FTIR SPECTROSCOPY,
Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application in Pharmaceutical Industry
IR Spectroscopy- Absorption Theory
Type of Vibrations & Vibration Energy level
FTIR Spectrophotometer-Instrumentation
Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Qualification & Calibration
IR Absorption by Organic compounds
Application
FDA citation in FTIR Analysis-Pharmaceutical Industries
SPECTROSCOPY
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
PRINCIPLE
MODES OF VIBRATION
INSTRUMENTATION
SAMPLE HANDLING
FTIR (FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED) SPECTROMETER
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
WORKING
DISPERSIVE VERSUS FTIR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF FTIR WITH APPLICATIONS
FACTORS AFFECTING VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES
IR SPECTRA REGION
IR SPECTRA INTERPRETATION
EXAMPLES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IR
APPLICATIONS OF IR
Reference
Presenting a topic which is entitled: Detectors
Above topic includes:
Types of detector
phototube detector
photomultiplier tubes
silicon photodiodes
photovoltaic cells
advantages
multi-channel photon detectors
linear photodiode arrays
photodiode array
with basics of instrumentation and science technology
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Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
SPECTROSCOPY
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
PRINCIPLE
MODES OF VIBRATION
INSTRUMENTATION
SAMPLE HANDLING
FTIR (FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED) SPECTROMETER
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
WORKING
DISPERSIVE VERSUS FTIR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF FTIR WITH APPLICATIONS
FACTORS AFFECTING VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES
IR SPECTRA REGION
IR SPECTRA INTERPRETATION
EXAMPLES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IR
APPLICATIONS OF IR
Reference
Presenting a topic which is entitled: Detectors
Above topic includes:
Types of detector
phototube detector
photomultiplier tubes
silicon photodiodes
photovoltaic cells
advantages
multi-channel photon detectors
linear photodiode arrays
photodiode array
with basics of instrumentation and science technology
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Introduction,Instrumentation, Classification of electronic transitions, Substituent and solvent effects, Classification of electronic transitions
Substituent and solvent effects
Applications of UV Spectroscopy
UV spectral study of alkenes
UV spectral study of poylenes
UV spectral study of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl
UV spectral study of Aromatic compounds
Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Applications of UV Spectroscopy, Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
Introduction to Spectroscopy,
Introduction to UV, electronic transitions, terminology, chromophore, Auxochrome, Examples and Applications.
Introduction to IR, Fundamental vibrations, Types of Vibrations, Factors affecting the vibrational freaquencies, Group frequencies, examples and applications.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
Introduction,Instrumentation, Classification of electronic transitions, Substituent and solvent effects, Classification of electronic transitions
Substituent and solvent effects
Applications of UV Spectroscopy
UV spectral study of alkenes
UV spectral study of poylenes
UV spectral study of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl
UV spectral study of Aromatic compounds
Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
Applications of UV Spectroscopy, Empirical rules for calculating λmax.
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
Introduction to Spectroscopy,
Introduction to UV, electronic transitions, terminology, chromophore, Auxochrome, Examples and Applications.
Introduction to IR, Fundamental vibrations, Types of Vibrations, Factors affecting the vibrational freaquencies, Group frequencies, examples and applications.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
A method of obtaining an Infrared spectrum by measuring the interferogram of a sample using an interferometer, then performing a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
Infrared Spectroscopy-Principles, Instrumentation and Applicationsuriyachem27
In this presentation, I mentioned Principles, Vibration, Potential energy diagram , Harmonic Oscillator, Vibration mode, instrumentation and application of IR spectroscopy . I referred Principles of Instrumental analysis, Seventh edition, Skoog, Holler and crouch. Once you read this Presentation you will get clear point about IR spectroscopy.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a largely used technique to identify the functional groups in the materials (gas, liquid, and solid) by using the beam of infrared radiations. An infrared spectroscopy measures the absorption of IR radiation made by each bond in the molecule and as a result gives spectrum which is commonly designated as % transmittance versus wavenumber (cm−1). The IR region is at lower energy and higher wavelength than the UV-visible light and has higher energy or shorter wavelength than the microwave radiations. For the determination of functional groups in a molecule, it must be IR active. An IR active molecule is the one which has dipole moment. When the IR radiation interacts with the covalent bond of the materials having an electric dipole, the molecule absorbs energy, and the bond starts back and forth oscillation. Therefore, the oscillation which cause the change in the net dipole moment of the molecule should absorb IR radiations.
