Firewall - Failover & Transparent Firewall
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This document discusses firewall failover and transparent firewalls. It defines failover as providing redundancy by connecting two identical firewalls and monitoring their health. Failover can be active/standby or active/active. Transparent mode allows a firewall to act as a layer 2 device like a switch or bridge, forwarding traffic based on MAC addresses. The document compares features of switches and transparent firewalls and lists features not supported in transparent mode.
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This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
HA, SRX Cluster & Redundancy Groups
High availability clusters use redundant systems and components to minimize downtime from failures. An SRX cluster provides redundancy by grouping two SRX devices to act as a single device. Key components include the control plane, data plane, and redundancy groups. The control plane ensures only one configuration between nodes. Redundancy groups contain objects that fail over together if monitoring detects failures.
Network switches, functions & role in networks
A network switch connects multiple computers together on a local area network (LAN) and operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. It receives messages and transmits them only to the intended device, unlike a hub. Switches create separate collision domains to allow connected devices to transfer data simultaneously without interference. They can operate at different layers, with layer 3 switches having additional routing capabilities. Switches establish network connectivity and performance within a LAN.
Vlan
VLANs can logically separate users into different broadcast domains even if they are physically located together. VLANs allow workstations in different buildings or floors to belong to the same logical LAN. A VLAN is a group of network devices that are on the same LAN but can be located on different network segments. VLANs can be configured statically by associating each port with a specific VLAN, or dynamically using software to determine VLAN membership based on device MAC addresses. Trunking allows multiple VLANs to share the same link between switches to conserve ports.
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Basic Cisco ASA 5506-x Configuration (Firepower)
This document provides instructions for configuring basic network security on a Cisco ASA 5506-x firewall. It outlines requirements for separating networks into an Internet, user, and DMZ segment. It then provides steps to update the ASA software, configure interfaces and security levels, enable internet access via NAT and routing, allow web access to servers on the DMZ, optionally configure DHCP, and optionally redirect traffic to the FirePOWER module. It also includes steps for hardening the device by shutting down unused interfaces, enabling SSH access, and configuring time and logging.
MPLS Layer 3 VPN
This document explains MPLS Layer 3 VPNs. It discusses how Layer 3 VPNs allow routing information to be shared between customer sites using protocols like OSPF and BGP across the service provider's MPLS network. It describes how Virtual Routing and Forwarding instances (VRFs), MP-BGP, Route Distinguishers (RDs), and Route Targets (RTs) work together to separate routing information for different customers and establish VPN connectivity between their sites while avoiding overlapping address spaces.
Storm-Control
Storm control blocks interfaces from receiving excessive broadcast, multicast, or unicast traffic over a threshold within a time period. When traffic exceeds the rising threshold, the interface is blocked until traffic drops below the falling threshold. Storm control can shut down interfaces or send SNMP traps. It was tested between two switches, with one interface shutting down when unicast traffic exceeded 100 packets per second due to storm control being triggered.
Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI)
Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) is a security feature that prevents man-in-the-middle attacks by validating ARP packets. It relies on DHCP snooping to build a database of valid IP-MAC address bindings. When enabled, DAI will drop ARP packets that do not match entries in the DHCP snooping database, preventing ARP poisoning attacks. The document then demonstrates configuring and testing DAI on a switch to block an ARP poisoning attempt by a rogue workstation.
IP Source Guard
IP Source Guard (IPSG) helps prevent IP spoofing attacks by dropping any traffic that does not match the bindings in the DHCP Snooping database or configured static IP bindings. IPSG creates ACLs dynamically on each port to block unauthorized traffic. It must be enabled on all access ports along with DHCP Snooping to be effective. Static IP/MAC bindings can also be configured for devices not using DHCP.
DHCP Snooping
DHCP Snooping allows switches to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks by DHCP spoofing. It trusts only the port connected to the DHCP server, monitors traffic for IP and MAC bindings, and uses this information for other security features. When enabled, DHCP Snooping will only forward DHCP requests to trusted ports and maintain a table of client bindings.
Password Recovery
This document provides steps to recover passwords on a Cisco router by booting from flash memory rather than the startup configuration. The steps include shutting down the router, removing the compact flash card, rebooting to enter ROMMON mode, changing the configuration register to boot from flash, and resetting the router. Once logged in, the user can issue commands like "show running-config" to view current settings, and "configure terminal" to change the enable secret password.
