The document summarizes research on producing liquid soap from pumpkin seed oil. Key findings include:
1) Pumpkin seed oil extraction yielded 30.6% oil.
2) Formula 10 had the best foam capacity and Formula 5, 11, 12 best emulsified paraffin oil.
3) Formula 7 had the lowest pH and Formulas 7, 8, 9 were most satisfying to users.
The document summarizes research on extracting oil from pumpkin seeds and producing liquid soap from the pumpkin seed oil. It describes experiments conducted to extract the oil, produce different liquid soap formulas, and test the quality of the soaps by measuring foam capacity, pH, emulsification ability, and reactions with chemicals. Surveys were also used to assess consumer satisfaction with the liquid soaps.
2 pg - Crystal encapsulate in gum applicationMatt Sillick
This document summarizes research on using a novel crystalline encapsulation system to encapsulate mint flavor in chewing gum. Microscopy showed some encapsulate particles remained intact after gum processing. Sensory panels found gums with the crystalline encapsulate had significantly stronger mint flavor than similar gums made with unencapsulated liquid flavor or a spray-dried encapsulate. Even at 1/10 the flavor amount, gums with the crystalline encapsulate tasted stronger than ones with unencapsulated flavor, suggesting the crystalline system better resisted dissolution during gum making.
Development and characterization of porous starch curcumin solid dispertion...NikitaGidde
1) The document discusses the preparation and evaluation of solid dispersions of curcumin and porous starch to enhance the solubility of curcumin.
2) Curcumin is poorly water soluble, so various ratios of curcumin-porous starch solid dispersions were prepared by ball milling.
3) The solid dispersions showed improved flow properties and a 1-2 fold increase in curcumin's solubility compared to curcumin alone. They also exhibited significantly faster drug dissolution.
The document discusses molarity, which is a measurement of concentration that expresses the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It provides examples of calculating molarity when given the mass of a solute and volume of solution. It also covers diluting solutions, where the moles of solute stay the same but the concentration decreases as volume increases. Molarity can be used to determine the moles, mass, or volume of a solution component when any two pieces of information are known.
C06 concentration of solutions and volumetric analysisChemrcwss
This document provides information on concentration of solutions and volumetric analysis. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, concentrated and dilute solutions. It explains how to calculate concentration in g/dm3 and mol/dm3 and includes examples. The document also describes the process of volumetric analysis including using a pipette and burette accurately. It explains how to perform and record a titration experiment to determine the concentration of an unknown acid solution.
(1) A student conducted an experiment to test for the presence of oxalate ions in raw, semi-ripe, and ripe guava samples.
(2) Oxalate ions were extracted from crushed guava pulp and titrated against a potassium permanganate solution.
(3) The results showed that the concentration of oxalate ions increased with the ripening of the guava, from 0.58 g/L in raw guava to 0.61 g/L in ripe guava.
The document summarizes research on extracting oil from pumpkin seeds and producing liquid soap from the pumpkin seed oil. It describes experiments conducted to extract the oil, produce different liquid soap formulas, and test the quality of the soaps by measuring foam capacity, pH, emulsification ability, and reactions with chemicals. Surveys were also used to assess consumer satisfaction with the liquid soaps.
2 pg - Crystal encapsulate in gum applicationMatt Sillick
This document summarizes research on using a novel crystalline encapsulation system to encapsulate mint flavor in chewing gum. Microscopy showed some encapsulate particles remained intact after gum processing. Sensory panels found gums with the crystalline encapsulate had significantly stronger mint flavor than similar gums made with unencapsulated liquid flavor or a spray-dried encapsulate. Even at 1/10 the flavor amount, gums with the crystalline encapsulate tasted stronger than ones with unencapsulated flavor, suggesting the crystalline system better resisted dissolution during gum making.
Development and characterization of porous starch curcumin solid dispertion...NikitaGidde
1) The document discusses the preparation and evaluation of solid dispersions of curcumin and porous starch to enhance the solubility of curcumin.
2) Curcumin is poorly water soluble, so various ratios of curcumin-porous starch solid dispersions were prepared by ball milling.
3) The solid dispersions showed improved flow properties and a 1-2 fold increase in curcumin's solubility compared to curcumin alone. They also exhibited significantly faster drug dissolution.
The document discusses molarity, which is a measurement of concentration that expresses the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It provides examples of calculating molarity when given the mass of a solute and volume of solution. It also covers diluting solutions, where the moles of solute stay the same but the concentration decreases as volume increases. Molarity can be used to determine the moles, mass, or volume of a solution component when any two pieces of information are known.
C06 concentration of solutions and volumetric analysisChemrcwss
This document provides information on concentration of solutions and volumetric analysis. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, concentrated and dilute solutions. It explains how to calculate concentration in g/dm3 and mol/dm3 and includes examples. The document also describes the process of volumetric analysis including using a pipette and burette accurately. It explains how to perform and record a titration experiment to determine the concentration of an unknown acid solution.