A single atom doesn’t absorb IR radiation as it has no chemical bond.
Symmetrical molecules also do not absorbed IR radiation, because of zero dipole moment. For example, H2 molecule has two H atoms; both cancel the effect of each other and giving zero dipole moment to H2 molecule. Therefore, H2 molecule is not an IR active molecule. On the other hand, HF is an IR active molecule, because when IR radiation interacts with HF molecule, the charge transferred toward the fluorine atom and as a result fluorine becomes partial negative and hydrogen becomes partial positive, giving net dipole moment to H-F molecule. A particular IR radiation will be absorbed by a particular bond in the molecule, because every bond has their particular natural vibrational frequency. For example, a molecule such as acetic acid (CH3COOH) containing various bonds (C-C, C-H, C-O, O-H, and C=O), all these bonds are absorbed at specific wavelength and are not affected by other bond. In general we can say that two molecules with different structures don’t have the same infrared spectrum, although some of the frequencies might be same.
Introduction
Instrumentation
Sampling techniques
Group frequencies
Factors affecting group frequencies
Complementarity of IR and Raman spectroscopy
Applications of Infrared spectroscopy
Introduction to Fourier Transfer Infrared SpectroscopyRahulVerma550005
The preferred method of infrared spectroscopy is known as Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR). Infrared spectroscopy involves passing IR photons through a sample. The sample absorbs some of the infrared light and passes some of it through (transmitted). The resulting spectrum depicts the sample's molecule absorption and transmission, resulting in a molecular fingerprint.
Drug Discovery path
Pharma R & D –overview
Discovery & Development
Preclinical research
Clinical Trial
NDA and FDA Approval
Post marketing data
References
Optical Rotation and Polarimeter by Dr. A. AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
Isomers and enantiomers
Specific Optical Rotation
Polarimeter
Instrumentation and Operation
Factors affect the Optical Rotation
Calibration
Application Specifically Pharmaceutical Industries
Personal Hygiene for pharma industry-Dr. A. AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
Personal hygiene
Source of Contamination and control
GMP Requirement /Guideline
Procedures & Records
Protective Clothing & gowning
Health Examination
Hand wash – How and when
Training & Practice
by Dr. A. Amsavel
Awareness on Cancer
what are the causes for cancer
Terminology
Classification of Cancers
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Cancers (TSM)
Types of Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy etc
Side effects on treatment
Palliative care
UV -Vis Spectrophotometry- Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application...Dr. Amsavel A
UV -Vis Spectrophotometry- Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application in Pharmaceutical Industry Dr. A. Amsavel.
UV &Visible Spectroscopy-Absorption Theory
Electronic Transitions
Beer- Lambert Law
Chromophores & Auxochrome
Factors Influence the Absorption
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer-Instrumentation
Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Qualification & Calibration
Application
Handling of Refernce Standards_Dr.A.Amsavel Dr. Amsavel A
Definition
Requirements
Guidelines
Pharmacopiea
Types of Reference Standards
SOP for handling of Reference Standards
Qualification of Secondary Standards
Assigning Potency, Storage and Use
Documents & Records
Contamination Control in Cleanrooms_Dr.A. AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
Basic’s of Contamination
Sources of Contamination
Environment Specification
Elements of Cleanroom Design and Qualification
Definitions
Control of Contaminations
People, Cleaning, Environment & Material
Operation, Monitoring and Control
Documents and Records
Handling of Customer Complaint_Dr.A.AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
Reference Guideline
Definitions
GMP Requirement: 21 CFR § 211.198 and ICH Q7
Procedure for Handling of Complaints
Complaint Investigation
Remedial action and CAPA
Report preparation
Response to customer
Verification of CAPA effectiveness
Review of Complaints
Review of Quality Control Record and Analytical Data by Dr. A. AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
Review of Quality Control Record and Analytical Data
Objective and Requirement for Analytical data review
Role of Analyst and reviewer,
Procedure and checklist for review of records/data
Review of traceable /associated documents
Review of calibration, Reference standard record, sampling reports,
Review of Audit trail
Role of Analyst & Reviewer
Review of chromatograms& audit trail,
Data Integrity & Good Record Practice
FDA Citations
Volumetric Analysis
Titration Basics
Reaction, End point & Indicators
Types of Titrations
Acid – Base Theory & Principles
Acid Base titration
Non- Aqueous Titration
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titration
Oxidation- Reduction Titration
Calculation
General Information
Errors
Volumetric Analysis
Types of titration
Acid- Base Theory
Reaction, End Point & Indicators
Acid- Base titration
Titration curve
Non- Aqueous Titration
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titration
Oxidation- Reduction Titration,
Calculation. Errors
General Informations,
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
FTIT Spectroscopy- Dr. A. Amsavel
1. Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and
FTIR SPECTROSCOPY
1
Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and
Application in
Pharmaceutical Industry
Dr. A. Amsavel, M.Sc., B.Ed., Ph.D.