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The document discusses changes in data center and network architecture over time from mainframes to personal computers to modern cloud platforms. Traditional spanning tree protocol (STP) architectures are no longer suitable due to shifting traffic patterns and new applications. New options like layer 2 fabrics, encapsulated overlays, and software-defined networking can provide more flexibility, scalability, and agility needed to adapt to changing demands.
Cisco ISR 4351 Router
The Cisco ISR4351 router is designed to fill the gap between the Cisco 3900 series routers and Cisco ASR routers. It offers up to 400 Mbps of bandwidth in a 2RU form factor. The Cisco ISR4351 is suggested for migrations from Cisco 2951 routers. It has an 8-core CPU with dedicated processing cores and support for up to 16GB of memory. The Cisco ISR4351 is recommended for networks requiring bandwidth between 200-400 Mbps.
Cisco ASR 1001-X Router
The document discusses using the Cisco ASR 1001-X router to handle large traffic loads entering a centralized datacenter from global sites. Specifically:
- The ASR 1001-X is capable of aggregating 1Gbps of traffic entering the datacenter and connecting to an ISP edge router.
- It has redundant Cisco IOS-XE software, encryption support up to 78Gbps, 8GB of DRAM, and a quad-core processor.
- While the ASR 1001-X can handle many scenarios, larger routers like the ASR 1001-HX or ASR 1002-HX are needed for more slots or higher traffic loads over 20Gbps.
Securing management, control & data plane
The document discusses securing the management, control, and data planes of a network. It describes:
1. Securing the management plane through strong passwords, encrypted protocols like SSH, user authentication using AAA, role-based access control, logging, and network time protocol.
2. Securing the control plane using control plane policing and protection to minimize CPU load and protect against denial of service attacks.
3. Securing the data plane using access control lists, antispoofing features, port security, DHCP snooping, dynamic ARP inspection, and IP source guard to filter traffic and prevent spoofing and man-in-the-middle attacks.
Point to-point protocol (ppp), PAP & CHAP
- The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol packets over point-to-point links. PPP establishes communication in three phases: Link Control Protocol (LCP) phase for link configuration, optional authentication phase using Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) or Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), and Network Control Protocol (NCP) phase for layer 3 configuration.
- PAP transmits passwords in clear text, while CHAP uses an encrypted hash to authenticate peers without transmitting passwords. The document provides configuration examples for PPP, PAP, and CHAP authentication between two routers to establish a point-to-point link.
TCLSH and Macro Ping Test on Cisco Routers and Switches
TCLSH and macros can be used on Cisco routers and switches to automate pinging multiple IP addresses to check connectivity. TCLSH scripts use a foreach loop to ping each IP address returned from show commands like show ip alias or show ip interface brief. Macros can also be used on switches that do not support TCLSH by creating a macro that executes multiple ping commands in the global configuration. Both methods ping multiple addresses without needing to manually ping each one.
Private VLANs
Private VLANs allow splitting a regular VLAN into multiple "subdomains" to provide isolation between hosts at layer 2. The domains are isolated broadcast domains that require layer 3 forwarding to communicate. Primary, isolated, and community ports are defined for the sub-VLANs. Primary VLANs deliver frames downstream, isolated VLANs carry frames upstream, and community VLANs allow communication within the same group and to promiscuous ports. The configuration binds VLANs into a private VLAN domain, maps host ports to secondary VLANs, and maps a promiscuous port to all secondary VLANs to allow inter-subnet communication.
MTU (maximum transmission unit) & MRU (maximum receive unit)
MTU refers to the largest size packet that can be transmitted out of a network interface. The path MTU is the lowest MTU of any interface along the transmission path. If a packet is larger than the path MTU, it will be fragmented or dropped. PMTUD allows endpoints to determine the optimal packet size to avoid fragmentation by starting with the local MTU and reducing size if packets are dropped.
OTV Configuration
This document provides instructions for setting up and configuring OTV (Overlay Transport Virtualization) in a lab environment to connect two data center sites. The key steps include:
1. Setting up the physical lab topology with two Nexus 7000 switches acting as OTV edge devices in each site, with dedicated VDCs for OTV.
2. Configuring OTV features and licenses on the edge devices, defining the site VLAN and extended VLANs, and configuring join interfaces to connect the devices.