(1) A student conducted an experiment to test for the presence of oxalate ions in raw, semi-ripe, and ripe guava samples.
(2) Oxalate ions were extracted from crushed guava pulp and titrated against a potassium permanganate solution.
(3) The results showed that the concentration of oxalate ions increased with the ripening of the guava, from 0.58 g/L in raw guava to 0.61 g/L in ripe guava.
In this slide contains Study of Quality of Raw Materials and General methods of analysis of Raw materials used in cosmetic manufacture as per BSI
Presented by: P.PAVAN KALYAN (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
The document discusses solubility and concentration of mixtures. It describes an experiment where salt is gradually added to water until no more will dissolve, showing that water has a maximum solubility. It then discusses how concentration describes the relative amounts of solute and solvent in a solution, and can be described qualitatively based on appearance or quantitatively by the ratio of components. Common ways to express concentration include percentage by volume or mass.
Standardization of Acids and bases.
2. Determination of pKa and pKb values
3. Preparation of solutions of different pH & buffer capacities.
4. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.
Determination of distribution coefficients.
6. Determination of molecular weight by Victor Meyer’s Method.
7. Determination of heats of solutions by measuring solubility as a function of temperature
(Van’t Hoff equation.)
This document summarizes the assay method for Tolbutamide, which is a white, crystalline powder used as an oral anti-diabetic drug. The method involves accurately weighing 0.5g of Tolbutamide and dissolving it in a mixture of ethanol and water. The solution is then titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein indicator to identify the endpoint of the reaction. The number of ml of sodium hydroxide used allows the percentage of Tolbutamide in the sample to be calculated based on its molecular weight. Additional tests are specified to identify the compound and ensure purity and quality standards.
This document provides instructions and recipes for preparing reagents and performing a western blot analysis. It lists the necessary accessories which include gel components, protein markers, buffers, antibodies, and an ECL kit. Detailed procedures are provided for making separation and stacking gels, preparing protein samples, running the gel electrophoresis, transferring proteins to a membrane, blocking and incubating with primary and secondary antibodies, developing the blot, and capturing results. Precise amounts of reagents are specified for replicating the multi-step process of western blotting.
solutions and their concentrations in Analytical chemistry by Azad AlshatteriAzad Alshatteri
This document discusses different units for expressing the concentration of solutions, including mass per volume, parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and percent concentration. It provides examples of how to calculate concentration using these units for various types of solutions, including solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-solid solutions. Common concentration units covered are grams per liter (g/L), milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL), micrograms per microliter (μg/mL), parts per million (ppm), and percentage concentration (%).
Different dosage with qualitative and quantitative analysisTanvir Raihan
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative analysis of different pharmaceutical dosage forms. It begins by defining dosage forms as drug products marketed in a specific mixture and dose. It then categorizes dosage forms by physical form (solid, semisolid, liquid, gaseous) and route of administration (oral, topical, etc.). Several common oral dosage forms are described in detail, including tablets, capsules, and liquid preparations. Methods for qualitative analysis of an oral suspension and topical cream are provided. The document concludes with descriptions of two quantitative analysis techniques - potentiometric titration and conductometric titration - and examples of their application to specific drug products.
STUDY OF MPS UNDER STRESSED CONDITIONSvivatechijri
This study is done to access the chemical stability of the candidate compound in the pharmaceuticals.
Usually, it is performed at the preliminary stage in the process of drug development. Forced degradation/ stress
testing is performed under accelerated environment. The experimental conditions cause the candidate compound
to degrade under extreme conditions like acid and base hydrolysis, peroxide oxidation, photo-oxidation and
thermal stability to identify the resultant degradation products. This helps to establish degradation pathways and
thus intrinsic stability of a drug substance. The stability of product describes shelf life and storage conditions and
helps in the selection of appropriate formulations and their suitable packaging. This is compulsory for regulatory
documentation. The commonly used analytical approach for FDS is HPLC with UV and/ or MS but these
techniques consume a lot of time and not provide high resolution to confirm the precise detection of degradation
products. Use of UPLC with photodiode array and MS analysis supports the identification of degradation
products and also reduces the time needed to evolve stability indicating methods.
Kota College of Pharmacy discusses various methods of expressing the concentration of solutions. Concentration can be expressed in terms of percent by weight/weight (%w/w), percent by weight/volume (%w/v), percent by volume/volume (%v/v), molarity (M), molality (m), normality (N), and formality (F). A saturated solution is one that has dissolved all the solute it is capable of holding at a given temperature, which is typically assumed to be 25°C unless otherwise specified. Common examples of concentration expressions and saturated solutions are provided.
1) The document provides instructions for preparing three types of biological stains - Wright stain, Leishman stain, and Giemsa stain. It details the materials, reagents, and procedures needed to make each stain.
2) For Wright stain and Leishman stain, the dye powder is dissolved in acetone-free methanol and stored in tight bottles. For Giemsa stain, the dye powder is dissolved in a mixture of glycerin and methanol to make a stock solution, which is then diluted before use.