aamsavel@gmail.com
2. An Overview
Introduction
IR Spectroscopy- Absorption Theory
Type of Vibrations & Vibration Energy level
2
FTIR Spectrophotometer-Instrumentation
Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Qualification & Calibration
Application
FDA citation in FTIR Analysis-Pharmaceutical Industries
3. History of FTIR
3
Chemical IR spectroscopy was evolved first in 1880s.
Interferometer was discovered by A. A. Michelson in 1890s
In late 1940s commercial optical null dispersive spectrophotometer
was developed
Peter Fellgett measured the light from celestial bodies by using an
interferometer. FTIR spectrum using interferometer was generated
in 1949.
Commercial FTIR spectrometers were made with micro-computers
in late 1960s.
Fast FTIR spectrum using algorithm was developed by Cooley-
Tukey 1966
5. IR Spectroscopy
5
Spectroscopy is the study of interaction of electromagnetic
radiation with matter.
The Infrared region is classified as near, mid and far IR.
Infrared interacts with molecules rotational & vibrational structure
Molecule undergoes change in dipole moment when absorb IR
A diatomic molecule must have a permanent dipole (polar covalent
bond in which a pair of electrons is shared unequally) in order to
absorb, but larger molecules do not.
IR spectrum helps to identify the functional group of molecules.
Like a fingerprint no two unique molecular structures produce the
same infrared spectrum.
6. IR Spectroscopy
Mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy involves measurement of
the absorption of electromagnetic radiation over the wave
number range of 4000–400 cm-1 (wavelength range of 2.5–25
µm) caused by the promotion of molecules from the ground
6
state of their vibrational modes to an excited vibrational
state.
Energy of the absorbed photon (E=hv)
Where h is Plank constant
v is wave number (number of waves per centimeter).
λ (µm) is wavelength (distance between the one cycle of wave).
Wave number = 1/ λ ie 10000/ λ ṽ (cm-1)
7. IR Spectroscopy
7
When a vibrational mode involves atomic motions of more than
just a few atoms, the frequencies occur over wider spectral ranges
and are not characteristic of a particular functional group.
Instead, they are more characteristic of the molecules as a whole.
Such bands are known as fingerprint bands.
Such bands are known as fingerprint bands.
All strong bands that absorb at wavenumbers above 1500 cm-1 are
group frequencies. Strong bands that absorb below 1500 cm-1 can
either be group frequencies or fingerprint bands
Polar groups, such as C–O, C=O, O–H, N–H, and C–F, typically give
rise to strong bands in the spectrum.
8. Absorption of IR
8
At temperatures above absolute zero, all the atoms in molecules are in
continuous vibration with respect to each other.
As a molecule vibrates, a regular fluctuation in the dipole moment
occurs.
A Dipole Moment = Charge Imbalance in the molecule
When the frequency of a specific vibration is equal to the frequency of
the IR radiation directed on the molecule, the molecule absorbs the
radiation and amplitude of the vibration increases.
The major types of molecular vibrations are Stretching and Bending
Stretching -along the line of the chemical bond
Bending - out of the line with the chemical bond.
