Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic, and Antibacterial Activities of Leaves of Cinnamomum Tamala (Family: Lauraceae)
The present study was conducted for the characterization of possible chemical groups,
evaluation of anthelmintic, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of crude methanolic extract
of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing
sugar, tannin, amino acids, glycosides and steroid in the crude extract. The extract showed
very potent anthelmintic activity while compared with the standard albendazole. To
investigate the cytotoxic activity, brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted, and the
extract showed significant activity while compared with the standard vincristine sulphate
(LC50 value 1.007 and 0.839μg/ml respectively). To evaluate the antibacterial activity, disc
diffusion method was followed, and the extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Vibrio cholera, and resistant to Escherichia coli
and Salmonella typhi.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RUTA GRAVEOLENS rukkurugma
The document reports on a study investigating the phytochemicals responsible for the antibacterial activity of Ruta graveolens. Various extraction and testing methods are described to detect the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in aerial parts of R. graveolens using different solvents. Thirteen phytochemicals were tested, with twelve found to be present. Future work is proposed to identify the specific phytochemicals contributing to the plant's antibacterial properties.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MURRAYA KOI...Hima Haridasan
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial properties of Murraya koenigii leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the leaves revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. Antibacterial analysis showed the extract inhibited the growth of 3 gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus being the most susceptible. The extract did not inhibit the 2 gram-negative bacteria or 3 fungal strains tested. The study demonstrates antimicrobial activity of M. koenigii leaves, supporting its traditional uses.
This document describes a phytochemical investigation of Leptadenia reticulata. It includes the objectives, materials and methods, results of phytochemical screening tests, and determination of physicochemical parameters. The objectives were to identify various phytoconstituents and evaluate physicochemical parameters in L. reticulata. Various extraction and chemical tests were performed to detect the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and other constituents. Parameters like moisture content, ash values, and solvent extractive values were also determined. The investigation revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents in L. reticulata.
This document describes an experiment to determine the presence or absence of various secondary metabolites in a plant sample. Nine tests were performed to detect phytochemicals like saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, carotenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and coumarins. Saponins and coumarins were found to be present, while the other phytochemicals were absent based on the observations from the chemical tests. The experiment was aimed at identifying phytochemicals in a given plant and determining which were present.
This document describes methods for conducting phytochemical screening tests on plant extracts to identify their chemical constituents. It discusses extracting plants using a Soxhlet apparatus with various solvents and then testing the extracts using several chemical tests to detect the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides, xanthoproteins and fixed oils. The objective is to determine the primary phytochemicals responsible for the biological activities of herbal medicines.
This document describes an experiment to perform preliminary phytochemical screening of crude drugs to determine their chemical constituents. The procedure involves extracting plant materials using organic solvents like ethanol, methanol and acetone as well as aqueous extraction. The various extracts are then tested for the presence of phytochemicals like proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids using standard tests involving reagents like Millon's reagent, Ninhydrin, Fehling's solution, Benedict's reagent, Molisch's reagent, ferric chloride, magnesium ribbon, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, chloroform, sulfur
This thesis report examines antibiotic resistance due to spices like garlic and turmeric. The objectives were to extract the spices using solvents, test their antimicrobial properties, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Garlic, turmeric, and a combination were extracted using distilled water, ethanol, and chloroform. Extracts showed antibacterial effects against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with ethanol and distilled water being most effective. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts was lower than standard antibiotics, indicating they may help reduce antibiotic resistance.
Natural products, including medicinal plants, have traditionally played an important role in drug discovery. Even today with advanced technology, we rely on natural products to develop drugs, though we can now modify them. The document examines the plant Schumannianthus dichotomus, determining its phytochemicals, evaluating its pharmacological properties beyond traditional uses, and comparing activities between leaf and rhizome extracts. It finds the plant shows antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities, suggesting it warrants further study for new drug development.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RUTA GRAVEOLENS rukkurugma
The document reports on a study investigating the phytochemicals responsible for the antibacterial activity of Ruta graveolens. Various extraction and testing methods are described to detect the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in aerial parts of R. graveolens using different solvents. Thirteen phytochemicals were tested, with twelve found to be present. Future work is proposed to identify the specific phytochemicals contributing to the plant's antibacterial properties.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MURRAYA KOI...Hima Haridasan
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial properties of Murraya koenigii leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of the leaves revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, quinones, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. Antibacterial analysis showed the extract inhibited the growth of 3 gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus being the most susceptible. The extract did not inhibit the 2 gram-negative bacteria or 3 fungal strains tested. The study demonstrates antimicrobial activity of M. koenigii leaves, supporting its traditional uses.
This document describes a phytochemical investigation of Leptadenia reticulata. It includes the objectives, materials and methods, results of phytochemical screening tests, and determination of physicochemical parameters. The objectives were to identify various phytoconstituents and evaluate physicochemical parameters in L. reticulata. Various extraction and chemical tests were performed to detect the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and other constituents. Parameters like moisture content, ash values, and solvent extractive values were also determined. The investigation revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents in L. reticulata.
