This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
A chemical substance that is produced in one portion of an organism and moves by diffusion or transport to another portion of same individual or to other individual of same species where it induce specific response is called a hormone.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
This maybe of help for UG+PG Botany students studying mycology. It's about the general account of class Chytridiomycetes. Good for quick revision and information.
*Critics are very welcomed*
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
A chemical substance that is produced in one portion of an organism and moves by diffusion or transport to another portion of same individual or to other individual of same species where it induce specific response is called a hormone.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic bodies with thalloid plant body. Thallus may be unicellular to multicellular, microscopic or macroscopic in structure.
This maybe of help for UG+PG Botany students studying mycology. It's about the general account of class Chytridiomycetes. Good for quick revision and information.
*Critics are very welcomed*
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
Kingdom Plantae presented by Vrushali Gharat to Mr. Kailash vilegaveKailash Vilegave
Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Economic importance Algae.
Ulothrix
Reproduction
Mosses and Liverwort
life cycle of all plants.
1) Strategies and structuresIn Protozoans the method of movement .pdfaptelecom16999
1) Strategies and structures:
In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the
surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia
and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and
amoeboid movement.
Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live
in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny
cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs.
Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move.
Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice
material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm
like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this
push the animal body towards that respective direction.
2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites.
Commonly live in niche\'s of water.
They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall.
They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food.
They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream,
lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal.
B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the
organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using
enzymes.
C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of
organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure.
They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes.
Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts
containing sporozoites as the infective form.
They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and
leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small
static myosin motors.
3) Key characteristics of fungi :
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular.
Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae
They are haploid.
Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete
enzymes to digest complex molecules
Propogate by spores
Asexual or sexual reproduction
They can be multinucleated
Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment)
Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are
able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to
survive.
Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own
energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
Mastigomycotina
1. Mastigomycotina: General account
of Chytridiomycetes
Vaishali S.Patil
Assosiate Professor, Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji College of Arts, Commerce & Science
Akola
2. General account of Mastigomycotina:
• Mastigomycotina is former polyphyletic taxonomic grouping,
a subdivision, of fungi, similar to Phycomycetes, and that
includedthe zoosporic classes Chytridiomycetes, Hyphochytrio
mycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes and Oomycetes.
General features of Mastigomycotina:
• They produce flagellated cells during their lifetime.
• May bear rhizoids.
• Mostly, filamentous and having coenocytic mycelium.
• Show centric nuclear division.
• Perfect state of spores is typically oospores.
3. General account of Chytridiomycetes-
• The members of the class Chytridiomycetes, commonly
called chytrids, are mostly aquatic, but a few species occur
on the soil as saprophytes and some as parasites on many
land plants. The aquatic habitats including peat, bogs, rivers,
ponds, springs, and ditches, and terrestrial habitats such as
acidic soils, alkaline soils, temperate forest soils, rainforest
soils, arctic and Antarctic soils.
• Most of the members are unicellular, but some advanced
taxa form short chains of cells which are attached to the
substratum with the help of rhizoids. Some forms possess
undeveloped mycelium.
Chitin and glycan are the main constituents of the cell
wall.
•In unicellular forms the thallus is holocarpic (whole
vegetative thallus transforms into one or more reproductive
4. structures), whereas in filamentous forms it is eucarpic (some
part of the vegetative thallus transforms into reproductive
structure, while the rest remains vegetative).
•The members of the class may be epibiotic (reproductive
bodies present on the host’s surface) or endobiotic (live
completely within the cells of the host) and
monocentric(having only a single reproductive structure)
or polycentric (having more than one reproductive
structures).
•The thallus is coenocytic but sex organs are separated from
vegetative part by a septum.
• Asexual reproduction takes place with the help of
zoospores which are posteriorly uniflagellate. The
5. flagellum is of whiplash type. Zoosporangia are spherical
or pear-shaped and inoperculate or operculate. The
zoospore with a posteriorly inserted flagellum is called
opisthocont.
