The process of autoclaving involves steam sterilization. ...
Incineration. The major benefits of incineration are that it is quick, easy, and simple. ...
Chemicals. When it comes to liquid waste, a common biomedical waste disposal method can be chemical disinfection. ...
Microwaving.
Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms. Additionally, eukaryotic cells are more than 100 to 10,000 times larger than prokaryotic cells and are much more complex. The DNA in eukaryotes is stored within the nucleus, while DNA is stored in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.pptxAmjad Afridi
Eukaryotic cells have several other membrane-bound organelles not found in prokaryotic cells.
These include the mitochondria (convert food energy into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, to power biochemical reactions); rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum ,golgi complex and in the case of plant cells, chloroplasts
All of these organelles are located in the eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi.
The word 'myco' is derived from the Greek word mýkēs meaning “mushroom, fungus”.
Heinrich Anton de Bary is the father of Mycology.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. These organisms are classified under kingdom fungi.
Fungi are diverse and widespread.
Fungi metabolism consists on a series of reactions (biochemical reactions) constantly occurring inside the cells to keep it alive and active and in the results biosynthesis of a huge number of compounds.
These compounds area usually divided into primary and secondary metabolites.
Primary metabolism is common to several species and usually produces compounds with the function of assuring fungi growth and development.
Primary metabolites are involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms.
The primary metabolites consist of vitamins, amino acids, nucleosides and organic acids
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes staphylococcal food poisoning, a form of gastroenteritis with rapid onset of symptoms. S. aureus is commonly found in the environment (soil, water and air) and is also found in the nose and on the skin of humans.
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person, or from a surface or a food. Diseases can be transmitted during air travel through: direct contact with a sick person. respiratory droplet spread from a sick person sneezing or coughing.
Host-Parasite relationship is the extreme case of animal association, in which both partners influence each others life by affecting each others metabolism and behaviour using different adaptive mechanisms in order to ensure their survival.
Bacteria have their own enzymes for
1. Cell wall formation
2. Protein synthesis
3. DNA replication
4. RNA synthesis
5. Synthesis of essential metabolites
Infections spread from animals to human are called zoonotic infections.
The term zoonos is’ Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
Pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals cause more than 60% of infectious diseases in man.
Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen (O), and very reactive gas.
Bluish gas that harmful to breathe.
Is mostly found in the stratosphere, where it protects us from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is essential for life on Earth.
Ozone in the stratosphere— a layer of the atmosphere between 15 and 50 kilometers (10 and 31 miles) above us—acts as a shield to protect Earth’s surface from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
H: Infects only Human beings
I: Immunodeficiency Virus weakness the Immune system and increases the risk of infections
V: Virus that attacks the body and finally kills the body’s immune system
Tuberculosis is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , where the center of the granuloma is Caseous necrosis
It usually involves the lungs but may affect any organ or tissue in the body
Airborne spread of droplet nuclei
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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2. DEFINITIONS
• A gametangium (plural: gametangia) is an
organ or cell in which gametes are produced
that is found in many fungi, and the
gametophytes of plants.
• Sporangiophore (plural sporangiophores)
usually a stalk, A special type of hypha that
bears sporangia on the tip.
• A sporangium (plural: sporangia) is the
capsule structure belonging to fungi, in
which the reproductive spores are produced
and stored.
3. ZYGOMYCOTA
• Includes common bread molds
• Sexual reproduction occurs by fusion of
gametangia, formed zygospores.
• Asexual reproduction most common by non-
motile sporangiospores in the sporangium/
sporangia
• Sporangiophores form sporangia /sporangium
• Hyphae produce clumps of erect stalks
• A common example of this phylum is the bread
mold (Rhizopus stolonifera).
4.
5. CONT…
The mycelia of Zygomycota are divided into
three types of hyphae.
1. The rhizoids reach below the surface and
function in food absorption.
Above the surface,
2. Sporangiophores bear the spore-producing
sporangia.
3. Groups of rhizoids and sporangiophores are
connected above the surface by stolons.
9. • Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction in Zygomycota is similar to that in
other types of fungi, while sexual reproduction bears
some similarity to that in Ascomycota.
• Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction in Zygomycota varies greatly
among orders and species. Spores may be formed by the
separation and thickening of hyphal cells. They may also
be produced in specialized organs, whose structure is
also widely varied.
10. • Zygomycota have two mating types, though individual species
may only have one mating type.
• When hyphae from opposite mating types meet, they produce
structures called progametangia that are dense and
multinucleate. The structure, in some fungi, that develops into
the gametangium.
• Cell walls form to separate the tips of the progametangia into
gametangia,
• Plasmogamy then occurs between the two gametangia to form a
zygote.
Sexual Reproduction
11. CONT…
• Next, karyogamy takes place within the zygote.
• The cell walls of the zygote are thin at first, but later thicken
into a zygospore.
• Germination begins when the diploid nucleus undergoes
meiosis and a sporangium develops.
• Spores are produced within the sporangium.
12. CONT…
• Gametes are produced in the structures called gametangia.
• The key difference between sporangia and gametangia is
that sporangia are the asexual structures that produce
asexual spores while gametangia are the sexual structures
that produce sexual spores or the gametes.
The Zygomycota, or conjugation fungi
The most common ones encountered are the mold that affects bread, strawberries, and other fruits rich in sugar.
As they decompose plant material, soil, and dung, they play a vital role in the carbon cycle.
The Zygomycota, or conjugation fungi
The most common ones encountered are the mold that affects bread, strawberries, and other fruits rich in sugar.
As they decompose plant material, soil, and dung, they play a vital role in the carbon cycle.
coenogametes
Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the protoplasm of two parent cells fuse without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell. This state is followed by karyogamy, where the two nuclei fuse and then undergo meiosis to produce spores.
Heterokaryotic refers to cells where two or more genetically different nuclei share one common cytoplasm.
Karyogamy: Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei. Before karyogamy, each haploid cell has one complete copy of the organism's genome.
