This document summarizes the formulation and development of an anti-acne cream using garlic cloves. It discusses acne, the causes and development of acne lesions. Garlic cloves were extracted using water and deodorized using soybean oil. The extract was analyzed and found to contain carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, and fixed oils. Various cream formulations with different concentrations of garlic extract were prepared and evaluated. The cream with 10% garlic extract was selected based on evaluations. Accelerated stability studies showed the cream remained stable over time with no changes in color, odor or consistency. Microbiological testing showed the garlic extract and cream had antimicrobial activity against common acne-causing bacteria.

1. Formulation & Development of Anti-acne cream
using Garlic cloves
By
Miss Sneha S. Tathe
(m.tech-II)
Department of cosmetic technology,
Kamla Nehru mahavidyalaya,
Nagpur-09,
2011-2012

2. Acne
 Acne (acne vulgaris) is a disorder
of hair-bearing skin in which hair
follicles develop obstructing horny
plugs (comedones) as a result of
which inflammation later develops
around the obstructed follicles,
causing tissue destruction & scar
formation.
 It is developed at puberty (teenage)
when the sebaceous glands are
most active.

3. Causes of acne
• Hyperactive sebaceous glands (over active lipid
secretion )
 Hyperkeratosis (accelerated keratinization) at hair
infundibulum.
 Effect of bacteria ,The number of propionibacterium
acne found in the hair duct & on the skin.
fig:p.acne

4. Development & formation of acne
Steps
 Overactive secretion of sebum with
hyperkeratosis causes the hair pores to
become narrow & blocked to form
comedo. ( Fig. C)
 Comedo damages & resulting in
inflammation of the tissues
surrounding the opening to form red
papules. (Fig.D)
 Horny material &sebum overflows
into dermis to form pustules. (fig.E)
 Leukocytes attack the bacteria to
from pus.
 Granulation often occur & scar remain.

5. Classification of acne
 Non-inflammatory acne
I. Closed comedones
II. Open comedones
 Inflammatory acne-
I. Papules- small pink bulb appear on the skin.
II. Pustules- lesion with central visible core contain pus.
III. Nodules- fill with deeper pus & heal with scarring.

6. About Active (Garlic Cloves)
 Synonyms – Allium
 Biological source - Allium sativum Linn.,
 Family - Liliaceae
 Part used - bulb(cloves)
 Description - color is white to pink, characteristic & aromatic
odour.aromatic & pungent in taste.1.5 to 2.5cm
 Specific gravity - 1.046
 The intact clove of garlic contain the odorless sulphur containing amino
acid derivative (+)-s-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide.
 Bulbs contain 29% carbohydrates, about 56% proteins (albumin), 0.1%
fat, mucilage, and 0.06 to 0.1% volatile oil, phosphorous, iron and
copper and contains allyl propyl disulphide, diallyl disulphide, alliin
and allicin.
• garlic contains sulphur compounds. This sulphur compound is present
in Alliin, Allicin , Organosulfur compounds , Vitamins, Minerals,
Proteins and Amino Acids of the garlic .

7. Chemical structure of Allicin
Allicin :- 2-propene-1-sulphinotioic acid-s-2-propenyl
ester

8. Properties & uses of garlic bulb
 Garlic bulb is bitter, acrid, carminative, antiseptic, stimulant.
 It is expectorant, and disinfectant in the treatment of pulmonary
conditions.
 It is used in kapha , vata , constipation, bronchitis asthma.
 It is used in leucoderma ,leprosy and in dental caries.
 Allicin has an anti-bacterial activity
 It is used as an anti--cholesterol, antifungal and tonic.
 Garlic gives anti-inflammatory property.
 Garlic has a high sulfur content, which is beneficial for strong, supple
and smooth skin, hair and nails
 Garlic used as an antioxidant property.

