This document provides information on addressing various skin conditions including dry skin, acne, pigmentation, prickly heat, wrinkles, and body odor. It discusses the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for each condition. The treatment sections provide details on specific active ingredients and methods used to treat dry skin like moisturizers and keratolytics, acne like retinoids and antibiotics, pigmentation like hydroquinone and azelaic acid, wrinkles like fillers, peels, and botulinum toxin, prickly heat like avoiding heat and humidity, and controlling body odor through deodorant use and proper hygiene.

1. ADDRESSING DRY SKIN , ACNE,
PIGMENTATION , PRICKLY HEAT ,
WRINKLES & BODY ODOR
Mr. Omkar Tipugade
M–Pharm, Sem II ( Pharmaceutics)
Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon.

2. CONTENT :
1. Dry skin
2. Acne
3. Pigmentation
4. Prickly heat
5 Wrinkles
6.Body odor

3. DRY SKIN :
Dry skin has low level of sebum & can be prone to sensitivity .
it usually feels “tight” & uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer
or skin cream is applied . Chapping and cracking are sign of extremely dry ,
dehydrated skin . It looks dull , especially on the check & around the eye . There
many be tiny expression line on these spot & at the comes of mouth .
* Causes of dry skin :
 Weather
 Central heating & air conditioning , fireplace
 Tight clothing or compression
 Harsh soaps & detergent
 Sun exposure
 Aging

4. * Diet recommendation for dry skin :
 Eat a balanced diet that include vegetable , fruit , grains , seed s & nuts .
 Drink at least 2 quarts of quality water every day to keep the skin well hydrated .
 Eat food such as garlic , onions , egg & asparagus that are high in sulfur , which
help to keep the skin smooth & youthful .
* Treatment of dry skin :
1.Cleansing –
 apply moisturizes & or emollient while the skin is still moist apply liberally once a
day at a minimum & reapply when required .
 when emollient & moisturizers are insufficient the use of ceramides may be
considered
 when scaling is present consider a keratolytic such as urea – based moisturizer ,
salicylic acid , lactic acid or glycolic acid for mildly , moderately & severally dry
skin . Consider a higher conc keratolytic product on hand & feet .

5. a barrier cream may be useful for hand & feet.
2. Skin care product :
a) Cleansing :
 removing environmental pollutant & bacteria that cause unacceptable odor & skin
infection .
 synthetically produced detergent cleansers , oils.
b) Emollients :
 close fissures by filling spaces around desquamating & attached skin flakes ,
sealing moisture into the skin through the production of occlusive barrier ,
softening of skin .
 mineral oil , waxes , lonh –chain esters , fatty acid.
3. Antiitch :
 reduced itching
 menthol , camphor , cold cream

6. 4.Moisturizrs :
 protection & restoring , hydrate the stratum corneum through hygroscopic effect ,
increasing its elasticity . Keratolytic & antipruritic action , providing soothing .
nourishing relief for dry skin .
 combine a humectant with emollient e.g . alpa –hydroxy acid , such as lactic acid
, glycolic acid & tartaric acid as well as urea , glycerin & propylene glycol .
5.Closing of fissures :
 sealing of fissures
 glue , flexible colloidion

7. ACNE :
 is a inflammatory skin condition that occur when oil & dead skin cells block the
pore opening causing sebum to build up inside the pore .
 also known as acne vulgaris , is a long –term skin disease that occur when hair
follicles are clogged with dead skin cell & oil from the skin .
 it is characterized by blackhead or whitehead , pimple , oily skin & possible
scarring .
 it primarily affect areas of skin with a relatively high number of oil gland , including
the face , upper part of chest & back.
* Causes :
 Genes
 Stess
 High glycemic load diet

8.  Several medication
 Hormonal activity , such as occur during menstrual cycle & puberty .
 Eat chocolate & greasy food
 Acne life cycle :
Stage 1 : Clogged pores
Cell lining pores shed & mix with excess sebum produced by sebaceous
gland , forming a plug which lead to clogged pores.
Stage2 : Bacteria
Accumulated sebum & dead cell attract the P.acne bacteria naturally found
in skin which feed an oil & multiplies rapidly inside pores .
Stage3 : Inflammation :
This bacterial overgrowth trigger the natural inflammatory response causing
swelling & redness . This can ultimate lead to discoloration & scarring.