Energy of Stretching > Bending
9. Hooke’s law
9
Total energy in IR absorption is sum of Energy of
rotation and energy of vibration
E tot = Erot + Evib
Hooke’s law
Hooke’s law
µ (kg) -the reduced mass of the system & k (N/m) force constant
V = 0, 1, 2 ….is called the vibrational quantum number
0 -is strong band and 1, 2..are overtones
Evib = hν (V + ½)
10. Types of Vibrations & Rotations
10
Energy absorbed by the molecule due to vibration and rotation
12. FTIR Spectrophotometer
12
Fundamental components of an FTIR system
1. The Source: A glowing black body emits the IR radiation. This beam is
passed to an aperture that limits amount of energy incident on sample.
2. Interferometer: Interferometer performs “spectral encoding” on
incoming radiation and exiting signal contains all the IR frequency
incoming radiation and exiting signal contains all the IR frequency
components.
3. Sample: Beam is either transmitted through or reflected off of the
sample surface, depending on type. Sample absorbs energies at
frequencies characteristic to it.
4. The Detector: Detector measures the interferogram signal.
5. The Computer: It performs Fourier transformation to obtain final IR
spectrum for examination. Spectrum obtained is %T Vs wave number.
14. Source
14
Source:
In the mid-IR several type of sources are used. They are either
a lamp filament or a hollow rod, 1–3 mm in diameter and 2 to
4 cm long, made of fused mixtures of Zirconium oxide or
Yttrium and thorium oxides ( Nernst Globar) on heating to
Yttrium and thorium oxides ( Nernst Globar) on heating to
1500°C, it emits IR radiation.
Helium–Neon (HeNe) laser is used in commercial FTIR
Other sources are Incandecent lamp or High pressure
mercury arc.
15. Interferometers
15
Interferometer: It is heart of FTIR. This performs “spectral encoding” the
radiation from source and exiting IR frequency signal to detector
Michelson Interferometer.
Albert Abraham Michelson
(1852–1931). Worked in the
study of light. He was awarded
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907
16. Functioning of Michelson Interferometer
16
Light from the light source is directed to the beam splitter.
Half of the light is reflected and half is transmitted.
The reflected light goes to the fixed mirror where it is reflected
back to the beam splitter.
The transmitted light is sent to the moving mirror and is also
reflected back towards the mirror.
At the beam splitter, each of the two beams (from the fixed and
moving mirrors) are split into two:
One goes back to the source and other goes towards the detector.
The resulting signal is called an interferogram which has the unique
property that every data point function
17. Functioning of Michelson Interferometer
17
The two beams reaching the detector come from the same source and
have an optical path difference determined by the positions of the two
mirrors,
That means they have a fixed phase difference and the two beams
interfere.
The two beams interfere constructively or destructively for a particular
frequency by positioning the moving mirror.
If the moving mirror is scanned over a range, a sinusoidal signal will be
detected for that frequency with its
maximum corresponding to constructive interference and
minimum corresponding to destructive interference.
This sinusoidal signal is called interferogram – detector signal (intensity)
against optical path difference.
18. Detectors in FTIR
18
Detectors: Two Popular detectors are used in FTIR
Pyroelectric Detector: Deuterated triglycine sulphate (DTGS). The
pyroelectric detector contains a mono-crystal of deuterated triglycine
sulfate (DTGS) or lithium tantalate(LiTaO3), sandwiched between two
electrodes, one of which is semi-transparent to radiation and receives the
electrodes, one of which is semi-transparent to radiation and receives the
impact of the optical beam. It generates electric charges with small
temperature changes.
Photon diode Detectors contains semiconductors, such as Mercury
cadmium teluride (MCT) or indium antimonide (InSb). On effect of
infrared radiation, liberates electron/hole pairs which create a PD
measurable in an open circuit.
19. Spectrum from FTIR
19
The computer and software:
The measured interferogram signal can not be interpreted directly
The measured signal is digitized and sent to the computer to get desired
Spectral information for analysis
Decoding of individual frequencies accomplished using mathematical
Decoding of individual frequencies accomplished using mathematical
technique ie Fourier transformation.
