This document discusses quality control tests that are performed on parenteral products. It describes 7 key tests: uniformity of content, volume of liquid, pyrogen, sterility, clarity of solution, uniformity of weight, and bacterial endotoxin. These tests ensure parenteral products meet standards for dosage uniformity, volume accuracy, freedom from fever-causing substances, freedom from microbes, visibility of solutions, weight consistency, and limits on bacterial contaminants. The tests are important for ensuring parenteral products are safe and effective for patients.
The chapter deals with the preformulation studies that have to be considered while designing a dosage form and developing a formulation that is suitable for a patient. Here, physical and chemical properties of a drug substance are studied along with biopharmaceutical classification of drugs. Also a detailed study on the application of preformulation studies in different dosage forms are also studied.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
The chapter deals with the preformulation studies that have to be considered while designing a dosage form and developing a formulation that is suitable for a patient. Here, physical and chemical properties of a drug substance are studied along with biopharmaceutical classification of drugs. Also a detailed study on the application of preformulation studies in different dosage forms are also studied.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
pellets can be defined as multi particulate system or multiunit system
They are spherical particulates manufactured by agglomeration of the powder granules containing drug substance and excipients.
Pellets can be prepared by a special technique called Pelletization.
This technique is referred to an agglomeration process that convert fine powder or granules of bulk drug or excipient in to small , free flowing , spherical or semi spherical pellets .
Multi particular drug delivery system especially suitable for achieving controlled delay released oral formulation with low risk of dose dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as well as reproducible and short gastric residence time.
Multi particulate drug delivery system are mainly oral dosage form consisting of a multiplicity of small discrete units each exhibiting some desire characteristics.
Pharmaceutical aerosols have been playing a crucial role in the health and wellbeing of millions of people throughout the world for many years. These products include pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, sublingual’s, skin sprays (coolants, anaesthetics, etc.) and dental sprays. The technology’s continual advancement, the ease of use, and the more desirable pulmonary-rather-than-needle delivery for systemic drugs has increased the attraction for the pharmaceutical aerosol in recent years.
Many of the tests required for the evaluation of MDIs are similar to those used for other dosage forms. These include description, identification, and assay of the active ingredient; microbial limits; moisture content; net weight, degradation products and impurities (if any); extractable; and any other tests deemed appropriate for the active ingredient.
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of parenteral formulation including the types of parenteral route for administration along withcomponents of parenteral formulation.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
Preformulation Studies: Introduction to preformulation, goals and objectives, study of
physicochemical characteristics of drug substances.
a. Physical properties: Physical form (crystal & amorphous), particle size, shape, flow
properties, solubility profile (pKa, pH, partition coefficient), polymorphism.
b. Chemical Properties: Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemisation, polymerization
BCS classification of drugs & its significant
Application of preformulation considerations in the development of solid, liquid oral and
parenteral dosage forms and its impact on stability of dosage forms.
pellets can be defined as multi particulate system or multiunit system
They are spherical particulates manufactured by agglomeration of the powder granules containing drug substance and excipients.
Pellets can be prepared by a special technique called Pelletization.
This technique is referred to an agglomeration process that convert fine powder or granules of bulk drug or excipient in to small , free flowing , spherical or semi spherical pellets .
Multi particular drug delivery system especially suitable for achieving controlled delay released oral formulation with low risk of dose dumping, flexibility of blending to attain different release patterns as well as reproducible and short gastric residence time.
Multi particulate drug delivery system are mainly oral dosage form consisting of a multiplicity of small discrete units each exhibiting some desire characteristics.
Pharmaceutical aerosols have been playing a crucial role in the health and wellbeing of millions of people throughout the world for many years. These products include pressurized metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, sublingual’s, skin sprays (coolants, anaesthetics, etc.) and dental sprays. The technology’s continual advancement, the ease of use, and the more desirable pulmonary-rather-than-needle delivery for systemic drugs has increased the attraction for the pharmaceutical aerosol in recent years.
Many of the tests required for the evaluation of MDIs are similar to those used for other dosage forms. These include description, identification, and assay of the active ingredient; microbial limits; moisture content; net weight, degradation products and impurities (if any); extractable; and any other tests deemed appropriate for the active ingredient.