3) The stains are used to stain blood smears and bone marrow samples to study blood cells, parasites, and other anatomical details microscopically.
This document describes procedures for determining the acid value and saponification value of oils and fats. The acid value is determined by titrating a sample of the oil or fat with potassium hydroxide to neutralize free fatty acids. The saponification value is measured by refluxing a sample with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, then titrating the unused KOH to determine the amount needed to saponify 1 gram of the sample. Both values provide information about the composition and quality of oils and fats.
This document describes a method for determining the iodine number of corn oil, which is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in the oil. Unsaturated fatty acids in the oil react with iodine monochloride solution. The amount of unreacted iodine is then titrated to determine the iodine number. The procedure involves reacting a sample of the oil with iodine monochloride, then titrating the excess iodine with a sodium thiosulfate solution. The iodine number is calculated based on the titration results and sample weight. Appendices provide details on preparing the reagents and determining the iodine to chlorine ratio of the iodine mon
New spectrophotometric methods for the quantitative estimation of oxolamine i...IJSIT Editor
Five simple, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the
determination of Oxolamine in commercial dosage forms. The methods were based on the formation of
colored complex of Oxolamine with different reagents. The absorbance of the formed color complex is
measured at the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the complex against the reagent blank treated
similarly. All these method have different linearity ranges. Statistical analysis proves that the proposed
methods are reproducible and selective for the estimation of Oxolamine in bulk drug and in its tablet dosage
form.
Floating emulsion gel beads on gelucire for the sustained release of hydrophi...SHASHANK SONI
1. The document describes a study on the effect of incorporating Gelucire 39/01 and 50/13 on the encapsulation efficiency and release of metronidazole and norfloxacin from floating alginate beads.
2. Floating beads were prepared by extruding an emulsion of sodium alginate with Gelucires 39/01 and 50/13 containing CaCO3 into a CaCl2 solution. The beads showed excellent buoyancy and significantly improved drug encapsulation efficiency and sustained release.
3. The results suggest that the Gelucire-based floating emulsion gel beads may be a potential stomach-specific drug delivery system for water soluble and insoluble drugs that are absorbed in the upper
The document describes the development of calcium alginate beads for oral delivery of the antibiotic ceftriaxone sodium. Twelve formulations of calcium alginate beads were developed using an ionotropic gelation method. The optimized formulation achieved high drug entrapment efficiency (>75%) and provided sustained drug release over 10-18 hours. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the coated optimized beads had a smooth surface and fewer pores, slowing the drug release rate compared to uncoated beads. The calcium alginate beads have potential as a drug delivery system for oral administration of ceftriaxone sodium.
B-Pharmacy 3rd Semester Practical in Organic Chemistry-IIPuja Ramu Basule
This document provides instructions for determining the iodine value of an oil using the Wijs method. The iodine value is defined as the grams of iodine absorbed by 100g of fat or oil and indicates the number of double bonds present. The procedure involves accurately weighing the oil sample, adding iodine monochloride solution and allowing it to react, then titrating the excess iodine with standardized sodium thiosulfate solution using starch indicator. The iodine value is calculated based on the amount of sodium thiosulfate used in the titration.
PORANG FLOUR (AMORPHOPHALLUS ONCHOPHYLLUS) BLEACHING PROCESS USING NATRIUM ME...AM Publications
Iles-iles flour contains a lot of glucomannan. Glucomannan is a polysaccharide in the mannan family which has many benefits especially as gelling agent. The use of iles-iles flour in the food industry is still limited because the flour colour is brown. The purposes of this research are to study the effect of soaking time, ethanol concentration, and type bleaching agents to increase flour whiteness and glucomannan content .On the other hand the research will evaluate the residu of bleaching agent in the flour. The result showed that the best treatment was soaking using 0,125 % sodium metabisulfite as bleaching agent with 40 % ethanol for 60 minutes. For suggestions, after iles-iles is peeled, it should be immediately processed to avoid browning reaction
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1) Convert grams of NH3 to moles using molar mass (65.3 g / 17 g/mol = 3.83 mol NH3)
2) Use balanced equation to determine moles of other substances (3.83 mol NH3 x 4/1 = 15.32 mol NO)
3) Use heat of reaction and moles of limiting reactant to determine heat (ΔH = -904 kJ/mol NH3 x 3.83 mol NH3 = -3,459 kJ)
The document summarizes an experiment on determining the saponification number of corn and palm oil. The experiment involves hydrolyzing the oils with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and titrating the leftover KOH with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The saponification number, which indicates the chain length of fatty acids in the oils, is higher for corn oil, meaning it has shorter fatty acid chains than palm oil. However, the results of this experiment showed the opposite trend, likely due to errors in the experimental procedure.