This document describes an experiment to determine the presence or absence of various secondary metabolites in a plant sample. Nine tests were performed to detect phytochemicals like saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, carotenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and coumarins. Saponins and coumarins were found to be present, while the other phytochemicals were absent based on the observations from the chemical tests. The experiment was aimed at identifying phytochemicals in a given plant and determining which were present.
This document describes methods for conducting phytochemical screening tests on plant extracts to identify their chemical constituents. It discusses extracting plants using a Soxhlet apparatus with various solvents and then testing the extracts using several chemical tests to detect the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides, xanthoproteins and fixed oils. The objective is to determine the primary phytochemicals responsible for the biological activities of herbal medicines.
This document describes an experiment to perform preliminary phytochemical screening of crude drugs to determine their chemical constituents. The procedure involves extracting plant materials using organic solvents like ethanol, methanol and acetone as well as aqueous extraction. The various extracts are then tested for the presence of phytochemicals like proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids using standard tests involving reagents like Millon's reagent, Ninhydrin, Fehling's solution, Benedict's reagent, Molisch's reagent, ferric chloride, magnesium ribbon, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, chloroform, sulfur
This thesis report examines antibiotic resistance due to spices like garlic and turmeric. The objectives were to extract the spices using solvents, test their antimicrobial properties, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Garlic, turmeric, and a combination were extracted using distilled water, ethanol, and chloroform. Extracts showed antibacterial effects against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with ethanol and distilled water being most effective. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts was lower than standard antibiotics, indicating they may help reduce antibiotic resistance.
Natural products, including medicinal plants, have traditionally played an important role in drug discovery. Even today with advanced technology, we rely on natural products to develop drugs, though we can now modify them. The document examines the plant Schumannianthus dichotomus, determining its phytochemicals, evaluating its pharmacological properties beyond traditional uses, and comparing activities between leaf and rhizome extracts. It finds the plant shows antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities, suggesting it warrants further study for new drug development.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
Secondary metabolites from plants like Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Resins, Volatile oils and Flavonoids. with definition, introduction, Chemical properties, Classification and Identification test
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
This document provides information on various pharmacognostic drugs. It begins by outlining 52 objectives to be covered, which include bitter glycosides, marine toxins, phyotoxins, hormones/steroids, incense materials, and many other drug classes. It then delves into details on each objective, providing the botanical source, chemical constituents, uses, and microscopic and chemical characteristics of many important drugs. Key drugs discussed include clove, cardamom, licorice, picrorhiza, andrographis, and their volatile oils. Extensive chemical tests are also outlined for different drug classes.
Proximate analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of aloe vera.Kojo Ashiadey
It's a project describing the nutritional composition of aloe vera barbadensis, its antimicrobial properties on selected microbes and the ability of aloe vera to scavenge free radicals.
No 14. plant physiology and fruit secondary metabolites of canistel (pouteria...PARTNER, BADC, World Bank
The document summarizes a study on the plant physiology and secondary metabolites of canistel (Pouteria campechiana) fruits. Several plant physiological parameters were measured including leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 references, H2O references, and light intensity on leaves. Fruit characteristics like size, weight, yield, brix, moisture, and vitamin C content were also determined. Qualitative tests were performed to screen the hydro-alcoholic, methanol, and aqueous extracts of canistel fruits for various secondary metabolites. Alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, reducing sugars, proteins,
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Physical and biological method of drug evaluation by Dr.U.Srinivasaummanabadsrinivas
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
This document discusses various parameters used to evaluate crude drugs, including moisture content, specific gravity, density, melting point, viscosity, solubility, ash content, and extractive values. Evaluating crude drugs by these parameters helps ensure their identification and determines their quality, purity, and potential biochemical variations or deterioration from treatment and storage. Common tests include determining the moisture content, specific gravity, solubility in various solvents, melting points of constituents, ash content, and extractive values using water, alcohol, or ether to extract different types of components.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
Standardization of herbal drugs involves physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological methods. Physical methods include determining viscosity, melting point, solubility, moisture content, and ash values. Chemical methods involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, and oils. Biological assays test for effects on microbes, tissues, or animals. Toxicological analysis checks for pesticide, heavy metal, and radioactive contamination as well as aflatoxins. Together, these techniques provide a standardized profile for identifying herbal drugs and ensuring their quality and purity.
Preliminary phytochemical Investigation of Various extracts of Dalbergia sisooiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses phytochemical screening of plants. It begins by explaining that plants contain natural bioactive compounds in their various parts that can provide therapeutic effects. The document then outlines the two main types of phytochemicals - primary and secondary metabolites. It provides examples of each. The rest of the document describes various qualitative and quantitative methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and cardiac glycosides in plant extracts. It concludes by discussing solvent extraction and pathways to isolate pure bioactive constituents from plants.
formulation and development of anti-acne cream using garlic cloves project pr...Sneha Tathe
This document summarizes the formulation and development of an anti-acne cream using garlic cloves. It discusses acne, the causes and development of acne lesions. Garlic cloves were extracted using water and deodorized using soybean oil. The extract was analyzed and found to contain carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, and fixed oils. Various cream formulations with different concentrations of garlic extract were prepared and evaluated. The cream with 10% garlic extract was selected based on evaluations. Accelerated stability studies showed the cream remained stable over time with no changes in color, odor or consistency. Microbiological testing showed the garlic extract and cream had antimicrobial activity against common acne-causing bacteria.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for herbal drugs and formulations. Herbal drugs include crude plant materials, finished products containing plant parts, and herbal formulations made by extracting or processing plants. Standardization of herbal drugs involves identification, quality control, and determining purity using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Key steps include macroscopic and microscopic examination of plant materials, measurement of ash values, extractive values, water content, volatile oils, bitterness, and other chemical analyses.
Compendial methods for evalution of crude drug and herbal formulationYachita Rajwadwala
1. The document discusses various parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations, including physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological parameters.
2. Key physical parameters include viscosity, moisture content, density, and ash value. Chemical parameters involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, and phenolic compounds.
3. Biological/toxicological parameters include determining pesticide residues, arsenic, heavy metals, and radioactive contamination using techniques like gas chromatography and colorimetric analysis.
This document discusses various chemical standardization methods and techniques for herbal drugs, including extraction methods, chemical examinations, and identification reactions. It provides details on general extraction methods like maceration, infusion, decoction, and percolation. It also outlines chemical tests for detecting different classes of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids. Thin layer chromatography methods are presented for alkaloid and flavonoid profiling.
The document summarizes the phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of four medicinal plants - Tradescantia spathacea, Costus speciosus, Syzygium jambos and Tridax anassae - with reported antidiabetic activities. Key findings from the qualitative and TLC analysis include:
1) TLC analysis found phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, sterols, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and terpenoids in all plants except flavonoids were absent in C. speciosus.
2) Results from qualitative analysis were less accurate than TLC analysis based
Tinospora Cordifolia the magical Herb (Giloy)Vedant Patel
Advanced Herbal drug technology,A Presentation on
Extraction, isolation and standardization of Phytochemicals in Crude extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy, gulvel,giloe, Amrita,garo).It Shows presence of flavonoids and Alkaloids which shows Anti-cancer,Anti-oxidants, Anti-viral, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic activity by boosting host immune system. it also involves different test for identification of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,tanins, glycoside.
Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Peelijtsrd
The objective of this study was to find out the presence of phytochemicals in the aqueous extracts of citrus peel of both qualitative and quantitative screening methods. In qualitative analysis, the phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenol, a, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenes, flavonoid and were determined in the sample aqueous extracts by using standard methods. The aqueous extract of the citrus peel showed positive results for nine phytochemical tests. Also, quantitative analysis of the important secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins and tannins were tested in the sample extracts. Results concluded that the presence of these active compounds may be responsible for the medicinal purposes of the plant. Arti Chandanshive | Ashpak Tamboli | Naziya Khan | Priyanka Karande "Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Peel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33036.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/33036/qualitative-and-quantitative-phytochemical-screening-of-citrus-peel/arti-chandanshive
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
Secondary metabolites from plants like Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Resins, Volatile oils and Flavonoids. with definition, introduction, Chemical properties, Classification and Identification test
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
This document provides information on various pharmacognostic drugs. It begins by outlining 52 objectives to be covered, which include bitter glycosides, marine toxins, phyotoxins, hormones/steroids, incense materials, and many other drug classes. It then delves into details on each objective, providing the botanical source, chemical constituents, uses, and microscopic and chemical characteristics of many important drugs. Key drugs discussed include clove, cardamom, licorice, picrorhiza, andrographis, and their volatile oils. Extensive chemical tests are also outlined for different drug classes.
Proximate analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of aloe vera.Kojo Ashiadey
It's a project describing the nutritional composition of aloe vera barbadensis, its antimicrobial properties on selected microbes and the ability of aloe vera to scavenge free radicals.
No 14. plant physiology and fruit secondary metabolites of canistel (pouteria...PARTNER, BADC, World Bank
The document summarizes a study on the plant physiology and secondary metabolites of canistel (Pouteria campechiana) fruits. Several plant physiological parameters were measured including leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 references, H2O references, and light intensity on leaves. Fruit characteristics like size, weight, yield, brix, moisture, and vitamin C content were also determined. Qualitative tests were performed to screen the hydro-alcoholic, methanol, and aqueous extracts of canistel fruits for various secondary metabolites. Alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, reducing sugars, proteins,
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Physical and biological method of drug evaluation by Dr.U.Srinivasaummanabadsrinivas
This document discusses various physical parameters and methods used to evaluate crude drugs, including ash values, swelling factor, extractive values, and bioassay. It describes determining total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, sulphated ash value, and water soluble ash value. Methods are provided for measuring swelling factor and water soluble, alcohol soluble, and ether soluble extractive values. Finally, it outlines using bioassay to evaluate drug activity through tests on living organisms.
This document discusses various parameters used to evaluate crude drugs, including moisture content, specific gravity, density, melting point, viscosity, solubility, ash content, and extractive values. Evaluating crude drugs by these parameters helps ensure their identification and determines their quality, purity, and potential biochemical variations or deterioration from treatment and storage. Common tests include determining the moisture content, specific gravity, solubility in various solvents, melting points of constituents, ash content, and extractive values using water, alcohol, or ether to extract different types of components.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
Standardization of herbal drugs involves physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological methods. Physical methods include determining viscosity, melting point, solubility, moisture content, and ash values. Chemical methods involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, and oils. Biological assays test for effects on microbes, tissues, or animals. Toxicological analysis checks for pesticide, heavy metal, and radioactive contamination as well as aflatoxins. Together, these techniques provide a standardized profile for identifying herbal drugs and ensuring their quality and purity.
Preliminary phytochemical Investigation of Various extracts of Dalbergia sisooiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses phytochemical screening of plants. It begins by explaining that plants contain natural bioactive compounds in their various parts that can provide therapeutic effects. The document then outlines the two main types of phytochemicals - primary and secondary metabolites. It provides examples of each. The rest of the document describes various qualitative and quantitative methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and cardiac glycosides in plant extracts. It concludes by discussing solvent extraction and pathways to isolate pure bioactive constituents from plants.
formulation and development of anti-acne cream using garlic cloves project pr...Sneha Tathe
This document summarizes the formulation and development of an anti-acne cream using garlic cloves. It discusses acne, the causes and development of acne lesions. Garlic cloves were extracted using water and deodorized using soybean oil. The extract was analyzed and found to contain carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, and fixed oils. Various cream formulations with different concentrations of garlic extract were prepared and evaluated. The cream with 10% garlic extract was selected based on evaluations. Accelerated stability studies showed the cream remained stable over time with no changes in color, odor or consistency. Microbiological testing showed the garlic extract and cream had antimicrobial activity against common acne-causing bacteria.
The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for herbal drugs and formulations. Herbal drugs include crude plant materials, finished products containing plant parts, and herbal formulations made by extracting or processing plants. Standardization of herbal drugs involves identification, quality control, and determining purity using morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods. Key steps include macroscopic and microscopic examination of plant materials, measurement of ash values, extractive values, water content, volatile oils, bitterness, and other chemical analyses.
Compendial methods for evalution of crude drug and herbal formulationYachita Rajwadwala
1. The document discusses various parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations, including physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological parameters.
2. Key physical parameters include viscosity, moisture content, density, and ash value. Chemical parameters involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, and phenolic compounds.
3. Biological/toxicological parameters include determining pesticide residues, arsenic, heavy metals, and radioactive contamination using techniques like gas chromatography and colorimetric analysis.
This document discusses various chemical standardization methods and techniques for herbal drugs, including extraction methods, chemical examinations, and identification reactions. It provides details on general extraction methods like maceration, infusion, decoction, and percolation. It also outlines chemical tests for detecting different classes of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids. Thin layer chromatography methods are presented for alkaloid and flavonoid profiling.
The document summarizes the phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of four medicinal plants - Tradescantia spathacea, Costus speciosus, Syzygium jambos and Tridax anassae - with reported antidiabetic activities. Key findings from the qualitative and TLC analysis include:
1) TLC analysis found phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, sterols, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and terpenoids in all plants except flavonoids were absent in C. speciosus.
2) Results from qualitative analysis were less accurate than TLC analysis based
Similar to Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic, and Antibacterial Activities of Leaves of Cinnamomum Tamala (Family: Lauraceae)
Tinospora Cordifolia the magical Herb (Giloy)Vedant Patel
Advanced Herbal drug technology,A Presentation on
Extraction, isolation and standardization of Phytochemicals in Crude extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Giloy, gulvel,giloe, Amrita,garo).It Shows presence of flavonoids and Alkaloids which shows Anti-cancer,Anti-oxidants, Anti-viral, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergic activity by boosting host immune system. it also involves different test for identification of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,tanins, glycoside.
Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Peelijtsrd
The objective of this study was to find out the presence of phytochemicals in the aqueous extracts of citrus peel of both qualitative and quantitative screening methods. In qualitative analysis, the phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenol, a, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenes, flavonoid and were determined in the sample aqueous extracts by using standard methods. The aqueous extract of the citrus peel showed positive results for nine phytochemical tests. Also, quantitative analysis of the important secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins and tannins were tested in the sample extracts. Results concluded that the presence of these active compounds may be responsible for the medicinal purposes of the plant. Arti Chandanshive | Ashpak Tamboli | Naziya Khan | Priyanka Karande "Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Screening of Citrus Peel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33036.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/33036/qualitative-and-quantitative-phytochemical-screening-of-citrus-peel/arti-chandanshive
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
evaluation of phytochemical, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxicit...PATHEPARAPU HANUMANTHA RAO
The document reports on a study that evaluated the phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of extracts from Acalypha indica leaves on breast cancer cell lines. Acalypha indica is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat various ailments. The study involved extracting leaves using different solvents, performing phytochemical analysis, assessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and testing cytotoxicity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The results showed that the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts contained several phytochemicals and exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects, suggesting Acalypha indica may have potential in treating breast cancer.
NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS OF BAUHINIA PURPUREApharmaindexing
The document discusses a study investigating the phytochemicals and nephroprotective potential of Bauhinia purpurea. General phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, and terpenoids in B. purpurea. Chromatography of the ethanol extract led to the isolation of a white crystalline compound, which was identified as β-sitosterol based on NMR analysis. Administration of the ethanol extract of B. purpurea leaves and pods was found to protect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
The study investigated the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Fagonia indica through biochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses as well as testing antibacterial properties. Biochemical analysis found the aqueous fraction contained the highest reducing sugars and methanol fraction the highest proteins. Phytochemical analysis identified tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and ascorbic acid in different fractions. Antioxidant analysis revealed the methanol extract had the highest total phenolics and antioxidants as well as strongest DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging activities. The antibacterial assay tested fractions against Streptococcus pyogenes using disc diffusion and serial dilution methods.
Phytochemical and acute toxicity study of leaves of artocarpus heterophyllus lampharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical screening and acute toxicity of leaves from Artocarpus heterophyllus. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves were prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis. The analysis found flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and carbohydrates present in the extracts. An acute toxicity study in mice found both extracts to be safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, with no signs of toxicity after 48 hours and no deaths after 14 days.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
The study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of organic solvent extracts of Calotropis gigantea leaves. Ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts. The ethanol extract was most effective against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Proteus mirablis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm the antimicrobial activity of C. gigantea extracts against human pathogens.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Candida albicans and Proteus mirablis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm that C. gigantea extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties against human pathogens.
This document outlines a study to screen and analyze selected plant species for their antioxidant properties. The objectives are to:
1. Screen 3-4 plant species from forest regions for antioxidant properties.
2. Identify primary and secondary metabolites in plant extracts.
3. Isolate and quantify bioactive antioxidant compounds and determine medicinal value.
4. Compare antioxidant profiles between plant species.
Plants will be extracted using solvent extraction. Phytochemical analysis will test for compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content will be determined colorimetrically. Antioxidant capacity will be evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, hydroxy
1. The study analyzed the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of various extracts of Tamarixdioicia leaves. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, terpenoids and tannins.
2. Methanol and ethanol extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity using the FeCl3 method. This activity is likely due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, glycosides and tannins in Tamarixdioicia leaves.
3. Thin layer chromatography of different extracts revealed multiple spots, indicating separation of compounds. Rf values were calculated for
Thin Layer Chromatography, Extraction and Phytochemical Investigations of Cel...IJSTA
This document summarizes a study investigating the phytochemical constituents of Celastrus paniculatus through extraction and thin layer chromatography. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the petroleum ether seed extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, steroids and alkaloids.
2. Thin layer chromatography of the petroleum ether extract separated components with Rf values of 0.74, 0.36, and 0.23, indicating the presence of terpenoids, carbohydrates and alkaloids.
3. The study concludes that C. paniculatus seeds contain
ISSN 2347-2251
It appears that you're describing the scope of a scientific journal. This journal covers a wide range of topics related to both Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Sciences of the publish paper.
Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the journal appears to have a broad scope covering a wide range of topics within Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Sciences, making it suitable for researchers and scientists working in these fields to publish their work of the journals in research.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Phyochemical screening of Plant Ectractsarjunaliya
This document describes methods for the preliminary phytochemical screening and qualitative analysis of plant extracts to identify various phytochemical constituents. It provides details on qualitative chemical tests to detect primary and secondary metabolites like alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides, and tests specific for detecting constituents in particular plants like aloe. The aim is to determine the presence or absence of these important phytochemicals in plant samples.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
This document summarizes various phytochemical screening tests that can be used to identify the presence of important plant constituents like carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, and other metabolites. It provides details of common confirmatory tests used which involve visual observation of color changes or formation of precipitates when plant extracts are treated with specific detecting reagents. The results of these tests can help determine the major phytoconstituent classes present in a plant sample.
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Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic, and Antibacterial Activities of Leaves of Cinnamomum Tamala (Family: Lauraceae)
1. International Journal of Pharmamedix India
Volume-I, Issue-II
Available online on www.pharmamedix.in/Current-Issues.php Page 222
Jamiuddin A. et al.; International Journal of Pharmamedix India, 2013, 1(2), 222-232.
Note- This article is property of International Journal of Pharmamedix India [ISSN: 2320-1304].
Published by: Pharmamedix IndiaTM
[www.pharmamedix.in]
This Open Access Article available on www.pharmamedix.in only for private and non-commercial use.
“Determination of Chemical Groups and Investigation of
Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic, and Antibacterial Activities of Leaves of
Cinnamomum Tamala (Family: Lauraceae)”.
Jamiuddin Ahmed*, Nasrin Sultana, Syed M. R. Dewan, Mohammad N Amin, S. M. Naim Uddin.
*Author for correspondence
Jamiuddin Ahmed
Lecturer
Department of Pharmacy
Noakhali Science and Technology University
Sonapur, Noakhali- 3814
Bangladesh.
E-mail: pharma.jamiahmed@gmail.com
Contact No.: +8801199113606
2. International Journal of Pharmamedix India
Volume-I, Issue-II
Available online on www.pharmamedix.in/Current-Issues.php Page 223
Introduction:
Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees is an evergreen
tree up to 8.5m in height, belonging to family
lauraceae. Lauraceae is a vast economically
important family consisting mostly of
ethnobotanical knowledge from ancient trees
or tree-like shrubs. The genus Cinnamomum
is represented by about 350 species
worldwide. It is native to South-east Asia,
some Pacific Islands and Australia growing
mainly in tropical rain forests at varying
altitudes [1]
.
Due to its aroma, the leaves are kept in
clothes and also chewed to disguise bad
mouth odor. The leaves of this tree have a
clove like taste and a faintly pepper like odor.
It is also used in Indian system of traditional
medicines.Different extracts from leaves of C.
tamala have shown anti-inflammatory [2]
,
antioxidant [3]
, antiulcer [4]
, anticarcinogenic
[5]
, antidiarrhoeal effects [6]
, antidiabetic
which is mainly contributed by
Cinnamaldehyde (3-phenyl-2- propenal), a
potential antidiabetic agent. It is also used
medicinally as a carminative, an anti flatulent,
a diuretic, treatment of cardiac disorders [7]
analgesic in dental preparations, due to
presence of eugenol (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy
allylbenzene).
Abstract:
The present study was conducted for the characterization of possible chemical groups,
evaluation of anthelmintic, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of crude methanolic extract
of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing
sugar, tannin, amino acids, glycosides and steroid in the crude extract. The extract showed
very potent anthelmintic activity while compared with the standard albendazole. To
investigate the cytotoxic activity, brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted, and the
extract showed significant activity while compared with the standard vincristine sulphate
(LC50 value 1.007 and 0.839μg/ml respectively). To evaluate the antibacterial activity, disc
diffusion method was followed, and the extract showed activity against Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Vibrio cholera, and resistant to Escherichia coli
and Salmonella typhi.
Keywords: Cinnamomum tamala, Lauraceae, cytotoxic, anthelmintic, antibacterial.
3. International Journal of Pharmamedix India
Volume-I, Issue-II
Available online on www.pharmamedix.in/Current-Issues.php Page 224
The main goal of our study was to evaluate
the presence of possible chemical groups,
cytotoxic, anthelmintic, and antibacterial
activities of the crude methanolic extract of
the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala to validate
its folkloric use.
Materials and Methods:
Plant Material Collection
The leaves of Cinnamomum tamala were
collected by the authors from the surrounding
area of Noakhali, a coastal region of
Bangladesh in September, 2012. The plant
was identified and authenticated by expert
botanist of Bangladesh National Herbarium
(DACB Accession No. 39290), Mirpur,
Dhaka.
Crude Extraction
300 gm of the dried and powdered sample
was soaked in 1300 ml of 99.8% methanol
(Merck KGaA, Germany). After 15 days the
solution was filtered using filter cloth and
Whatman®
filter paper No. 1. The resulting
filtrates were then evaporated in water bath
maintained at 40°c to dryness and thus a
blackish green semisolid mass of the extract
was obtained.
Chemical Group Test
Small quantity of freshly prepared methanolic
extract of C. tamala leaves were subjected to
preliminary quantitative phytochemical
investigation for the detection of chemical
constituents using the following standard
methods [8]
.
i. Detection of alkaloids
Extract was dissolved individually in dilute
Hydrochloric acid and the solutions were
filtered.
a) Mayer’s Test: Filtrates were treated
with Mayer’s reagent (Potassium
Mercuric Iodide). Formation of a
yellow colored precipitate marked the
presence of alkaloids.
b) Hager’s Test: Filtered solutions were
taken in a test tube and Hager’s
reagent (saturated picric acid solution)
was added with it. Presence of
alkaloids was confirmed by the
formation of yellow colored
precipitate.
ii. Detection of carbohydrates
Extract was dissolved individually in 5 ml
distilled water and filtered. The filtrates were
evaluated for the presence of carbohydrates.
a) Benedict’s test: Filtrates were treated
with Benedict’s reagent and heated
gently. Orange red precipitate pointed
the presence of reducing sugars.
b) Fehling’s Test: Filtered solutions
were hydrolyzed with dil. HCl,
4. International Journal of Pharmamedix India
Volume-I, Issue-II
Available online on www.pharmamedix.in/Current-Issues.php Page 225
neutralized with alkali and heated with
Fehling’s A & B solutions. Formation
of red precipitate specified the
presence of reducing sugars.
iii. Detection of glycosides
Extract was hydrolyzed with dil. HCl, and
then subjected to test for glycosides.
a) Legal’s Test: Extracts were mixed
with sodium nitropruside in pyridine
and sodium hydroxide. Formation of
pink to blood red color indicated the
presence of glycosides.
b) Modified Borntrager’s Test: Extracts
were treated with Ferric Chloride
solution and immersed in boiling water
for about 5 minutes. The mixture was
cooled and extracted with equal
volumes of benzene. The benzene layer
was separated and treated with
ammonia solution. Formation of rose-
pink color in the ammoniacal layer
showed the presence of glycosides.
iv. Detection of saponins
a) Froth Test: Extract was diluted with
distilled water to 20 ml and this was
shaken in a graduated cylinder for 15
minutes. Formation of 1 cm layer of
foam expressed the presence of
saponins.
b) Foam Test: 0.5 gm of extract was
shaken with 2 ml of water. Foam was
produced which remained for 10
minutes and pointed the presence of
saponins.
v. Detection of phytosterols
a) Salkowski’s Test: Extract was treated
with chloroform and filtered. The
filtrates were treated with few drops of
conc. sulphuric acid, shaken and
allowed to stand. Appearance of
golden yellow color showed the
presence of triterpenes.
b) LibermannBurchard’s test: Extract
was mixed with chloroform and
filtered. The filtrates were treated with
few drops of acetic anhydride, boiled
and cooled and then conc. sulphuric
acid was added. Formation of brown
ring at the junction confirmed the
presence of phytosterols.
vi. Detection of phenols
Ferric Chloride Test: Extract
solution was taken in test tubes and 3-
4 drops of ferric chloride solution
were added to them. Formation of
bluish black color indicated the
presence of phenols.
vii. Detection of tannins
Gelatin Test: To the extract, 1%
gelatin solution containing sodium
chloride was added. Formation of
5. International Journal of Pharmamedix India
Volume-I, Issue-II
Available online on www.pharmamedix.in/Current-Issues.php Page 226
white precipitate confirmed the
presence of tannins.
viii. Detection of flavonoids
a) Alkaline Reagent Test: Extract was
treated with 4-5 drops of sodium
hydroxide solution. Formation of
intense yellow color, which becomes
colorless on addition of dilute acid,
indicated the presence of flavonoids.
b) Lead acetate Test: 4-5 drops of lead
acetate solution was added to the
extract solution. Formation of yellow
color precipitate marked the presence
of flavonoids.
ix. Detection of proteins and amino
acids
a) Xanthoproteic Test: The extract was
treated with 4-5 drops of conc. Nitric
acid. Formation of yellow color
indicated the presence of proteins.
b) Ninhydrin Test: To the extract,
0.25% w/v ninhydrin reagent was
added and boiled for few minutes.
Formation of blue color indicated the
presence of amino acid.
x. Detection of fixed oils and fats
A few drops of 0.5N alcoholic potassium
hydroxide were added to a small quantity of
extract along with a drop of phenolphthalein.
The mixture was heated on a water bath for 1-
2 hours. Formation of soap or partial
neutralization of alkali pointed the presence
of fixed oils and fats.
xi. Detection of gums and mucilages
1 ml of the extract was hydrolyzed using dil.
HCl (3ml). Then Fehling’s solution was
added drop by drop till the appearance of red.
Test for mucilages were carried out by
treating 1 ml of extract with 2 ml of
ruthenium red solution to get red coloured
solution.
In-vitro Anthelmintic Study
The anthelmintic study was carried out by the
method of Ajaiyeoba et al. [9]
with minor
modifications. Adult earthworms were
selected for the study of anthelmintic activity
because of their anatomical and physiological
resemblance with the intestinal roundworm
parasites of human being [10]
. Earthworms are
widely used as effective tools for anthelmintic
study due to their availability [11]
. Adult
earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) were
collected (3-5 cm in length and 0.1- 0.2 cm in
width weighing about 0.8-3.04 g) from moist
soil of a road side field of Noakhali Science
and Technology University, Sonapur,
Noakhali. All the worms were properly
washed with normal saline in order to remove
all fecal materials.
Extract was weighed and dissolved in 10 mL
of distilled water to obtain the solution of 20,
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40, 60, and 80 mg/ml. Albendazole was used
as reference standard (20 mg/mL).
Earthworms were divided into seven groups
(each containing three worms) in petridish. In
five groups extract solution was applied, one
is for reference and one is for negative
control. Observations were made for the
determination of paralysis time and death
time of the worm. Paralysis was designated as
the occurrence where the worms do not move
even in normal saline and death was
confirmed when the worms lose their motility
followed with fading away of their body
color.
In-vitro Cytotoxic Study
The cytotoxic activity of the extract was
examined using brine shrimp lethality
bioassay [12]
. In this study vincristine sulphate
was used as the positive control. Measured
amount of the vincristine sulphate wass
dissolved in DMSO to get an initial
concentration of 40µg/ml from which serial
dilutions were made using DMSO to get
20µg/ml, 10µg/ml, 5µg/ml, 2.5µg/ml,
1.25µg/ml, 0.625µg/ml, 0.3125 µg/ml,
0.15625µg/ml and 0.78125µg/ml solution
from the extract. Then the positive control
solutions were added to the pre-marked vials
containing ten living brine shrimp nauplii in 5
ml simulated sea water to get the positive
control groups.100µl of DMSO was added to
each of three pre-marked glass vials
containing 5 ml of simulated sea water and 10
shrimp nauplii to use as control groups.