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of parenteral formulation including the types of parenteral route for administration along withcomponents of parenteral formulation.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
Preformulation Studies: Introduction to preformulation, goals and objectives, study of
physicochemical characteristics of drug substances.
a. Physical properties: Physical form (crystal & amorphous), particle size, shape, flow
properties, solubility profile (pKa, pH, partition coefficient), polymorphism.
b. Chemical Properties: Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemisation, polymerization
BCS classification of drugs & its significant
Application of preformulation considerations in the development of solid, liquid oral and
parenteral dosage forms and its impact on stability of dosage forms.
INTRODUCTION TO WATER POLLUTION PARAMETERS -CONCEPT, OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF W...Arvind Kumar
INTRODUCTION TO WATER POLLUTION PARAMETERS
-CONCEPT, OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING, SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
by DR. I.D. MALLDepartment of Chemical Engg.Indian Institute of Technology, RoorkeeRoorkee- 247667
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the quality control tests of parenteral as referred in the pharmacopoeia.
Thank you for reading. Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
To avoid contamination, the aseptic technique is the method of reducing or removing contaminants from entering the operative field in surgery or medicine.
Ipqc tests for sterile formulations are as follows :
Leakage Test
Clarity Test
pH
Particulate Matter Injection
SterilityTest
Pyrogen Test
Content Uniformity & Weight
Volume Filled
The tests For Sterile products are as per IP, BP & USP
Parenterals are the sterile preparation that is directly administered into the circulatory system avoiding the enteral route. And these preparation provide rapid onset of action that is why the administered preparation must be safe.
Stability problem arise from microbial contamination of these products so sterility and stability must be ensured for these preparations.
To ensure their sterility and stability, regulations regarding to quality control through pharmacopeial specifications has great importance.
Sterility Testing is defined as a testing which confirms that products are free from the presence of viable microorganisms. Sterility testing is very important for medical devices, pharmaceuticals, preparations, tissue materials and other materials that claim to be sterile or free from viable microorganisms.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. PARENTERALS
2
Parenterals are the sterile dosage
forms intended for administration
other than enteral route and
exerts their action by directly
entering into the systemic
circulation.
3. 3
ADVANTAGES
• Quick onset of action.
• Suitable for the drugs which are not administered by oral
route.
• Useful for uncooperative , nauseous, or unconscious
patients.
• Useful for emergency situation.
• Duration of action can be prolonged by modifying
formulation.
• Means of correcting serious disturbances of fluid and
electrolyte balance.
4. 4
DISADVANTAGES
• Only trained personnel is required.
• Pain on injection.
• Difficult to reverse physiologic effect of drugs.
• Sensitivity or allergic reaction at site of injection.
• Require strict control of sterility and non pyrogenicity than
other formulation.
• More expensive and costly to produce.
6. QUALITY CONTROL TESTS
Uniformity of content
Test for volume of liquid
Test for pyrogen
Test for sterility
6
Clarity of solution
Uniformity of weight
Test for bacterial endotoxin
Leakage test
7. 7
• 30 sterile units are selected from each batch.
• The weight of 10 individual sterile units is noted and
the content is removed from them and empty
individual sterile unit is weighed accurately again.
• Then net weight is calculated by subtracting empty
sterile unit weight from gross weight.
• The dose uniformity is met if the amount of active
ingredient is within the range of 85-115.0% of label
claim.
UNIFORMITY OF CONTENT
8. 8
• Relative standard deviation is equal to or less than 6.0%.
• If one unit is outside the range of 85-115.0%, and none of
the sterile unit is outside the range of 75-125.0% or if the
relative standard deviation of the resultant is greater than
6.0% ,or if both condition prevail, an additional 20 sterile
unit should be tested.
• The sterile units meet the requirements if not more than
one unit is out side the range of 85-115%, no unit is outside
the range of 75-125.0% and the calculated relative standard
deviation is 7.8%.