Ilana kovach (chemistry lab final review)Ilana Kovach
This document contains notes and observations from Ilana Kovach's chemistry lab final review. It summarizes 5 experiments on physical and chemical changes, including the reactions of copper sulfate and steel wool, zinc and hydrochloric acid, zinc chloride when heated, silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid, and calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. For each experiment, observations of any physical or chemical changes and gases produced are described. The document also includes calculations and analysis from previous labs on topics like nomenclature, chemical bonding, and making hand cream.
Soap is produced through a chemical reaction called saponification where triglycerides (fats or oils) are reacted with a strong base like sodium or potassium hydroxide. This produces glycerol and fatty acid salts known as soap. In this experiment, coconut oil was reacted with sodium hydroxide through heating to produce soap. The soap produced was a white solid with a slight pandan smell. Saponification is an exothermic reaction where the internal heat generated supports the process without external heating.
In this slide contains Study of Quality of Raw Materials and General methods of analysis of Raw materials used in cosmetic manufacture as per BSI
Presented by: P.PAVAN KALYAN (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).RIPER, anantapur
The document discusses solubility and concentration of mixtures. It describes an experiment where salt is gradually added to water until no more will dissolve, showing that water has a maximum solubility. It then discusses how concentration describes the relative amounts of solute and solvent in a solution, and can be described qualitatively based on appearance or quantitatively by the ratio of components. Common ways to express concentration include percentage by volume or mass.
Standardization of Acids and bases.
2. Determination of pKa and pKb values
3. Preparation of solutions of different pH & buffer capacities.
4. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.
Determination of distribution coefficients.
6. Determination of molecular weight by Victor Meyer’s Method.
7. Determination of heats of solutions by measuring solubility as a function of temperature
(Van’t Hoff equation.)
This document summarizes the assay method for Tolbutamide, which is a white, crystalline powder used as an oral anti-diabetic drug. The method involves accurately weighing 0.5g of Tolbutamide and dissolving it in a mixture of ethanol and water. The solution is then titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein indicator to identify the endpoint of the reaction. The number of ml of sodium hydroxide used allows the percentage of Tolbutamide in the sample to be calculated based on its molecular weight. Additional tests are specified to identify the compound and ensure purity and quality standards.
This document provides instructions and recipes for preparing reagents and performing a western blot analysis. It lists the necessary accessories which include gel components, protein markers, buffers, antibodies, and an ECL kit. Detailed procedures are provided for making separation and stacking gels, preparing protein samples, running the gel electrophoresis, transferring proteins to a membrane, blocking and incubating with primary and secondary antibodies, developing the blot, and capturing results. Precise amounts of reagents are specified for replicating the multi-step process of western blotting.
solutions and their concentrations in Analytical chemistry by Azad AlshatteriAzad Alshatteri
This document discusses different units for expressing the concentration of solutions, including mass per volume, parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and percent concentration. It provides examples of how to calculate concentration using these units for various types of solutions, including solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-solid solutions. Common concentration units covered are grams per liter (g/L), milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL), micrograms per microliter (μg/mL), parts per million (ppm), and percentage concentration (%).
Different dosage with qualitative and quantitative analysisTanvir Raihan
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative analysis of different pharmaceutical dosage forms. It begins by defining dosage forms as drug products marketed in a specific mixture and dose. It then categorizes dosage forms by physical form (solid, semisolid, liquid, gaseous) and route of administration (oral, topical, etc.). Several common oral dosage forms are described in detail, including tablets, capsules, and liquid preparations. Methods for qualitative analysis of an oral suspension and topical cream are provided. The document concludes with descriptions of two quantitative analysis techniques - potentiometric titration and conductometric titration - and examples of their application to specific drug products.
STUDY OF MPS UNDER STRESSED CONDITIONSvivatechijri
This study is done to access the chemical stability of the candidate compound in the pharmaceuticals.
Usually, it is performed at the preliminary stage in the process of drug development. Forced degradation/ stress
testing is performed under accelerated environment. The experimental conditions cause the candidate compound
to degrade under extreme conditions like acid and base hydrolysis, peroxide oxidation, photo-oxidation and
thermal stability to identify the resultant degradation products. This helps to establish degradation pathways and
thus intrinsic stability of a drug substance. The stability of product describes shelf life and storage conditions and
helps in the selection of appropriate formulations and their suitable packaging. This is compulsory for regulatory
documentation. The commonly used analytical approach for FDS is HPLC with UV and/ or MS but these
techniques consume a lot of time and not provide high resolution to confirm the precise detection of degradation
products. Use of UPLC with photodiode array and MS analysis supports the identification of degradation
products and also reduces the time needed to evolve stability indicating methods.
Kota College of Pharmacy discusses various methods of expressing the concentration of solutions. Concentration can be expressed in terms of percent by weight/weight (%w/w), percent by weight/volume (%w/v), percent by volume/volume (%v/v), molarity (M), molality (m), normality (N), and formality (F). A saturated solution is one that has dissolved all the solute it is capable of holding at a given temperature, which is typically assumed to be 25°C unless otherwise specified. Common examples of concentration expressions and saturated solutions are provided.