9.  Need of work
 Acne is the common skin problem which usually start in adolescence resolves by the mid 20s.
 Nearly 85% of people develop the skin condition of acne between the ages of 12-25 years. Acne
resolves slowly at the age of 30-40 years.
 Acne often causes embarrassment to the sufferer. These are not heal the threatening disorders, but it
defiantly cast an impact on once personal self image.
 It must therefore be considered as a physiological state rather than a disease and as such falls very
much in the cosmetic rather than the clinical field.
 It has been found in herbal beauty aids, can be perfectly applied to the demands of modern
cosmetology both in terms of efficiency and safety , treatment with plant extracts have also shown that
human body responds well to natural substances.
 Many herbs have been used in the treatment of acne for centuries and there is great benefit of using
herbs for this purpose. But there still lacks a proper scientific evidence to support the claims made
about various properties of many herbs.
 It is reported that garlic cloves possess anti-bacterial properties. So it can be used in treating skin
diseases.
 More over it can be regularly used herb and close to nature, which would give more benefits of
protecting skin.
 Hence, the present project work is an humble attempt aimed at scientific evaluation of anti-acne
property of garlic clove and also to formulate and develop anti-acne cream with garlic extract for the
treatment of acne.

10. Plan of work

11. EXPERIMENTATION
AND RESULTS

12. Extraction of Plant Material
 Preparation of raw garlic extract: 100gms of skinned raw garlic cloves were weighed and crushed in
the mixer for 1min. together with 100 ml of water, then allowed standing for 30min. at 250c. after
filtration through whatmann no. 4 filter paper to get raw garlic extract .
 Deodorization of raw garlic extract
• Raw garlic extract was kept at a temperature of 40c in a separating funnel for 5 days .
• 10ml Soybean oil was mixed into above raw garlic extract and mixture was prepared.
• This Mixture was kept in separating funnel at a temperature of 40c for period of 60 days.
• Semi-transparent brown liquid started to separate at the bottom of the
funnel and gradually increased in amount.
• Liquid garlic extract obtained which was completely free from odor.
• Liquid garlic extract was collected for further study.
Analysis of Extract
Sr. No. Test Result
1) pH 5.80
2) Color Semi-transparent brown
3) Odor characteristic

13. Phytochemical Screening of Extract
SR. NO. TEST OBSERVATION RESULTS
A} Tests for carbohydrates
1) Molish’s test Violet color ring was observed +
2) Fehling’s test Brick red ppt. was observed +
B} Tests for proteins
1) Biuret test Violet color was observed +
Million’s test Brick red ppt. was observed +
2)
3) Xanthoprotein test Orange color ppt. was observed. +
Sulphur test Black color obtained. +
4)
C} Tests for amino acids
1) Ninhydrin test Purple color obtained +
2) Tyrosine test Dark red color observed +
3) Cysteine test Black ppt. formed. +
D} Test for saponin glycosides
1) Foam test Persistent foam was observed
+
E} Test for enzymes
1) Yellowish brown color was not +
Oxidase test
2) changed. +
Peroxidase test
3) Pink color was not changed. +
Catalase test
Oxygen gas was evolved.
F} Test for mucilage +
Extract was showed swelling.
G} Test for fixed oils and fats
1) Spot test Oil stains on the paper were appeared +
2) Saponification test Neutralization was obtained. +
H} Test for volatile oil _
Red color was not obtained.

14. Formulation & Development of Anti-Acne Cream
BASE PRODUCT
SR. NO. Ingredients Trial Trial Trial 100 50 (g)
1 2 3 (g) With 3% With 5% With 10%
(%) (%) (%) (Garlic (Garlic (Garlic
extract) Extract) Extract)
A} Oil Phase
1. Stearic acid 10 8 7 7 3.5 3.5 3.5
2. Glyceryl 3 3 3 3 1.5 1.5 1.5
monostearate
3. Isopropyl 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
myristate
4. Bees wax 4 4 2 2 1 1 1
5. Propyl paraben 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.075 0.075 0.075
B} Water Phase
6. Triethanolamine 1 0.6 0.45 0.45 0.225 0.225 0.225
7. Glycerin 5 5 5 5 2.5 2.5 2.5
8. Water 75.7 78.1 81.25 81.25 37.63 35.63 30.63
9. Methyl paraben 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
C} Active Phase
10. Raw Garlic - - - - 3 5 10
extract

15. Observation for base formulations
Observation Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Appearance The cream was very The cream was oily The cream was pearly
thick with the poor but has good spreading white, with good
spreading capacity. capacity. spreading , easy Skin
absorbency and
emollient properties;
hence this base was
selected for further
experimentation.
pH 6.42 6.42 6.42
From the above observation the Trial 3 formulation was selected
for further study and trial 1 and trial 2 were rejected.

16. Analysis of Finished Product o/w Anti-acne Cream
I. Physical method
II. Chemical method
III. Microbiological method
1} Physical Methods
physical parameters of the creams
Physical Cream Base Cream with 2% Cream with 5% Cream with10%
parameters (Garlic extract) (Garlic extract) (Garlic extract)
Appearance Smooth creamy Smooth creamy Smooth creamy Smooth creamy
Color Pearly white Pearly white Pearly white Pearly white
Odor Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant
Consistency Semisolid Semisolid Semisolid Semisolid
Spredability Very good Very good Very good Very good
Oily/tacky feel No No No No
Skin absorbency Easy Easy Easy Easy

17. A} Determination of pH
pH of the cream
Parameter Cream Base Cream with2% Cream with 5% Cream with 10%
Garlic extract Garlic extract Garlic extract
pH 6.42 6.33 6.24 6.12
B} Determination of thermal stability
Thermal stability of the creams (450c) for 48 hours
parameter Cream Base Cream with2% Cream with Cream with
Garlic extract 5% Garlic 10% Garlic
extract extract
Thermal No Separation No Separation No Separation No Separation
stability of Phases of Phases of Phases of Phases

18. 2} Chemical Methods
A} Determination of TFM
Total fatty matter of the creams
Samples Cream Base Cream with 2% Cream with 5% Cream with 10%
(g) Garlic extract Garlic extract Garlic extract
TFM (% by mass) 12.71 12.66 12.60 12.52
B} Determination of specific gravity of cream
Specific gravity of the cream
Samples Cream Base Cream with 2% Cream with 5% Cream with 10%
(g) Garlic extract Garlic extract Garlic extract
Specific
1.0554 1.0542 1.0523 1.0506
Gravity
(gm/ml)

19. Antimicrobial Study of active and product
3) Microbiological Method
Results of Zone of Inhibition of Garlic extract and cream with 2% garlic extract, cream with 5% garlic
extract & cream with 10% garlic extract against S. aureus
5% 2% 10%
Garlic extract
Micro-organisms Garlic Extract Formulation
Cream with 2% Cream with 5% Cream with 10%
Garlic extract Garlic extract Garlic extract
Staphylococcus 28mm 11mm 21mm 23mm
aureus

20. Results of Zone of Inhibition of Garlic extract and cream with 2% garlic extract, cream with
5% garlic extract & cream with 10% garlic extract against E. coli
Garlic extract 2% 5% 10%
Micro- Garlic Extract Formulation
organisms Cream with 2% Cream with 5% Cream with 10%
Garlic extract Garlic extract Garlic extract
Escherichia coli 37mm 12mm 16mm 25mm

21. •Results of Zone of Inhibition of Garlic extract and cream with 2% garlic extract,
cream with 5% garlic extract & cream with 10% garlic extract against
S.epidermidis
Garlic extract 5% 10% 2%
Micro-organisms Garlic Formulation
Extract Cream with Cream with 5% Cream with 10%
2% Garlic Garlic extract Garlic extract
extract
Staphylococcus epidermidis 24mm 13mm 20mm 22mm

22. •Results of Zone of Inhibition of Garlic extract and cream with 2% garlic extract,
cream with 5% garlic extract & cream with 10% garlic extract against P. acne
Garlic extract 2% 5% 10%
Micro-organisms Garlic Formulation
Extract Cream with 2% Cream with 5% Cream with 10%
Garlic extract Garlic extract Garlic extract
Propionibacterium 22mm 10mm 15mm 20mm
acne
Result: - From the above observations it was decided to select cream
with 10% garlic extract for subjective evaluation.

23. Accelerated Stability Studies
Determination of color change
There was no color change was found in cream base and cream at 50 0c,room
temperature & at 40c with 2% garlic extract ,cream with 5% garlic extract and cream
with 10% garlic extract thus it can be concluded that the sample of anti-acne cream is
stable.
Determination of Odor Change
There was no odor change was found in cream base and cream at 50 0c,room
temperature & at 40c with 2% garlic extract ,cream with 5% garlic extract and cream
with 10% garlic extract thus it can be concluded that the sample of anti-acne cream is
stable.
Freeze – Thaw Test
There was no color, odor, consistency change found in formulations .There was
no change in the color, odor, consistency of the formulations, thus it can be
concluded that the sample of the cream is stable at all temperature conditions.

24. Determination of pH Change at Different Temperature
6.5
pH of product kept at 50 0c
base
pH
6
5.5 2%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 5%
Time in days 10%
pH of product kept at room temp.
6.5
base
pH
6
5.5 2%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 5%
Time in days 10%
6.6 pH of product kept at 4 0c
6.4
base
pH
6.2
6 2%
5.8
5%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
10%
Time in days
There was only minor difference in the pH of the product at the different conditions of the
temperature found as compared with the initial. In all temperature conditions the pH was
almost same. since not much changes found as compared to initial, thus it can be concluded
that the sample of the anti-acne cream is stable in all temperature conditions in term of pH.

25. Determination of Viscosity Change at Different Temperature
Viscosity of product kept at 50 0c
300000
viscosity in Cp
200000 base
100000 2%
0 5%
Times in week 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5 week 6 week 7 week 8 week 10%
Time in weeks
Viscosity of product kept at room temp.
400000
Vscisity in
base
200000
Cp
2%
5%
0
Times in week 1 week 2 week 3 Time in weeks
week 4 week 5 week 6 week 7 week 8 week 10%
Viscosity of product kept at 4 0c
400000
Vscosity in Cp
200000 base
0 2%
Times in 1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5 week 6 week 7 week 8 week
5%
week
10%
Time in weeks
There was only minor difference in the viscosity of the product at the different conditions of the
temperature found as compared with the initial. These changes have been recorded in the table.
Since not much significant change was found in the viscosity of the product as compared to the
initial, thus it can be concluded that the sample of anti-acne cream is stable in all temperature
conditions in term of viscosity.

26. Determination of Globule Size at Different Temperature
Globule size of product kept at 50 0c
3
gGlobule size
2 Base
in µm
2%
1
5%
0
10%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
time in days
Globule size of product kept at room temp.
3
Globule size in
2 Base
µm
1 2%
5%
0 10%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
…
Globule size of product kept at 4 0c
3
Globule size in µm
2 Base
1 2%
0
5%
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
10%
Time in days
The average particle size of the sample products were found to be slight increasing with time. There was
minor difference in the particle size of the product at the different temperature found as compared with
initial. These changes have been recorded in the table. Since not much significant change was found in the
particle size of the product as compared to the initial, thus it can be concluded that the sample of anti-acne
cream is stable in all temperature conditions in term of particle size.

27. Subjective evaluation
It was decided to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-acne cream using garlic extract
on 20 volunteers suffering from acne condition of age group between 18-30 years
 Procedure:
 Photographs of skin of all the subjects were taken.
 All the subjects were asked to apply cream with 10 % garlic extract on forearm for
2 hours to check any skin sensitivity.
 All the subjects were instructed to apply cream with 10 % garlic extract on their
skin twice a day for one month.
 All the subjects were given a evaluation sheet and then they were asked to evaluate
the product for the above functional parameters on the basis of notations given in
that sheet.
• -ve : no reduction in sebum, no reduction in acne , no skin improvement.
• +ve : reduction in sebum, reduction in acne, skin improved.
• NI : no irritancy
• SE : spread easily.
• G – Gender, A - Age

28. Evaluation of the Anti-acne cream with 10 % of garlic extract
Subjects Parameter for the evaluation of product
Sr. No. G A Skin
Consumer
Reduction
spreading
Reduction
irritation
improve
Easy of
appeal
sebum
in acne
type
Skin
Skin
in
1 Female 18 Oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
2 Female 19 Normal SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
3 Female 20 Oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
4 Female 23 Oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
5 Female 26 Oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
6 Female 19 Dry SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
7 Female 24 oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
8 Female 22 combination SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
9 Female 15 combination SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
10 Female 17 combination SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
11 Female 22 Normal SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
12 Female 17 combination SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
13 Female 23 Oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
14 Female 25 Oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
15 Male 20 Normal SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
16 Female 20 combination SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
17 Female 25 Normal SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
18 Female 23 Normal SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
19 Male 19 Oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P
20 Male 23 Oily SE NI +ve +ve +ve P

29. Photographic Presentation of Product
(with 10% active)
Photograph of Volunteers before and after 1 month
Case – I Case - III
Case - III
Before use After use
Before use After use
Case - II
Before use After use
Formulation containing garlic extract 10% was found to be effective in severe
acne and several related problems.
From consumer point of view the formulation were effective in reducing the
sebum to control the infection and also to prevent the scaring and pimple marks.

30. 6. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
• Acne is a most common and more or less for every individual, affecting more than
85% of teenagers of both sexes. It is significant disorder of skin during the
adolescence. The study was planned to exploit the properties of garlic extract. It was
observed during the literature survey that garlic extract has antiseptic, antibacterial
and anti-inflammation properties. So it was decided to incorporate in the cream.
 For this purpose Garlic cloves were extracted. The properties of garlic were studied
for various strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis
, Escherichia coli ,Propionibacterium acne which are responsible for acne. The result
was indicated the fact that the extract is an effective bactericide. The cream base
formulation were selected and garlic extract was incorporated in it.
 Stability of the formulation is the important aspect for their shelf life and consumer
acceptance. The stability study of the cream was carried out and the parameters
studied were color, odor, pH, and particle size.
 Accelerated stability study and the cream evaluation of the product indicate that the
formulations are quite stable. The extract of garlic clove gave white color to cream.
 It was accepted by consumer because of its anti-bacterial activity against acne. The
10% anti-acne cream was appreciated by volunteers. It reduced acne in volunteers
after application.
 The result of the study indicates that garlic extract is definitely having anti-acne
property and it can be incorporated in cream base product.

31. 7. FUTURE SCOPE
 Garlic extract can be studied for anti-dandruff
and antifungal properties.
 Garlic extract can be studied insect repellent
property and can be used in the incense stick
for their insect repellent property.
 Garlic extract can be studied for antibacterial
property and can be used in foot spray for
their healing property.
 The antioxidant activity in the extract can be
found out by the use of advanced techniques
such as GC-MS, HPLC, NMR and UV.
 More stability parameters & toxicity studies
can be carried out further.

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 Indian Standard: Skin creams – Specifications; IS 6608:2004; 2nd Revision Bureau of Indian
Standards,New Delhi, 2004; 3.
 Indian Standard: Skin creams – Specifications; IS 6608:2004; 2nd Revision Bureau of Indian
Standards,New Delhi, 2004; 3.
 Indian Standard: Skin creams – Specifications; IS 6608:2004; 2nd Revision Bureau of Indian
Standards,New Delhi, 2004; 3-4.
 L. Lachmann; “ The Theory & practice of Industrial Pharmacy”; 4th edition; 1993; 527.
th

35. Thank you