9. * Treatment of acne:
 Topical retinoid :
Are mainly used in patient with non – inflammatory comedones in
combination with other topical & systemic drug in mild , moderate & severe
inflammatory acne & also as a maintence treatment when oral treatment is stopped .
E.g. tretinoin , isotretinoin , adapalene.
 Antibiotics :
Topical antibiotic are generakky used for mild to moderate inflammatory
acne . they have activity against P.acne & therefore act on the surface of skin to
reduces the stimulus for inflammation of lesion .
E.g. erythromycin
 Benzoyl peroxide :
Is a topical disinfectant , originally employed as a peeling agent for treating
acne.
Bactericidal activity against P.acne by releasing free radical oxygen which
degrade the bacterial proteins.
 Azelaic acid :
Is a natural dicarboxylic acid that inhibit protein synthesis of P.acne species.

10. PIGMENTATION :
 pigmentation disorder are disturbance of human skin color , either los or
reduction ehich may be related to loss of melanocyte or the inability of
melanocyte or the inability of melanocyte to produce melanin or transport
melanosome correctly.
 is the colouring of an individuals skin .the colour of skin appears normal when
person is healthy .
 a person skin may change colour & grow darker ( hyperpigmentation ) or lighter (
hypopigmentation ) because of illness and injury .
 skin colour is due to melanin.
* Overview of disease :
1.Hyperpigmentation :
a. Melasma
b. Lentigo

11. c. Latrogenic hyperpigmentation
d. Post-acneic or cicatricial hyperpigmentation
2. hypopigmentation : Vitiligo
*Pigmentation Disorders :
1.Hyperpigmentation :- darkening of an area of skin or nail caused by increased
melanin .
Cause : exposure to sunlight
2.Hypopigmentation : acused by melanin depletion.
3. Vitiligo : is an autoimmune disease in which there is an appereance of smooth
white patches .
4. Albinism: - caused by absence of enzyme that produce melanin .
5. Depigmentation : lightening of skin or loss of pigment .

12. * Treatment of pigmentation disorder :
1.Hydroquinane :
 HQ affect not only the formation melanization & degradation of
melanosome , but it also affect the membranous structure of melanocyte
& eventually causes necrosis of whole melanocyte.
2.Azelaic acid :
 Nonphenalic saturated , nine –carbon dicarboxylic acid that inhibit
tyrosinase .
3.Glycolic acid:
 Is an alpha – hydroxy acid that is usually combined with other agent at a
concentration of 5-10% for its skin lightening property.
4.Arbutin :
 Used in treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders
 Act by inhibition of tyrosinase thereby decreasing melanin formation .

13. WRINKLES :
 Are the line & creases that form in your skin .Some wrinkles can become deep
crevices or furrous & may be especially noticeable around your eye mouth &
neck .
 Also known as rhytide , is a fold , ridge or crease in skin .
 Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of aging processes such as glycation ,
habitual sleeping position , loss of body mass.
 Age wrinkles in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expression , aging , sun
damage , smoking , poor hydration & various other factor.
*Causes :
1. Age :
 As you get older , your skin naturally become less elastic & more fragile ,
decreased production of natural oil dries your skin & make it appear more
wrinkles .

14.  Fat in deeper layer of your skin diminishes . this causes loose , saggy skin & more
pronounced line & crevices.
2. Exposure to UV light :
 UV radiation which speed the natural aging process , is the primary causes of
early wrinkling .exposures to UV light break down your skin connective tissue –
collagen & elastin fiber , which lie in the deeper layer of skin .
 Without the supportive connective tissue , your skin loses strength & flexibility.
3. Smoking :
 Can accelerate the normal aging process of skin , contributing to wrinkles . this
may be due to change in the blood supply to your skin .
4. Repeated facial expression :
 Facial movement & expression such as smiling ,lead to fine & wrinkles .