1) The document provides instructions for preparing three types of biological stains - Wright stain, Leishman stain, and Giemsa stain. It details the materials, reagents, and procedures needed to make each stain.
2) For Wright stain and Leishman stain, the dye powder is dissolved in acetone-free methanol and stored in tight bottles. For Giemsa stain, the dye powder is dissolved in a mixture of glycerin and methanol to make a stock solution, which is then diluted before use.
3) The stains are used to stain blood smears and bone marrow samples to study blood cells, parasites, and other anatomical details microscopically.
This document describes procedures for determining the acid value and saponification value of oils and fats. The acid value is determined by titrating a sample of the oil or fat with potassium hydroxide to neutralize free fatty acids. The saponification value is measured by refluxing a sample with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, then titrating the unused KOH to determine the amount needed to saponify 1 gram of the sample. Both values provide information about the composition and quality of oils and fats.
This document describes a method for determining the iodine number of corn oil, which is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in the oil. Unsaturated fatty acids in the oil react with iodine monochloride solution. The amount of unreacted iodine is then titrated to determine the iodine number. The procedure involves reacting a sample of the oil with iodine monochloride, then titrating the excess iodine with a sodium thiosulfate solution. The iodine number is calculated based on the titration results and sample weight. Appendices provide details on preparing the reagents and determining the iodine to chlorine ratio of the iodine mon
New spectrophotometric methods for the quantitative estimation of oxolamine i...IJSIT Editor
Five simple, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the
determination of Oxolamine in commercial dosage forms. The methods were based on the formation of
colored complex of Oxolamine with different reagents. The absorbance of the formed color complex is
measured at the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the complex against the reagent blank treated
similarly. All these method have different linearity ranges. Statistical analysis proves that the proposed
methods are reproducible and selective for the estimation of Oxolamine in bulk drug and in its tablet dosage
form.
Floating emulsion gel beads on gelucire for the sustained release of hydrophi...SHASHANK SONI
1. The document describes a study on the effect of incorporating Gelucire 39/01 and 50/13 on the encapsulation efficiency and release of metronidazole and norfloxacin from floating alginate beads.
2. Floating beads were prepared by extruding an emulsion of sodium alginate with Gelucires 39/01 and 50/13 containing CaCO3 into a CaCl2 solution. The beads showed excellent buoyancy and significantly improved drug encapsulation efficiency and sustained release.
3. The results suggest that the Gelucire-based floating emulsion gel beads may be a potential stomach-specific drug delivery system for water soluble and insoluble drugs that are absorbed in the upper
The document describes the development of calcium alginate beads for oral delivery of the antibiotic ceftriaxone sodium. Twelve formulations of calcium alginate beads were developed using an ionotropic gelation method. The optimized formulation achieved high drug entrapment efficiency (>75%) and provided sustained drug release over 10-18 hours. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the coated optimized beads had a smooth surface and fewer pores, slowing the drug release rate compared to uncoated beads. The calcium alginate beads have potential as a drug delivery system for oral administration of ceftriaxone sodium.
B-Pharmacy 3rd Semester Practical in Organic Chemistry-IIPuja Ramu Basule
This document provides instructions for determining the iodine value of an oil using the Wijs method. The iodine value is defined as the grams of iodine absorbed by 100g of fat or oil and indicates the number of double bonds present. The procedure involves accurately weighing the oil sample, adding iodine monochloride solution and allowing it to react, then titrating the excess iodine with standardized sodium thiosulfate solution using starch indicator. The iodine value is calculated based on the amount of sodium thiosulfate used in the titration.
PORANG FLOUR (AMORPHOPHALLUS ONCHOPHYLLUS) BLEACHING PROCESS USING NATRIUM ME...AM Publications
Iles-iles flour contains a lot of glucomannan. Glucomannan is a polysaccharide in the mannan family which has many benefits especially as gelling agent. The use of iles-iles flour in the food industry is still limited because the flour colour is brown. The purposes of this research are to study the effect of soaking time, ethanol concentration, and type bleaching agents to increase flour whiteness and glucomannan content .On the other hand the research will evaluate the residu of bleaching agent in the flour. The result showed that the best treatment was soaking using 0,125 % sodium metabisulfite as bleaching agent with 40 % ethanol for 60 minutes. For suggestions, after iles-iles is peeled, it should be immediately processed to avoid browning reaction
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1) Convert grams of NH3 to moles using molar mass (65.3 g / 17 g/mol = 3.83 mol NH3)
2) Use balanced equation to determine moles of other substances (3.83 mol NH3 x 4/1 = 15.32 mol NO)
3) Use heat of reaction and moles of limiting reactant to determine heat (ΔH = -904 kJ/mol NH3 x 3.83 mol NH3 = -3,459 kJ)
The document summarizes an experiment on determining the saponification number of corn and palm oil. The experiment involves hydrolyzing the oils with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and titrating the leftover KOH with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The saponification number, which indicates the chain length of fatty acids in the oils, is higher for corn oil, meaning it has shorter fatty acid chains than palm oil. However, the results of this experiment showed the opposite trend, likely due to errors in the experimental procedure.