•The flagellum is attached to the blepharoplast within the cell.
The motile cells of some species possess a nuclear cap
which consists of RNA. It shields the nucleus at the anterior
end of the cell. Majority of the members occur in water.
•Planogametes are also posteriorly uniflagellate.
• The zygote is formed by the fusion of planogametes and it is
transformed into a resting spore which produces zoospores
on germination.
6. Significance of Chytridiomycetes:
(i) Some of the soil-inhabiting Chytridiomycetes attack the underground
as well as aerial parts of the higher plants and cause diseases which are
of great economic significance. For example, Synchytrium
endobioticum causes black wart disease of potato; Urophlyctis
alfalfae causes crown wart of alfalfa (Medicago); and Physoderma
maydis causes brown spot disease of maize (Zea mays).
(ii) Many chytrids indirectly harm humans and animals. They
parasitize and destroy the phytoplanktonic forms of algae that form an
important link in food chain of aquatic ecosystems.
(iii) Various species of Allomyces and Blastocladiella have been found to
be valuable research tools in studying morphogenesis.
(iv) Species of Coelomomyces (C. anophelescia) are endoparasites on
mosquito larvae and can be utilized for the biological control of the
mosquito (Anopheles spp.), which is an important vector for the spread
of malaria in human beings.
7. Classification- It includes 10 orders, 700 species &90
genera.
Chytridiales
Spizellomycetales
Cladochytriales
Rhizophydiales
Polychytriales
Rhizophlctidales
Lobulomycetales
Synchytriales
Gromochytriales
Mesochytriales.
8. Life cycle of Synchytrium endobioticum- wart disease or black wart
of potato
It is one of the chytrid fungi which causes black scab or the wart
disease of potato. Solanum are also infected by it. Synchytrium is
represented by about 200 species reported from all over the world,
occurs as parasite on aquatic alga, bryophytes (mosses),
pteridophytes (ferns) and mostly on flowering plants.
Classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Chytridiomycota
Class: Chytridiomycetes
Order: Synchytriales
Family: Synchytriaceae
Genus: Synchytrium
Species: S. Endobioticum
Sexual reproduction is by junction of isogametes, resulting in the
formation of thick walled resting sporangia.
9. Symptoms of Black Wart Disease of Potato
The disease is characterised by cauliflower-like black warty growth on
tubers (Fig. 4.16), stolons and stem bases (Fig. 4.15). Sometimes, the
size of the warts are more than the size of the tuber.
•Usually the disease affects the underground parts of the host.
•Diseased potato tubers appear as brown or black cauliflower like
outgrowths.
•The fungus cause the enlargement of the surface cells (hypertrophy)
as well as increased the numbers of cells (hyperplasia) in the infected
potato tuber, converting them into useless masses of watery tissue.
•Most of the host cells contain resting sporangia.
•Galls or tumors may be formed on aerial parts (stems and leaves).
Vegetative Structure of Synchytrium:
The vegetative body of Synchytrium consists of minute endobiotic
holocarpic thallus, represented by naked uniflagellate zoospore with
whiplash flagellum.
10.
11. Reproduction - During reproduction, the entire thallus transforms into
a reproductive unit i.e., holocarpic.
1. Asexual Reproduction:
Asexual reproduction generally occurs during favourable condition, i.e.,
in spring season. At reproduction the thallus body may be converted
directly into a group (or sorus) of sporangia. During this period,
minute naked uninucleate and uniflagellate zoospores (Fig. 4.17U) are
released from the resting sporangium (which turns during unfavourable
condition i.e., in winter season) after water soaking (Fig. 4.17T).
The zoospores are capable of swimming for about two hours. After
coming in contact either with the potato ‘eye’ or stolon or young tuber
(Fig. 4.17B), they come to rest and withdraw their flagella (Fig. 4.17C).
The content of the zoospore cyst enters into the host cell through the wall
by minute pore in amoeboid movement, keeping the cyst membrane
outside (Fig. 4.17D).