9. TEST FOR VOLUME OF
LIQUID
Test applies to liquid supplied in single dose ,
only part of the content is used
Empty the contents of one container&
determine the volume of contents
Emulsions & suspensions shake the
container before the determination
The volume is not less than the amount stated
on the label. 9
10. Parenteral
preparations
Minimum number of
items tested
Not more than 100
containers
10% or 4 container
More than 100 but not
more than 500 containers
10 containers
More than 500 containers 2% or 20 containers
whichever is less
For large volume
parenterals
2% or 20 containers
whichever is less10
11. UNIFORMITY OF WEIGHT
Remove the labels& wash the container & dry
Weigh the container along with content
Empty the container completely
Rinse with water & ethanol,dry at 100°C to a
constant weight
Cool& weigh
Net weight shout be calculated
11
12. 12
• The test involves measurement of the rise in body
temperature of rabbits following the IV injection of a
sterile solution into ear vein of rabbit.
• Dose not exceeding 10 ml per kg injected intravenously
within a period of not more than 10 min
• Test animals: Use healthy, adult rabbits of either sex,
preferably of the same variety.
• Recording of temperature: Clinical thermometer
TEST FOR PYROGEN
13. 13
PRELIMINARY TEST(SHAM TEST)
• If animals are used for the first time in a pyrogen test or
have not been used during the 2 previous weeks condition
them 1 to 3 days before testing the substance by injecting IV
10ml per kg pyrogen free saline solution warmed to about
38.5°
• Record the temperature of the animals beginning at least 90
min before injection and continuing for 3 hours after
injection.
• Any animal showing a temperature variation of 0.6° or
more must not be used in main test
14. 14
Carry out the test using a group of 3 rabbits.
Preparation of the sample: Dissolve the substance in or
dilute with pyrogen free saline solution . Warm the liquid
to approximately 38.5° before injection.
MAIN TEST
15. 15
PROCEDURE
• Inject the solution under examination slowly into
the marginal veins of the ear of each rabbit over
a period not exceeding 4 min.
• Record the temperature of each animal at half-
hourly intervals for 3 hours after injection.
• The difference between the initial temperature and
the maximum temperature which is the highest
temperature recorded for a rabbit is taken to be its
response.
18. 18
Media to be used in the sterility
test
Fluid
Thioglycol
ate
Medium Soyabean-
casein digest
Medium
19. 19
MEMBRANE FILTRATION METHOD:-
• A membrane has a nominal pore size not greater than 0.45μ
and diameter of approximately 50mm.
• This method basically involves filtration of Sample through
membrane filters.
• The filtration is assisted under strict aseptic condition, after
filtration complete the membrane is cut into 2 halves and
one halve is placed in suitable volume of
( 100 ml usually)FTM, SCDM medium.
• Incubate the media for not less than 14 days.
20. 20
DIRECT INOCULATION METHOD:-
The DT method is the more traditional sterility test
method. Basically, the DT method involves three steps:
1. Aseptically opening each sample container from a recently
sterilized batch of product.
2. Using a sterile syringe and needle to withdraw the
required volume of sample for both media from the
container
3. Injecting one-half of the required volume sample into a
test tube containing the required volume of FTM and the
other half volume of sample into a second test tube
containing the required volume of SCD.
21. 21
MINIMUM QUANTITY TO BE USED FOR EACH
MEDIUM
Quantity per container Minimum quantity to be used for
each medium
Liquids
1. less than 1 ml The whole contents of each
container
2. 1-40 ml Half the contents of each
container but not less than 1 ml
3.Greater than 40 ml and not
greater than 100 ml
20 ml
4. Greater than 100 ml 10 per cent of the contents of the
container but not less than 20 ml
Antibiotic liquids 1 ml
22. 22
• If the material being tested renders the medium turbid so
that the presence or absence of microbial growth cannot be
easily determined by visual inspection,14 days after the
beginning of incubation , transfer portion (< 1 ml) of the
medium to fresh vessels of the same medium and then
incubate original and transfer vessel for not less than 4
days.
• If No evidence of microbial growth is found- complies with
test for sterility.