Ilana kovach (chemistry lab final review)Ilana Kovach
This document contains notes and observations from Ilana Kovach's chemistry lab final review. It summarizes 5 experiments on physical and chemical changes, including the reactions of copper sulfate and steel wool, zinc and hydrochloric acid, zinc chloride when heated, silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid, and calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. For each experiment, observations of any physical or chemical changes and gases produced are described. The document also includes calculations and analysis from previous labs on topics like nomenclature, chemical bonding, and making hand cream.
Soap is produced through a chemical reaction called saponification where triglycerides (fats or oils) are reacted with a strong base like sodium or potassium hydroxide. This produces glycerol and fatty acid salts known as soap. In this experiment, coconut oil was reacted with sodium hydroxide through heating to produce soap. The soap produced was a white solid with a slight pandan smell. Saponification is an exothermic reaction where the internal heat generated supports the process without external heating.
This document describes several tests used to analyze oils and fats qualitatively:
1) A solubility test determines if a sample is soluble in water, alcohol, or chloroform to identify the presence of fat. Fat is insoluble in water but soluble in chloroform.
2) A translucent spot test identifies oils or fats by the appearance of a greasy spot on filter paper that grows larger upon heating.
3) An acrolein test detects fats upon heating a sample with potassium bisulfite, which produces a pungent odor if fat is present.
4) A Baudouin test identifies sesame oil using hydrochloric acid and furfural solution to produce
FORMULATION & EVALUATION OF SKIN BRIGHTENING SOAP.pptxAkanksha Puri
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of a skin brightening soap containing coffee, turmeric, coconut oil, and other ingredients. It includes the following sections: introduction describing soaps and skin; literature review on previous related research; aim and objectives of developing a brightening soap; collection of ingredients; experimental work describing the preparation method; evaluation parameters tested including pH, foam properties, content levels, and antimicrobial activity; results of testing showing the soap met standards; and conclusion that the optimized formulation produced an effective de-tanning soap with antimicrobial properties suitable for daily use.
This document discusses soap, detergent, and their cleansing actions. Soap is made through saponification by boiling fats with alkali, while detergent is a synthetic sulphonic acid salt. An experiment shows soap works best in soft water but not hard water, while detergent works in both. Soap reduces surface tension to wet surfaces and remove grease as droplets, while detergent works similarly but is also effective in hard water due to additives that enhance cleaning.
This document discusses the formulation and manufacturing of toothpaste and soap. It provides details on the ingredients and purposes of toothpaste such as cleansing, polishing, stain removal and reducing tooth decay. It also discusses the requirements of gelling agents and bleaches in toothpaste formulations. For soap manufacturing, it describes the raw materials of fats, oils and alkalis used. The different types of soaps and their formulations are outlined, including transparent soap, bathing bars and liquid soaps. Finally, it provides a reference for further information.
Formulation Building blocks: Building blocks for different product formulatio...PRAJAKTASAWANT33
Building blocks for different product formulations of
cosmetics/cosmeceuticals. Surfactants - Classification and application. Emollients,
rheological additives: classification and application.
This document describes procedures for preparing various chemical solutions. It details how to make 3M nitric acid, 1.5M sulfuric acid, 0.5N phosphoric acid by dilution, and 5% and 25% sodium hydroxide solutions by dissolution. The key steps, materials, and dilution/dissolution formulas are provided. Safety tips are also listed at the end regarding handling chemicals and labeling prepared solutions.
Properties of Cold Process Soaps Prepared from Different v2zq
This document describes a study that investigated how different fats and oils produce soaps with different characteristics when used in cold-process saponification. Shea nut oil, groundnut oil, and tallow were used to make soaps. The soaps were analyzed for color, texture, lathering capacity, cleansing power, and pH. It was found that the shea butter soap had the best lathering, while the groundnut oil soap had the most effective cleaning power. The cold-process saponification method and hands-on learning approach taken in this study provides a way to actively engage students in chemistry.
The document describes the synthesis of β–D–Galactose inhibitors from β–D–Galactose pentaacetate using various alkyne-containing alcohols and BF3∙Et2O. The products were purified via column chromatography using varying solvent systems. Product 16 gave the best separation compared to products 17 and 18. It was difficult to separate the alcohols from the galactosides.
The document then discusses the synthesis of various 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles from substituted salicylic acid hydrazides and benzoyl chlorides. The compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity and compound 6f exhibited
This document summarizes an experiment on the effect of Na2CO3 on the foaming capacity of soaps. The experiment tested the foaming capacity of different soap brands using distilled water and tap water. Santoor soap showed the highest foaming capacity, while Lux soap showed the lowest. Tests confirmed the tap water used was soft (did not contain hardness-causing Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts). The conclusion was that soap foaming capacity is highest in distilled water and increases with the addition of Na2CO3.