12. The protoplast of zoospore, after entry in the host epidermal cell, absorbs
food and becomes spherical in shape. The infected host cell also enlarges
in volume. The host cell surrounding the infected cell becomes
stimulated and starts swelling (hypertrophy) resulting into the
formation of tumour or wart-like structure.
The infected cell dies and remains in the middle of the wart. The
pathogen along with its nucleus enlarges considerably, rounds off and
develops two layered walls, consisting of a thick golden brown exospore
and a thin hyaline endospore. This is the summer spore (Fig. 4.17E).
The summer spore germinates within the infected host cell. Before
germination, the nucleus enlarges and the inner wall protrudes out
through a minute pore on the outer wall and forms a vesicle towards the
upper portion of the infected host cell. The total content of the summer
spore is transferred to the vesicle.
The nucleus of summer spore then undergoes repeated mitotic divisions
and forms about 32 nuclei. This multinucleate vesicle is known as
prosorus (Fig. 4.17G). The protoplast of the vesicle becomes cleaved
into 4-9 segments, covered by thin hyaline wall. Each segment is known
13. as summer sporangium or zoosporangium (Fig. 4.1 7H). The total
aggregated structure of the zoosporangia is known as Sorus (Fig. 4.1 71).
The nuclei of each zoosporangium undergo repeated mitotic divisions
and form generally 200 to 300 nuclei (their number may go up to 500 or
more in large sporangium). The protoplast then divides into many
uninucleate segments (Fig. 4.17J).
The mature sporangium swells up by absorbing water and creates
pressure on the host wall to burst. After bursting, the zoospores get
released through a small slit on the sporangial wall. The zoospores are
uninucleate and uniflagellate (Fig. 4.17A). They swim actively in water
and infect again the new host or different regions of the same host.
The behavior of the zoospore varies with the environmental condition. If
the condition is favourable (i.e., summer continues), the zoospore causes
infection to a new host or different region of the same host and continues
the asexual cycle again. During unfavourable condition they behave as
gamete and undergo sexual reproduction.
14. Sexual Reproduction:
During unfavourable condition (if winter comes), the multinucleate
segment of prosorus instead of behaving as zoosporangium behaves as
gametangium (Fig. 4.17K) which produces many gametes (Fig. 4.1 7L),
those are smaller in size than the zoospores.
The gametes coming from different gametangia of a same or different
sorus may fuse, but not from same gametangia of a sorus. The
planogametes after union form diploid biflagellate zygote (Fig. 4.17N).
The planogametes are similar in size and shape therefore, copulation is
isogamous.
The zygote swims for sometime and encysts on the surface of the host
epidermis and penetrates the host cell by a process similar to zoospore
penetration (Fig. 4.170). The surrounding host cell then undergoes
hyperplasia i.e., repeated cell division. The infected cell is then buried
into the deeper layer of host cells (Fig. 4.17P).
The effect on the surrounding tissue varies between zoospore and zygote
infection. Hypertrophy (i.e., enlargement of cells) takes place on
zoospore infection, but the zygote infection causes Hyperplasia (i.e.,
15. repeated cell division).
During this development, the zygote enlarges and becomes surrounded
by two layered wall formed by itself (Fig. 4.17Q) and then a third wall is
developed from the host content after its death. It is now called winter
sporangium or resting sporangium (Fig. 4.14R). The resting sporangium
remains dormant throughout the winter season.
The resting sporangia are released into the soil after decaying the host
tissue and are capable to germinate within about two months.
With the onset of favourable condition i.e., in spring season, the resting
sporangium becomes active and its nucleus undergoes repeated nuclear
division of which first one is meiotic, followed by many mitotic
divisions. The protoplast, along with a single nucleus, divides into many
uninucleate segments (Fig. 4.14S).
After absorbing water, the wall of resting sporangium bursts open (Fig.
4.14T) and releases the zoospores. The zoospores are like the asexual
zoospores (Fig. 4.14U), which on coming in contact with a suitable host
cause infection and repeat the cycle again.