Background correction (nullify the blank / without sample)
Set the required scale (range) of absorption intensity or % transmittance
against wave number.
Compare the standard spectrum with sample and get the % matching (
confirmed by matching on min. 95%) thro sotware.
Standard spectrum is available in software library or run standard and
store as reference.
20. Sampling Techniques
20
Liquid Samples: Solid Samples: Gas Samples:
1. Neat sample
2. Dilute solution
1. Neat sample
2. Cast films
1. Short path cell
2. Long path cell
2. Dilute solution
3. Liquid cell
2. Cast films
3. Pressed films
4. KBr pellets
5. Mull
2. Long path cell
21. Sampling Techniques
21
Alkali halides are transparent to mid-IR.
Sample cells are made from materials, such as NaCl
and KBr
Potassium Bromide (KBr) disks most commonly used
Potassium Bromide (KBr) disks most commonly used
(above 400 cm-1).
Preparation KBr disk dry; Use highly pure potassium
bromide powder (400mg) is ground with sample
(1mg) and pressed to make transparent disk of
13mm dia.
22. Preparation of KBr Disk / Pallet
22
Potassium nitrate absorption band at approximately 1378 cm-1 So KBr
must be pure
1 part of the sample to 100–400 parts,
Use clean Agate mortar.
Take 1mg sample add 10mg KBr and grind and add 20mg, 40mg…
Take 1mg sample add 10mg KBr and grind and add 20mg, 40mg…
stepwise to 300mg
Spread mixture over die (13mm) and press to get disk
uniform transparency or exhibits good transmittance at about 2000 cm-1.
unsatisfactory, or poor-quality disks may be a consequence of inadequate
or excessive grinding, moisture/humidity, or impurities in the dispersion
medium.
23. Preparation of Mull Sample
23
Mull: Homogeneously distribute the finely divided powder sample in a thin layer
of a viscous liquid and should be semi-transparent to mid-IR.
Prepare a mull is to place 10–20 mg of the sample into an agate mortar, and then
grind the sample to a fine and add drop of the mulling agent (liquid paraffin or
Nujol) and grind into a uniform paste.
Transfer the paste to windows of sodium chloride and squeezed to form a thin,
Transfer the paste to windows of sodium chloride and squeezed to form a thin,
translucent film and free from bubbles.
Mull agents (Mineral Oils) must have a refractive index (RI) close to RI of sample.
Chlorofluoro substituted polymers mulling agent can be used if other mull
obscures.
Self support Film: Stretch the Primary packaging material LDPE or
Prepare thin self-supporting polymer films using hot compression molding or
microtoming
24. Liquid & Gas samples
24
Liquid: Neat non-volatile liquids spread between NaCl windows (sandwich)
Place a drop of the liquid between two NaCl plates to get thin film of
about 0.01 mm thick.
Prepare a solutionin in highly volatile solvent and spread over the disk /
window and allow to evaporate, sample forms thin film and perform.
window and allow to evaporate, sample forms thin film and perform.
Use spacers such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene), or poly(ethylene
terephthalate) as required path lengths of 0.015 to 1.0 mm
Transfer Liquids / solutions to commercially available cells ( neat)
Gases :
Use cells for static or flow-through gas and vapor sample.
10 cm long glass or stainless steel cells with ~40-mm aperture. Cover both
ends with Passium bromide or zinc selenium or calcium fluoride windows.
25. ATR Sample
25
ATR sampler is an IR-transparent crystal of high Refractive index
than samples, such as ZnSe. Sample is surrounded by a crystal.
Radiation from the source enters the ATR crystal, where it
undergoes a series of total internal reflections before exiting the
undergoes a series of total internal reflections before exiting the
crystal. During each reflection, the radiation penetrates into the
sample to a depth of a few microns.
By this action a selective attenuation of the radiation at those
wavelengths at which the sample absorbs and gives spectrum
Useful for polymers, fibers, fabrics,
powders &biological tissue samples.
26. Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Perform system suitability as required before test the sample
Ensure the calibration is performed and it is within validity date
Use reference polystyrene film (NIST traceable or certified) for calibration.