1. Castor oil and its derivatives of K-soap, fatty acids, and methyl esters were synthesized and their physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity were characterized.
2. The derivatives were more effective at inhibiting E. coli and S. aureus bacteria compared to castor oil based on the diameter of the inhibition zones.
3. K-soap, fatty acids, and methyl esters of castor oil have potential as natural antibacterial agents based on their inhibitory effects against the tested bacteria.
This study examined solvent formulations for degreasing skins in tanneries. Testing showed that a formulated solvent had better degreasing efficiency than pure solvent or a commercial product. Specifically, the formulated solvent was miscible with water and had lower surface tension and contact angle than the pure solvent or commercial product. It removed over 10% of fat from skin samples, compared to around 5-6% for the commercial product. The improved performance is attributed to the solvent being water miscible and containing an emulsifier to dissolve and emulsify fat. Thus a properly formulated solvent can effectively degrease skins for tanning.
The document discusses fats, oils, detergents and their analysis. It begins by defining fats and oils as glycerol esters of fatty acids. It describes the different types of fats and oils that occur in nature, including vegetable oils like olive oil and palm oil, and animal oils like whale oil and lard oil. It then discusses the manufacture of soybean oil using solvent extraction. The document concludes by explaining the analysis of fats and oils using tests like acid value, saponification value and iodine value. It also describes the different types of detergents like sodium alkyl sulfates and their cleansing action.
Making Liquid Soap - Teacher Manual - A Guide for Making your own Soap v2zq
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3. • To extract the oil from Cucurbita moschata Decne seeds • To produce liquid soap from Cucurbita moschata Decne seed oil • To test the quality of liquid soap Objective
4. Experiments 1. Extraction of the oil from Cucurbita moschata Decne seeds by Soxhlet extractor 3. Test the quality of liquid soap 2. Production of liquid soap Measure the foam capacity Measure the pH value Test the ability of emulsifying paraffin oil Studying the reaction of liquid soap with Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ Studying the reaction of liquid soap with inorganic acid Measuring the satisfaction of using the liquid soap Experiments
6. Results Table 1. Show the character and quantity of Cucurbita moschata Decne seed oil The oil is liquid and quite sticky. It has green-brown colors 235.8 770 picture Physical characteristic of the oil Quantity of the oil ( ml ) Weight of the seeds (g)
7. 2. Production of liquid soap Oils Dissolve KOH in water The oils were mixed from the formulas
8. Table 2. Show the ratio of Cucurbita moschata Decne seed oil to other oils that used to produce liquid soap ( % by mass ) 2. Production of liquid soap 100 - - 50 50 - 40 30 30 Pumpkin seed oil - 100 - 50 - 50 30 40 30 Palm oil - - 100 - 50 50 30 30 40 Coconut oil 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 formula Oils
10. Measure the foam capacity Measure the pH value Test the ability of emulsifying paraffin oil Studying the reaction of liquid soap with Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ Studying the reaction of liquid soap with inorganic acid Measure the satisfactions by using liquid soaps 3. Test the quality of liquid soap 3. Test the quality of liquid soap
11. Weighed liquid soap from each formula 5 g Dissolve in 50 ml - DO water Test the quality of liquid soap Liquid soap solutions Preparation of the solution of liquid soap
12. Add each solution of liquid soap into test tube, 4 ml per tube Shake each test tube Observe and write down the results Measure the foam capacity
13. Results of measuring foam capacity Chart 1. Show the results of measuring foam capacity
14. Measure the pH value of each solution of liquid soap by pH - meter The pH value of each solution was written down Adjust pH meter by buffer solution Measure the pH value
15. Results of measuring the pH value pH formulas Chart 2. Show the results of measuring the pH value
16. Add paraffin oil into two test tubes, 10 drops per tube Add the solution of the 1 st formula of liquid soap into test tubes, 5 ml per tube then shake The results of testing the ability of emulsifying paraffin oil were observed and written down Do this experiment to each solution of liquid soap Test the ability of emulsifying paraffin oil
17. Results of emulsifying paraffin oil test Table 3. Show the results of emulsifying paraffin oil test The solution has clear yellow color, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 1.75 mm high Formula 3 The solution has light yellow color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 3 mm high Formula 2 The solution has clear yellow color, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 2 mm high Formula 1 The solution has no color, there is the oil layer on the surface 5 mm high. It separates obviously DO water The results Formula
18. Results of emulsifying paraffin oil test The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 2.5 mm high Formula 4 The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 2 mm high Formula 6 The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 2 mm high Formula 7 The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 2 mm high Formula 8 The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 1.5 mm high Formula 5 The results Formula
19. Results of emulsifying paraffin oil test The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 1.5 mm high Formula 12 The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 1.5 mm high Formula 11 The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 2.5 mm high Formula 10 The solution has white color, it is turbid, there is the oil layer between the foam and the solution 1.75 mm high Formula 9 The results Formula
20. Liquid soap solution Paraffin oil Studying the reaction of liquid soap with Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ The results were written down CaCl 2 MgCl 2 FeCl 3 The results were written down
21. Results Table 4. Show the results of studying the reaction of liquid soap with Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ there is a big piece of brick-red dregs. there are turbid white dregs. there are turbid white dregs. 3 there are turbid orange dregs. there are turbid white dregs. there are turbid white dregs. 4 there are turbid orange dregs. there are soft yellow dregs. there are soft yellow dregs. 5 there is a big piece of brick-red dregs. there are turbid white dregs. there are turbid white dregs. 2 there are turbid orange dregs. there are soft yellow dregs. there are turbid white dregs. 6 there is a big piece of brown-red dregs. there is no dreg in the tube. there are white dregs. 1 1 % FeCl 3 1 % MgCl 2 1 % CaCl 2 Reagents Formula
22. Results there is no dregs. there are soft yellow dregs. there are soft yellow dregs. 9 there are turbid orange dregs. there is no dregs. there is no dregs. 10 there are turbid orange dregs. there are turbid white dregs. there are turbid white dregs. 11 there are turbid orange dregs. there are turbid white dregs. there are turbid white dregs. 8 there are turbid orange dregs. there are turbid white dregs. there is no dregs. 12 there are orange dregs. there are white dregs. there are white dregs. 7 1 % FeCl 3 1 % MgCl 2 1 % CaCl 2 Reagents Formula
23. Results Table 5. Show the results of studying the reaction of liquid soap with Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ then with paraffin oil there is oil layer. there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is oil layer. 3 there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is oil layer. there is no oil layer. 4 there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is oil layer. there is oil layer. 5 there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is oil layer. 2 there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is oil layer. there is oil layer. 1 1 % FeCl 3 1 % MgCl 2 1 % CaCl 2 Reagents Formula
24. Results there is oil layer. there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is a round piece of fat and dregs. 6 there is oil layer. there is oil layer. there is oil layer. 9 there is oil layer. there is oil layer. there is oil layer. 10 there is oil layer. there is oil layer. there is oil layer. 11 there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is oil layer. there is oil layer. 8 there is oil layer. there is oil layer. there is oil layer. 12 there is a round piece of fat and dregs. there is no oil layer. there is oil layer. 7 1 % FeCl 3 1 % MgCl 2 1 % CaCl 2 Reagents Formula
26. Results Table 6. Show the results of studying the reaction of liquid soap with inorganic acid there is no flame. dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 3 there is no flame. there is no dregs. there is no dregs. 4 there is no flame. there is no dregs. there is no dregs. 5 there is flame when burned. dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 2 there is no flame. quite dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 6 there is no flame. dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 1 Burning Add KOH Add HCl Process Formula
27. Results there is no flame. dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 9 there is no flame. dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 10 there is no flame. dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 11 there is flame when burned. dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 8 there is no flame. dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 12 there is no flame. quite dissolved in KOH there are dregs. 7 Burning Add KOH Add HCl Process Formula
28. Measuring the satisfactions of using the liquid soaps Measuring the satisfactions of using the liquid soaps by 90 MWIT students with questionnaires, then the results were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 Section 1, Inquire the samples about personal information. Section 2, Inquire the samples about the satisfactions when using the liquid soaps such as produced foam, smell, colors and cleaning. Questionnaires
29. Results Chart 3. Show the ages of samples Chart 4. Show the personal ailment of samples
30. Results Table 7. Show the behavior of buying soap of samples 191 (100) 7 (3.66) 20 (10.47) 43 (22.51) 33 (17.28) 8 (4.19) 69 (36.13) 11 (5.76) Frequency ( % ) Total Others Price Cleaning Advertisement Foam Smell Color
31. Table 8. Show the standard of satisfied levels of liquid soaps Measuring the satisfaction of using the liquid soaps 3.50 - 4.00 2.50 - 3. 4 9 1.50 - 2. 4 9 1.00 - 1. 49 good quality and great satisfactions good quality and good satisfactions good quality and fairly good satisfactions bad quality and not satisfy points the level of satisfactions
32. Chart 5. Show the averaged satisfactions of using the liquid soaps Results
33. Conclusion - From the extraction of oil in pumpkin seeds oil, the oil content is about 30.6 % - From the experiments, the formula 10 has the most foam capacity in compare with all the liquid soap and the formula 9 has the most foam capacity in compare with 9 formulas produced liquid soap. - The formula 5, 11, 12 has the most ability to emulsify paraffin oil. As the paraffin oil is lipid with composed in dirt.
34. Conclusion - From the experiment of measuring pH value, the formula 7 has the least pH value in compare with 9 formulas produced liquid soap, which is 9.73. - From the measuring of satisfactions value of using liquid soap, the formula 7 , 8 and 9 satisfied the samples respectively.