• If evidence of microbial growth is found- does not complies
with test for sterility.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
23. 23
Particulate matter refers to the extraneous, mobile,
undissolved particles, other than gas bubbles,
unintentionally present in the solutions.
2 methods are used:
PARTICULATE MATTER TEST
Light
obstraction
Particle
Count Test
Microscopic
particle
count test
24. 24
LIGHT OBSTRACTION PARTICLE COUNT
TEST
Use a suitable apparatus based on the principle of
light blockage which allows an automatic
determination of the size of particles and the number
of particles according to size.
25. 25
Sample Particle size in μm Maximum no. of
particles.
LVP ≥ 100 ml 10
25
Average in the units
tested
25 per ml
3 per ml
SVP – 100 ml and less
than 100 ml
10
25
6000 per container
600 per container
Limits
26. 26
• Wet the inside of the filter holder fitted with the membrane filter
with several milliliter of particle-free water .
• Transfer the total volume of a solution pool or of a single unit to
the filtration funnel, and apply vacuum.
• Place the filter in a Petri dish and allow the filter to air-dry.
• After the filter has been dried, place the Petri dish on the stage of
the microscope, scan the entire membrane filter under the
reflected light from the illuminating device, and count the
number of particles
MICROSCOPIC PARTICLE COUNT TEST
27. 27
Sample Particle size in μm Maximum no. of
particles.
LVP ≥ 100 ml 10
25
Average in the units
tested
12 per ml
2 per ml
SVP – 100 ml and
less than 100 ml
10
25
3000 per container
300 per container
Limits :
28. 28
LEAKAGE TEST
Leakage test is employed to test the package
integrity.
Package integrity reflects its ability to keep the
product in and to keep potential contamination out.
Which is the flow of matter through the barrier itself.
Leakage tests are 4 types
a) visual inspection
b) bubble test
c) dye tests
d) vacuum ionization test
30. TEST FOR BACTERIAL
ENDOTOXIN
Measures the concenration of bacterial endotoxin
Test is using lysate derived from hemolymph cells or
amoebocytes of horse shoe crab
Endotoxin limit calculated by
K/M
K maximum no.of endotoxin which receive the
patient without suffering toxic reaction
M maximum dose administered to a patient/kg/hr30
31. 31
Mechanism of LAL Test
The test is based on the primitive blood-clotting
mechanism of the horseshoe crab
33. 33
LAL reagent
Bleeding adult crabs blood into an
anticlotting solution
Washing and centrifuging to collect the
amoebocytes
Lysing in 3% NaCl
Lysate is washed and lyophilized for
storage
34. 34
Procedure
Test:
Equal volume of LAL reagent and test solution
(usually 0.1 ml of each) are mixed in a
depyrogenated test-tube
Incubation at 37oC, for1 hour
Remove the tube – invert in one smooth motion
(180o)
Observe the result
35. 35
Different Techniques
Three different techniques:
The gel-clot technique – gel formation
The turbidimetric technique – the
development of turbidity after cleavage of an
endogenous substrate
The chromogenic technique – the
development of color after cleavage of a
synthetic peptide – chromogen complex
36. 36
Gel Clot Technique
A solid gel is formed in the presence of
endotoxins
This technique requires positive and negative
controls
Positive controls – a known concentration
of endotoxin added to the lysate solution
Negative controls – water, free from
endotoxins, added to the lysate solution
37. 37
Turbidimetric Technique
The test is based on the measurement of
opacity change due to the formation of
insoluble coagulin
Opacity is directly proportional to the
endotoxin concentration
This technique is used for water systems
and simple pharmaceutical products
38. 38
Chromogenic Technique
This is based on the measurement of color
change which is caused by the release of
the chromogenic chemical
p-nitroanilide
The quantity of the p-nitroanilide produced
is directly proportional to the endotoxin
concentration
39. 39
• Quality control should be a fundamental
segment 0f parenteral products
manufacturing.
• All of the 5 basic tests which are
performed are essential and have its own
importance in parenteral production .
• All of these tests ensure that product meet its
quality which has been judged to satisfactory
also.
• Each test is unique and provides detailed
assessment of quality control for parenteral
products.
CONCLUSION