Use only spectroscopic reagents / solvents
26
Software used shall compliance with 21 CFR Part 11 complaince
The analysis of solution samples is limited by the solvent’s due to IR-
absorbing properties. Most commonly used solvents-CCl4, CS2, and CHCl3
Ensure that % Relative humidity is not higher (RH <50%) and prevent to
use water near Instrument, since optics are water soluble eg NaCl window
Volatile liquids must kept in sealed cell to prevent evaporation.
Prepare sample and run the FTIR.
27. Qualification of FTIR
Ensure the Qualification is performed to ensure that Instrument meets
the intended purpose and documented.
Design Qualification: Ensure URS is suitable for the intended purpose
Installation Qualification: The IQ provides evidence that the hardware
and software are properly installed in the desired location
27
and software are properly installed in the desired location
Operational Qualification: Perform the series of test Wave number
accuracy , Resolution, Signal to Nose ratio, Zero test , contamination
test.
Performance Qualification : Determine that the instrument is capable
of meeting the user’s requirements for all the parameters that may
affect the quality of the measurement. Test the sample.
Ref: PA/PH/OMCL (07) 12 DEF CORR: Qualification Of Equipment: Annex 4: Qualification Of IR Spectrophotometers
28. Wave-Number Scale
28
The wave-number scale may be verified by recording the
spectrum of a polystyrene film,
Use Approx. 35 µm thick, matte polystyrene film (NIST).
Scan from 3800 to 650 cm-1 wave numbers.
Confirm the transmission minima (absorption maxima) at the
wave numbers (in cm-1) shown in the below table:
Transmission Minima (cm-1)
3060.0 1942.9 1583.0 1028.3
2849.5 1601.2 1154.5
Acceptable tolerance : ± 1.0 (cm-1)
29. Detector Energy Ratio
29
Record the minimum energy ratio value for at least one of the
following measurement points and compare it to the vendor’s
specifications:
- Energy at 3990 cm-1 / energy at 2000 cm-1
- Energy at 3990 cm / energy at 2000 cm
- Energy at 4000 cm-1 / energy at 2000 cm-1
- Energy at 3400 cm-1 / energy at 1300 cm-1
- Energy at 2000 cm-1 / energy at 1000 cm-1
Limits:
Energy ratio test specifications vary for each spectrometer
configuration. Refer manufacturer’s specification.
30. Signal / Noise Ratio
Peak-to-peak noise between:
4050 cm-1 and 3950 cm-1
2050 cm-1 and 1950 cm-1
RMS Noise between:
4050 cm-1 and 3950 cm-1
2050 cm-1 and 1950 cm-1
Record the maximum noise level for each of the following regions:
30
2050 cm-1 and 1950 cm-1
1050 cm-1 and 950 cm-1
550 cm-1 and 450 cm-1
(for DTGS detector only)
2050 cm-1 and 1950 cm-1
1050 cm-1 and 950 cm-1
550 cm-1 and 450 cm-1
(for DTGS detector only)
*RMS- root mean square
Limits (% T): Noise level test specifications vary for each
spectrometer configuration. Refer to the manufacturer’s
specifications.
31. Resolution
31
Use Certified polystyrene film of approximately 35 µm in
thickness.
Record the FTIR spectrum of the polystyrene film.
use suitable instrument resolution with the appropriate
apodisation prescribed by the manufacturer.
Limits:
Difference between the absorbances at the absorption min. 2870 cm-1
and the absorption max. 2849.5 cm-1 > 0.33.
Difference between the absorbances at the absorption min 1589 cm-1
and the absorption max at 1583 cm-1 > 0.08.
33. Zero Test
33
When using a polystyrene film of approxi. 35 µm in thickness as
standard at the wavelength of 2925 cm-1 and 700 cm-1, almost
complete absorption of the irradiated energy can be observed.
With this test, the remaining transmission is measured.
As the maximum absorption can be observed at 700 cm-1 negative
As the maximum absorption can be observed at 700 cm negative
values may be observed.
The objective of the test is to evaluate if, despite the fact that
there is almost complete absorption, energy is still detectable.
Non-valid results are an indication of a non-linear behaviour of the
detector and the electronic system.