3. Creating overlay interfaces on the edge devices and associating the control and data multicast groups.
4. Verifying the OTV configuration and checking for adjacencies between edge devices
Cisco OTV
This document discusses Cisco OTV (Overlay Transport Virtualization) and how it separates STP domains between sites, allows different STP technologies per site, handles multi-homing between sites using an Authoritative Edge Device (AED) to prevent loops, and optimizes the forwarding of different traffic types including unicast, multicast, broadcast, and ARP packets between sites while supporting MAC mobility. It also discusses how OTV isolates FHRP protocols between sites.
OTV(Overlay Transport Virtualization)
OTV is a technology that provides layer 2 extension capabilities between different data centers without using tunnels. It encapsulates layer 2 traffic with an IP header and transports it across an IP network. OTV devices called edge devices perform layer 2 learning and forwarding within a data center and encapsulation functions to extend layer 2 traffic across sites using IP addresses and multicast groups for control and data plane MAC address advertisement and traffic forwarding between sites.
Regular expression examples
This document provides examples and explanations of regular expressions. It covers basic regex syntax like | (or), [] (character sets), . (wildcards), ^/$ (start/end anchors), and *+? (quantifiers). Simple examples demonstrate matching numbers, ranges, and strings. More complex examples show grouping, repetition, and matching BGP autonomous system paths. The document concludes with examples of using regex to filter Cisco IOS show command output.
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Firewall - Failover & Transparent Firewall
- 1. Firewall - Failover & Transparent Firewall WWW.NETPROTOCOLXPERT.IN
- 2. What is Failover? Failover is a Cisco proprietary feature. It is used to provide redundancy. It requires two identical ASAs to be connected to each other through a dedicated failover link. Health of active interfaces and units are monitored to determine if failover has occurred or not. Types of Failover: 1.Active/Standby Failover. 2.Active/Active Failover.
- 3. Information Exchanged between ASAs over a Failover link 1.State - Active or standby. 2.Hello Messages. 3.Network Link Status. 4.Mac Addresses. 5.Configuration Replication and Synchronization. Difference between Statefull failover and Stateless failover Stateless Failover - When failover occurs all active connections are dropped. Clients need to re-establish connections when the new active unit takes over. Statefull Failover - The active unit continually passes per-connection state information to the standby unit. After a failover occurs, the same connection information is available at the new active unit. Clients are not required to reconnect to keep the same communication session.
- 4. Failover Requirements between two devices Hardware Requirements - The two units in a failover configuration must be the same model, should have same number and types of interfaces. Software Requirements - The two units in a failover configuration must be in the same operating modes (routed or transparent single or multiple context). They must have the same software version.
- 5. Active/Standby Failover In Active/Standby Failover, one unit is the active unit which passes traffic. The standby unit does not actively pass traffic. When Failover occurs, the active unit fails over to the standby unit, which then becomes active. We can use Active/Standby Failover for ASAs in both single or multiple mode. Active/Active Failover It is only available to ASAs in multiple context mode. In an Active/Active Failover configuration, both ASAs can pass network traffic. In Failover, we divide the security contexts on the ASA into Failover Groups. Failover Group is simply a logical group of one or more security contexts. Each group is assigned to be active on a specific ASA in the failover pair. When Failover occurs, it occurs at the Failover group level.
- 6. What is Transparent Firewall? In Transparent Mode, ASA acts as a Layer 2 device like a bridge or switch and forwards Ethernet frames based on destination mac-address. What is the need of Transparent Firewall? If we want to deploy a new firewall into an existing network it can be a complicated process due to various issues like IP address reconfiguration, network topology changes, current firewall etc. We can easily insert a transparent firewall in an existing segment and control traffic between sides without having to readdress or reconfigure the devices.
- 7. What are the similarities between switch and ASA (in Transparent mode) ? Both learns which mac addresses are associated with which interface and store in local mac address table. What are the differences between switch and ASA (in Transparent mode) ? ASA does not floods unknown unicast frames that are not found in mac address table. ASA does not participate in STP. Switch process traffic at layer 1 & layer 2 while ASA can process traffic from layer 1 layer 7.
- 8. What are the features that are not supported in Transparent mode? 1.Dynamic Routing. 2.Multicasting. 3.QOS. 4.VPNs like IPSec and WebVPN cannot be terminated. 5.ASA cannot act as DHCP relay agent. What is the command to convert ASA into Transparent mode? # firewall transparent What is the command to see mode (routed or transparent)? # sh firewall