15. * Treatment of wrinkles :
1. The Fillers:
 The fillers is a biological or syntactical mean to inject in hypoderm or in derma tissue , so to
implement or enhance a limited area of body for asthetic purpose .
 Used substrate are bovine collagen , autologous collagen , cadaveric collagen.
2. Peeling:
 Peeling is a medical treatment consisting in a micro-abrasion of epidermis or the
superficial & medium derma by means of chemical or physical agent .
 Peel used in these treatment are pyruvic acid , salicyclic acid . retinoic acid ,
tricioroacetic acid at 10-20%.
3. Botullinum toxin :
 Injection for treatment of facial wrinkles is one of the most common entry procedure for clinician
seeking to incorporate aesthetic treatment into there practice.
 Is a potent neurotoxin that inhibit release of Ach at the neuromuscular junction .
4. Other treatment :
 dermabrasion , surgery , ultrasound therapy.

16. PRICKLY HEAT :
 common type of skin rash called miliaria is sometime referred to as prickly heat
or heat rash or sweat rash . Miliaria occur in some people when they sweat a lot
. it can be very itchy . It is due to a blockage of sweat duct which causes sweat
to seep into skin cells.
* Causes:
 is due to blockage of sweat duct . If sweat duct is blocked , the sweat seeps into
the nearby skin . This causes tiny pocket of swelling which cause rash.
* Heat rash symptoms :
1. Miliaria crystallina :
 Called as miliaria sudamina . This is caused when the blockage of sweat duct is
close to the surface of skin .

17.  The rash is like tiny clear spot that appear in crops . they may look like beads of
sweat .
 The spot tend to disappear within a few hr or day.
2. Miliaria profunda:
 Caused when blockage of sweat duct occur at the level of the middle layer of
skin . This hypically occur in people who live in hot climate . Bigger lump develop
on the skin when you sweat.
3. Miliaria pustulosa:
 The bump on skin become infected with the bacteria living on the skin surface .
the fluid inside the bumps contain pus.
4. Miliaria rubra :
 Common type & one most people would identify as prickly heat . It is caused
when blockage of the sweat duct occur at a deeper part of the outer layer of skin
. Crops of tiny red bumpy spot develop. The spot are just a few mm in size &
may look like tiny blisters.

18.  They occur mostly where there is friction with cloths. Some area of skin become
red.
 On the affected area of skin there is reduced amount of sweat or no sweat at all.
You may feel tried & become intolerant of heat .If you continue to sweat & the
cover a larger part of your body then you have small risk of developing a high
temp & /or heat exhaustion .
 This is because you are not able to sweat properly to get rid of body heat.
*Heat rash treatment:
 avoid heat & humidity .
 avoid further sweating .e.g staying in an air-conditioned room for few hr or day .A
cool bath or shower can also be soothing & help to avoid sweating .
 simple cream may cool & soothe skin .

19.  wear loose cotton clothing.
 using an antibacterial soap or antiseptic wash may help to keep the number of
germs on your skin down. The may reduce the risk of developing miliaria .
 avoid caffeine which can make body lose water.
 drink plenty of cool water or electrolyte replacement fluid even if not thirsty.

20. BODY ODOR:
 Natural bacteria on our skin feed in our sweat & release the smell we call body
odour , also known as bromhidrosis .
 The warm , damp condition of underarms make them an ideal environment for
bacteria to thrive and for the sweat from our apocrine gland – which are more
prone to releasing odour – to get trapped ,
 This can also result in sweat patches on our clothes.
 Body odour starts to occur when we are in puberty. Men tend to suffer more from
body odour , as they sweat more from their apocrine glands than women , even
though women actually have sweat glands overall.
 Certain foods , like curry , garlic or spices , alcohol and some type of medication
can also make our sweat smell unpleasant .

21. * How to control body odour:
 make deodorant part of your daily routine. Shields dry shields protection formula
responds to body movements , releasing bursts of freshness throughout the day ,
helping to prevent body odour.
 Sweat can easily get trapped in our armpits, feet , toes & genital area – which
can lead to sweat patches – so its important to wash & dry these parts of your
body properly with an appropriate soap or shower gel .
 As hair allows sweat to get trapped & cause body odour , shaving your
underarms can help .
 If smelly feet are a problems , make sure you wear socks made from natural
fabrics & change them daily & avoid wearing shoes made from synthetic
materials .

22. Thank you …….