Limits (%T): Comply to manufacturer’s specification
34. Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)
34
Contamination Test
This test checks the presence of peaks that
signal a contamination problem.
Use the automated function of the
instrument (if available) to perform this test.
Wave-number
(cm-1)
Upper limit
(A)
3100.0 – 2800.0 0.1
1800.0 – 1600.0 0.1
If not available, record a background
spectrum.
1800.0 – 1600.0 0.1
1400.0 – 1100.0 0.2
Throughput Check :
A background spectrum is recorded and the transmittance is measured at
3 wave numbers e.g. 4000, 2600 and 1000 cm-1.
Limits:
The lower limit of the transmittance for the 3 wave numbers must be 80%
35. Application
35
FT-IR used for various chemical analysis in Industries &Research
To identify unknown materials by comparing with Spectrum library
To determine the quality or consistency of a sample
Analysis of formulations: Amount of components in a mixture
With modern software algorithms, FTIRis used for quantitative
With modern software algorithms, FTIRis used for quantitative
analysis
Identification of functional groups in unknown substances.
Eg. Ketones, Aldehydes, Alcohols,Amines, Carboxylic Acids etc.
Identification of polymers, plastics, and resins.
Concentrations gases such as carbon monoxide and dioxide,
ammonia, methanol, ethanol, methane at ppm level, etc
36. Application
Identification/ Characteristic of Organic compounds:
Functional groups have their characteristic fundamental vibrations which
give rise to absorption at certain frequency range in the spectrum.
However, several functional groups may absorb at the same frequency
range, and a functional group may have multiple-characteristic absorption
36
range, and a functional group may have multiple-characteristic absorption
peaks, especially for 1500 – 650 cm-1, which is called the fingerprint
region. It is complex and more difficult to interpret.
Small structural differences results in significant in spectral differences
Complete interpretation may not be possible
Can be identified by using standard’s spectra and match the spectrum of
sample including finger print region
37. IR Absorption of Organic Compounds
Ref: Principles of Instrumental Anlalysis – D.A.Skoog
37
41. Application in Pharmaceuticals
Analysis of Pharmaceutical active & inactive ingredients
Identification test: to identify the Active Ingredient, primary
packing material, excipients, and Pharmaceutical dosage form
Semi quantitative (Limit test) and Quantitative analysis
To test the polymorph of certain APIs
41
To test the polymorph of certain APIs
Structure elucidation/ Characterisation
Detection of impurities in organic compound
In-process chemical reaction.
Study of Keto-Enol tautomerism , Conformational analysis.
42. IR Spectrum of Paracetamol
42
IR spectrum of Paracetamol in KBr
43. FTIR: Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative analysis:
FTIR Absorption spectra can be used for quantitative analysis.
Develop the Analytical Method and Validate the test method .
Lamberts Law: Absorbance (A) is proportional to the Path length (l) of the
absorbing medium.
43
absorbing medium.
Beers law: Absorbance (A) is proportional to the Concentration (C) of the
sample.
Beer- Lambert Law - Absorbance is (A) proportional to Concentration
and Path length of the sample.
A Cl ; A = εCl
C-Concentration (Moles /litre) ; l- Path length (cm) & ε - Molar absorption coefficient
(molar absorptivity)
44. Analytical Method Validation-FTIR
44
Accuracy : Perform recovery studies with the appropriate matrix spiked with
known concentrations.
Validation criteria: Mean recovery for drug substances, 98.0%–102.0%; Drug
product assay, 95.0%–105.0%; for impurity analysis 70.0%–150.0%
Precision
Repeatability: Assess by measuring the concentrations of six preparations of
Precision
Repeatability: Assess by measuring the concentrations of six preparations of
sample (at 100% level) or 3 replicates of 3 preparations of concentrations (75%,
100% & 125%)
Validation criteria: RSD NMT 1.0% for drug substance, NMT 2.0% for drug
product, and NMT 20.0% for impurity analysis.
Intermediate precision: Assess the changes in variables such as different days,
using different instrumentation, or 2 or 3 analysts. At a minimum, any
combination of at least two of these factors totaling six experiments
Validation criteria: RSD NMT 1.0% for drug substance, NMT 3.0% for drug
product assay, and NMT 25.0% for impurity analysis.
