Assignment on General principles of ImmunoassayDeepak Kumar
Assignment on General principles of immunoassay: theoretical basis and optimization of immunoassay, heterogeneous and homogenous immunoassay systems. Immunoassay methods evaluation; protocol outline, objectives and preparation. Immunoassay for digoxin and insulin
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
Assignment on General principles of ImmunoassayDeepak Kumar
Assignment on General principles of immunoassay: theoretical basis and optimization of immunoassay, heterogeneous and homogenous immunoassay systems. Immunoassay methods evaluation; protocol outline, objectives and preparation. Immunoassay for digoxin and insulin
An Over view on Bioassay, structure & principles, types & methods of bioassay. Also mention of other assay's like biotechnology, microbio assay, immunoassay etc.
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveenAnimatedWorld
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveen
Anesthesia
It is a state of controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness that or awareness that is induced for medical purpose.
Anesthetic agents
The anesthetic agents are great and choosing the correct one for particular suggestion.
In laboratory animal field , the anesthetic surgeon and post operative are often one and the same person.
This will help to chose correct drug for anaesthesia.
Sometime the wise anesthetic agents also cause undesirable responses. so, its responsibility of experimenters to document this advance in exprimental protocol
Euthanasia
The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek terms eu mean good and thanatos mean death.
Euthanasia is the act of including humane death in an animal. sacrificing the experimental animal after use by gentle procedure causing minimum of physical and mental suffering is called euthanasia.
Lecture includes definition of bioassay, Types of Assay and Bioassay , Indications, principles, advantages of bioassay. Example of a Bioassay with calculations. This lecture will be of help for postgraduate pharmacology students as well as undergraduates
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveenAnimatedWorld
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveen
Anesthesia
It is a state of controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness that or awareness that is induced for medical purpose.
Anesthetic agents
The anesthetic agents are great and choosing the correct one for particular suggestion.
In laboratory animal field , the anesthetic surgeon and post operative are often one and the same person.
This will help to chose correct drug for anaesthesia.
Sometime the wise anesthetic agents also cause undesirable responses. so, its responsibility of experimenters to document this advance in exprimental protocol
Euthanasia
The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek terms eu mean good and thanatos mean death.
Euthanasia is the act of including humane death in an animal. sacrificing the experimental animal after use by gentle procedure causing minimum of physical and mental suffering is called euthanasia.
Bioequivalence studies for various pharmaceutical drug formulations manufactured and released into the market is outlined in this presentation. The various studies used to establish bioequivalency with the original formulation is also mentioned.
Radioimmunoassay
Antigen
A molecule capable of stimulating an immune response.
Antibody
An immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
Immunogen
A molecule capable of eliciting an immune response when injected into an animal.
Analyte
A substance whose chemical constituents are being identified and measured
Biological Standardization
Bioassay
Antigen
A molecule capable of stimulating an immune response.
Antibody
An immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
Immunogen
A molecule capable of eliciting an immune response when injected into an animal.
Analyte
A substance whose chemical constituents are being identified and measured.
References
Expt. 3 Introduction to principles of bioassay, its types including advantage...VISHALJADHAV100
Biological standardization (Bioassay)- Definition
Bioassays are employed- BUT WHEN???
Applications of bioassay methods
Principles of bioassay of drugs
Standard preparation (Reference Standard)
Types of bioassays-
1) Quantal response bioassay
2) Graded response bioassays
a) Matching bioassay
b) Interpolation bioassay
c) Bracketing bioassay
d) Multiple point bioassays
Three-point bioassay
Four-point bioassay
Six-point bioassay
Latin square designs- Multiple point bioassays
Intact animal studies
Application of bacteria in engenetic engineering.pptx voice.pdfkhushbushastri
#Application of bacteria in genetic engineering
#Application of Genetic Engineering
#Genetic engineering of Bacteria
#Bacteria as biofactories: to produce insulin
for diabetic patients
#Genetically Engineered Bacteria Could Prevent Obesity
#Role of Restriction Enzymes
#Genetically-engineered bacteria :
can inhale CO2 from the air and convert it into energy.
#Genetically engineered E. coli
# Role of Genetically engineered bacteria help in the production of insulin
#producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine
#Most DNA manipulation takes place within bacterial plasmids before being transferred to another host
#Engineering bacteria : Use as a treatment of genetic diseases
#Animation of synthetic bacteria communicating
#Important of Genetic Engineering
#Important tool for natural scientists
#Application of Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacteriology studies of bacteria
# branch of microbiology
# study of bacteria
# application
# role of bacteriology
# bacteria
# Koch postulate
#History
# role of bacteriology
# branch of bacteriology
# Recombination bacteria
# pathogenetic bacteriology
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
# Introduction
# Definition of Prokaryotic Cells
# Definition of Eukaryotic Cells
# Feature of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
# Common Factor of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
# Difference Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
# Cell structure of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
# EXAMPLES OF Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
Monoclonal antibody
# Definition
# A general representation of the method used to produce monoclonal antibodies
#Applications
# Monoclonal antibodies for cancer.
#MAbs approved by the FDA for cancer include:
# Factor affecting monoclonal antibody immunogenicity
#Monoclonal Antibodies : 4 Types
# Monoclonal Antibodies : 4 Types images
Economic importance of bacteria
#Economic importance of bacteria
#Bacteria : economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes.
#Beneficial uses of bacteria
#Genetic engineering :
#Biotechnology :
#Food processing :
#Bioremediation
#Industry importance of bacteria
#Fiber industry:
#Medicine (probiotics)
#Agriculture importance
Mitosis and meiosis
# 2 types of cell division
# definition of meiosis
# phases of meiosis
# definition of mitosis
# stages of mitosis
# different between mitosis and meiosis
# similarities between mitosis and meiosis
Actinomyces: Genus of the actinobacteria
# Prokaryotic organisms
#Actinomyces colonies : form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae
# known as a ray fungus
#Scientific classification
# life cycle of sporulating actinomycetes
#Characteristics and Functions of Actinomycetes
# Generally anaerobic bacteria
Escherichia coli (e.c oli) : gram- ve bacteria
Morphology
CLASSIFICATION
NUTRITION
IMAGE
E.COLI on EMB agar
E.coli on MacConkey's Agar
e.coli : cell structure
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. DEFINATION
• A bioassay : analytical method to determine
concentration or potency of a substance by
its effect on living cells or tissues.
3. BIOASSAY
• Bioassays :quantitative biological assays
• Estimate the potency of agents by observing
their effects on living animals
• In vivo or tissue
/cell culture systems
4. A Bioassay Experiment
• Either be qualitative or quantitative,
• Direct or Indirect
• If the measured response is binary, the assay is
qualitative, if not, it is quantitative.
7. Principle
Bioassay : Biochemical test to estimate the
relative potency of a sample compound to a
standard compound.
Typical bioassay involves a stimulus
(ex. drugs) applied to a subject ex. animals, tissues,
plants
A response (ex. death) of the subject is triggered
and measured.
The intensity of stimulus is varied by doses and
depending on this intensity of stimulus, a
change/response will be followed by a subject
8. APPLICATION
Bioassay is used to detect biological hazards or
give a quality assessment of a mixture.
Bioassay is often used to monitor water quality
and also sewage discharge and its impact on
surrounding
Used to assess the environmental impact and
safety of new technologies and facilities.
Image of : ELISA plate with
various cortisol levels
9. Examples
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
ELISA plate with various cortisol levels
ELISA is a quantitative analytical method that
measures absorbance of color change from antigen-
antibody reaction
Home pregnancy test
involves ELISA to detect the increase of human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy
HIV test
indirect ELISA to detect HIV antibody caused by
infection