Counting of Nauplii
After 24 hours, by using a magnifying glass,
the vials were inspected and the number of
survived nauplii in each vial was counted.
From this data, the percent (%) of lethality of
the brine shrimp nauplii was calculated for
each concentration.
Antibacterial Activity Test
Test Organisms
Three strains of Gram-positive (Bacillus
cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus
subtilis), and three strains of Gram negative
bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi,
Vibrio cholerae) were used to evaluate the
antibacterial activity. The strains were
collected from the Department of
Microbiology, Chittagong Veterinary and
Animal Sciences University. For the
experiment, the organisms were sub-cultured
in nutrient broth and nutrient agar medium.
Disc Diffusion Assay (DDA)
Disc diffusion method is widely acceptable
for the evaluation of antimicrobial activity [13,
14]
.
In this method, an antibiotic was diffuse from
a reliable source through the nutrient agar and
a concentration gradient was created. Dried,
sterilized filter paper discs (6 mm diameter,
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HI-Media, China) containing the known
amounts of test samples (400 µg/disc) are
placed on nutrient agar medium consistently
seeded with the test bacteria. As positive and
negative control, Standard antibiotic of
Ciprofloxacin (5 µg/disc) and blank discs
were used. For the maximum diffusion of the
test materials to the surrounding media these
plates were reserved at low temperature (4°C)
for 24 hours. The plates were then incubated
at 37°C for 24 hours to allow optimum
growth of the organisms. The test materials
having antibacterial property inhibit microbial
growth in plates and thereby yield a clear,
distinct zone defined as zone of inhibition.
The activity of the test sample was then
determined by measuring the zone of
inhibition expressed in millimeter [15]
.
Results and Discussion:
Chemical Group test
Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract
of leaves of C. tamala revealed the presence
of some important chemical constituents, e.g.,
alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, etc
(Table 1).
Table 1: Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract of C. tamala leaves.
Sl. No Group of phytoconstituents Methanolic extract
1. Alkaloids +
2. Carbohydrates +
3. Glycosides +
4. Saponins -
5. Phytosterols +
6. Phenols -
7. Tannins +
8. Flavonoids -
9. Proteins and amino acids +
10. Fats & fixed oils -
11. Gum and mucilages -
(+) = presence of constituents; (-) = absence of constituents
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y = 34.02x + 52.58
R² = 0.952
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-2 -1 0 1 2
Log C
% Mortality
y = 21.75x + 50.07
R² = 0.906
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3
mortality
log c
% Mortality
Linear (%
Mortality)
Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay
LC50 (lethal concentration of half of the test organisms) and LC90 (lethal concentration of 90% of
the test organisms) data (for establishing therapeutic index) of vincristine sulphate and all three
extracts have been given in table 2, and figure 1.
Table 2: Cytotoxic effect of the test sample of C.tamala
Sample LC50 (g/ml) LC90 (g/ml)
Vincristine sulphate 0.839 12.59
Crude extract 1.007 68.53
(a) (b)
Figure 1: Effect of (a) vincristine sulphate, (b) crude methanolic extract on brine shrimp nauplii.
In-vitro Anthelmintic Activity
From the data (Table 3), we see that, the methanolic extract of C. tamala demonstrated paralysis as
well as death of worms in fewer times with the gradual increase of the sample concentration.
9. International Journal of Pharmamedix India
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Table 3: Anthelmintic activity of crude methanolic extract of leaves of C. tamala against Pheretima
posthuma.
Group Concentration
(mg/ml)
Paralysis time (min.) Death time (min.)
Mean ±S.E.M. Mean ±S.E.M.
Sample I 20 19.00±0.45 44.50±0.22
Sample II 40 12.00±0.36 19.33±0.21
Sample III 60 8.33±0.21 14.00±0.33
Sample IV 80 5.33±0.21 8.50±0.22
Standard 20 14.00±0.37 43.83±0.54
n = 5, S.E.M. = Standard Error Mean
Antibacterial Activity Test
The methanolic extract of the leaves showed moderate antibacterial activity against several test
organisms. The result of the antimicrobial activity in term of diameter of zone of inhibition in mm is
shown in Figure 2. The zone of inhibition varied from 5 to 10 mm at this concentration. This extract
did not show any activity against E. coli and Salmonella typhi.
Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of crude extract of Cinnamomum tamala
Bacillus
subtilis
Staphylo
coccus
aureus
Bacillus
cereus
Escheric
hia coli
Salmone
lla typhi
Vibrio
cholerae
crude sample 5 5 6 0 0 10
standard 20 18.5 23.5 16.9 16 19.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
Diameterofzoneofinhibitioninmm
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Conclusion:
From the above discussion it can be suggested
that further in vivo investigation is needed to
ensure anthelmintic, antimicrobial, and
anticancer activities of the leaves of C.
tamala, and also it would be interesting to
find out responsible compound(s) and relative
mechanisms for the mentioned activities.
Acknowledgement:
The authors are grateful to BNH to identify
the plant, and CVASU to supply the
microbes. Authors are also thankful to
Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science
and Technology University for providing the
laboratory facilities.
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