45. Analytical Method Validation- FTIR
45
Quantitation Limit:
Measure six replicate blank preparation and calculate the standard deviation.
QL =SD X 10 /Slope of the calibration line
Prepare and measure the sample at calculated QL concentration and confirm accuracy.
Validation criteria: the measured concentration must be accurate and precise at a level
equal to or less than 50% of the specification.
Linearity
Prepare five standard preparations at concentrations encompassing the anticipated
concentration of the test preparation. Plot standard curve IR spectral response against
concentration and perform regression.
Validation criteria: Correlation coefficient (R), NLT 0.995 for assays and NLT 0.99 for Limit
tests.
Range:
This parameter is demonstrated by meeting linearity, precision, and accuracy requirements.
Validation criteria: Validation range for 100.0% is 80.0%–120.0%. For non-centered
acceptance criteria, the validation range ± 10.0%. For content uniformity, the validation
range is 70.0%–130.0%.
46. Limitations of FTIR
46
Molecule must be active in the IR region. (alter the net dipole moment of the
molecule in order for absorption.)
Minimal elemental information is given for most samples.
Material under test must be transparency in the IR spectral region
Accuracy greater than 1% obtainable when analysis is done under favorable
condition
condition
It is not possible to know purity of compound or a mixture of compound
Accuracy of FT-IR remains true if there is no change in atmospheric conditions
throughout the experiment.
Cannot detect atoms or monoatomic ions – single atomic entities contain no
chemical bonds.
Cannot detect molecules of of two identical atoms symmetric- N2 or O2.
Aqueous solutions are very difficult to analyze – water is a strong IR absorber.
Reagent used shall be highly pure
47. Examples of Form 483 in IR Analysis
47
Form 483 issued by USFDA is given below for understanding & action. This will help to
identify the regulatory gaps involving IR analysis at your firm. Review and take action on
the gap to overcome the inspectional Observations.
The identification test used for XX@-Na by FTIR compared the spectrum of XX@-Na against
the spectrum for USP XX@. These spectra are not equivalent and are in fact quite different.
Iden fica on tes ng of API *** batches …,…,…,…,… using IR was not actually done. The
Iden fica on tes ng of API *** batches …,…,…,…,… using IR was not actually done. The
analyst simply used a previous spectrum and changed the batch number each time.
System audit trails are not available on the two FT-IR instruments, and quality control (QC)
operators have the option of not saving the IR data
Computerized system and instrument software ( Shimadzu IR solution 1.30) used in the
quality testing laboratory that are currently in use for routine testing is not validated (2015).
Your firm's laboratory analyst had modified printed raw data related to the IR Spectra test.
Your quality control unit failed to detect that IR spectra were being substituted by a
laboratory employee and detect the manipulation or alteration of laboratory documents. ….
50. References
1. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 7th Edition Daniel C. Harris
2. Pharmaceutical Analysis - David G. Watson
3. Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques
Francis and Annick Rouessac and Steve Brooks, 2007,John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
4. Vogel’s – Quantitative Chemical Analysis- 6th edition
50
4. Vogel’s – Quantitative Chemical Analysis- 6 edition
5. PA/PH/OMCL (07) 12 DEF CORR: Qualification Of Equipmen: Annex 4:
Qualification Of IR Spectrophotometers
6. USP General Chapter <854> and <1854> Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy &
Theory And Practice
7. European Pharmacopeia General Chapter 2.2.24. Absorption
Spectrophotometry, Infrared
8. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry-9th Edn. D.A Skoog, D.M West et al..
51. 51
About Author:
Dr. A. Amsavel, born at Begarahalli, Dharmapuri-Dist, Tamil Nadu, India.
Completed his M.Sc. in Dept of Analytical Chemistry, University of Madras. B.Ed. in
Annamalai University and Ph.D in Anna University, Chennai.
Worked as Lecturer and also worked in various Chemical & Pharmaceutical
Industries for the past 34 years. Presently working as Assistant Vice President-
Quality at Malladi Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd.