This document discusses the design and implementation of network security using inter-VLAN routing and DHCP. It begins by explaining how VLANs logically separate network users and resources to create smaller broadcast domains. Inter-VLAN routing is then introduced as the process of forwarding traffic between VLANs using a layer-3 device. The document provides details on different inter-VLAN routing techniques and describes configuring subinterfaces on a router to route between VLANs. It then discusses using DHCP to dynamically assign IP addresses to devices in each VLAN to simplify configuration. Finally, the document proposes a network scenario implementing these concepts across four departments of a company and provides sample configurations for the router and switches.
This chapter will cover how to configure, manage, and troubleshoot VLANs and
VLAN trunks. It will also examine security considerations and strategies relating
to VLANs and trunks, and best practices for VLAN design.
The paper explores network virtualization issues related with the Cloud Computing paradigm (mainly intended as IaaS). Finally, we consider this framework from a network monitoring perspective.
The paper is an outcome of the CoreGRID working group at ERCIM.
In computer networking, a single layer-2 network may be partitioned to create multiple distinct
broadcast domains, which are mutually isolated so that packets can only pass between them via one or
more routers; such a domain is referred to as a virtual local area network, virtual LAN or VLAN.
A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a logical group of workstations, servers and network devices that
appear to be on the same LAN despite their geographical distribution. A VLAN allows a network of
computers and users to communicate in a simulated environment as if they exist in a single LAN and are
sharing a single broadcast and multicast domain.
A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the same broadcast domain regardless of their physical location
Tutorial at IEEE 802 LMSC Plenary Session, Dallas, TX, USA, Nov. 13, 2006 (with W. Steven Conner, Intel Corp., Jan Kruys, Cisco Systems, and Juan Carlos Zuniga, InterDigital Comm. Corp.).
This chapter will cover how to configure, manage, and troubleshoot VLANs and
VLAN trunks. It will also examine security considerations and strategies relating
to VLANs and trunks, and best practices for VLAN design.
The paper explores network virtualization issues related with the Cloud Computing paradigm (mainly intended as IaaS). Finally, we consider this framework from a network monitoring perspective.
The paper is an outcome of the CoreGRID working group at ERCIM.
In computer networking, a single layer-2 network may be partitioned to create multiple distinct
broadcast domains, which are mutually isolated so that packets can only pass between them via one or
more routers; such a domain is referred to as a virtual local area network, virtual LAN or VLAN.
A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a logical group of workstations, servers and network devices that
appear to be on the same LAN despite their geographical distribution. A VLAN allows a network of
computers and users to communicate in a simulated environment as if they exist in a single LAN and are
sharing a single broadcast and multicast domain.
A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the same broadcast domain regardless of their physical location
Tutorial at IEEE 802 LMSC Plenary Session, Dallas, TX, USA, Nov. 13, 2006 (with W. Steven Conner, Intel Corp., Jan Kruys, Cisco Systems, and Juan Carlos Zuniga, InterDigital Comm. Corp.).
Design and Simulation of Secure Network for University Campusijtsrd
Today's wireless network has come to stay as an essential tool of communication in education sector. These sectors have started deploying computers to perform their daily work such as studying and learning and access resources from their network. This technology has enabled to learn much faster and more conveniently. There are some problems still faced by the users such as poor network design by having large broadcast within the network and various security attacks. These problems can be solved by implementing VLAN Virtual Local Area Network , PS Port Security in switches and ACL Access Control List . They have been simulated in packet tracer 6.3 software. Mon Mon Aye | Zar Chi Soe "Design and Simulation of Secure Network for University Campus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26568.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26568/design-and-simulation-of-secure-network-for-university-campus/mon-mon-aye
Legacy Inter-VLAN routing: This is a legacy solution. It does not scale well.
Router-on-a-Stick: This is an acceptable solution for a small- to medium-sized network.
Layer 3 switch using switched virtual interfaces (SVIs): This is the most scalable solution for medium to large organizations.
This presentations gives basic overview about networking and in depth insights about Openstack Neutron component.
Covers understanding on VLAN,VXLAN,Openstack vSwitch
Avaya Fabric Connect: The Right Foundation for the Software-Defined Data CenterAvaya Inc.
This paper focuses on a specific real-world use case for SDN - the Software-Defined Data Center. It provides Avaya’s perspective on the characteristics of the Software-Defined Data Center and the value of its Fabric Connect technology as the foundation for this solution. It also talks about how combining Avaya Fabric Connect with open-source cloud orchestration capabilities (that are being defined by OpenStack) can enable a graceful migration to the Software-Defined Data Center.
Design and Analysis of a Broadcast Network Using Logical SegmentationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study shows how the network performance of a flat switch network in the main library
complex of Ambrose Ali University (AAU), Ekpoma can greatly be improved by logical segmentation. A
survey of the flat switch network of the library complex was carried out to ascertain the physical and logical
topology of the network and the number of hosts and network devices available. The kind of traffic
transmitted over the network was also considered. Riverbed Modeler Academic Edition was used to
simulate two replicas of the library network. One of the simulated networks was logically segmented by
implementing Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN). Statistics like traffic dropped, traffic forwarded, traffic
received, broadcast traffic dropped and traffic sent in bits/sec or packets/sec were collected from both
simulations and the results were analyzed and compared. The results from the simulations showed that
the application of VLAN immensely enhanced the network performance by about 75%(depending on the
size of the network) because the logical segmentation increased the number of broadcast domain while
reducing each of the broadcast size. This further implied that poor network design and large broadcast
domain in a network, gravely affect the performance of a network.
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Hepatitis B and C are one of the most commonly transmitted viral infections through needlestick injury apart from HIV. It is highly prevalent in India and many other developing countries. It accounts for high mortality rate globally amongst low socio-economic groups of individuals. Healthcare workers, especially dental professionals are at higher risk of infection due to high exposure to saliva, blood and sharps. Accidental occupational exposure to non-sterile conditions and its development to more critical and fatal conditions can be reduced through vaccination, prophylactic medications and practicing high safety measures.
This review article focuses on transmission of hepatitis through sharps injuries in medicine, especially dentistry, its prevention, management, post-exposure prophylaxis and the corresponding content.
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Unleash Unlimited Potential with One-Time Purchase
BoxLang is more than just a language; it's a community. By choosing a Visionary License, you're not just investing in your success, you're actively contributing to the ongoing development and support of BoxLang.
In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, enterprise software development is undergoing a significant transformation. Traditional coding methods are being challenged by innovative no-code solutions, which promise to streamline and democratize the software development process.
This shift is particularly impactful for enterprises, which require robust, scalable, and efficient software to manage their operations. In this article, we will explore the various facets of enterprise software development with no-code solutions, examining their benefits, challenges, and the future potential they hold.
AI Pilot Review: The World’s First Virtual Assistant Marketing SuiteGoogle
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https://sumonreview.com/ai-pilot-review/
AI Pilot Review: Key Features
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✅With one keyword, generate complete funnels, websites, landing pages, and more.
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See My Other Reviews Article:
(1) TubeTrivia AI Review: https://sumonreview.com/tubetrivia-ai-review
(2) SocioWave Review: https://sumonreview.com/sociowave-review
(3) AI Partner & Profit Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-partner-profit-review
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Globus Connect Server Deep Dive - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
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OpenMetadata Community Meeting - 5th June 2024OpenMetadata
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Watch the meeting recording here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbNOje0kf6E
Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
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In this presentation we will share our experiences around getting started with the Globus Compute multi-user endpoint. Working with the Pharmacology group at the University of Auckland, we have previously written an application using Globus Compute that can offload computationally expensive steps in the researcher's workflows, which they wish to manage from their familiar Windows environments, onto the NeSI (New Zealand eScience Infrastructure) cluster. Some of the challenges we have encountered were that each researcher had to set up and manage their own single-user globus compute endpoint and that the workloads had varying resource requirements (CPUs, memory and wall time) between different runs. We hope that the multi-user endpoint will help to address these challenges and share an update on our progress here.
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Mobile App Development Company In Noida | Drona InfotechDrona Infotech
Looking for a reliable mobile app development company in Noida? Look no further than Drona Infotech. We specialize in creating customized apps for your business needs.
Visit Us For : https://www.dronainfotech.com/mobile-application-development/
AI Fusion Buddy Review: Brand New, Groundbreaking Gemini-Powered AI AppGoogle
AI Fusion Buddy Review: Brand New, Groundbreaking Gemini-Powered AI App
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AI Fusion Buddy Review: Key Features
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Design and Implementation of Network Security using Inter-VLAN-Routing and DHCP
1. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 37-44, July-September 2020
ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
37
Design and Implementation of Network Security using Inter-VLAN-Routing and
DHCP
Iqbal Ahmad1
, Dr.Javed Ashraf2
& Dr.Anisur Rehman Nasir3
1
M.Tech Scholar., Al-Falah University, Haryana, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Al-Falah University, Haryana, India.
3
Associate Professor, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), India.
DOI: 10.38177/ajast.2020.4306
Article Received: 19 May 2020 Article Accepted: 28 June 2020 Article Published: 29 July 2020
1. Introduction
The project is based on the creation of VLANS and then Routing among them. A virtual local area network
(VLAN) is a logical separation of network users and resources connected to administratively defined ports on a
manageable switch. By creating VLANs, we can create smaller broadcast domains within a switch by assigning
different ports in the switch to different subnetworks [1-2].A VLAN is treated like its own subnet or a broadcast
domain. This means that frames broadcast onto a network are only switched between ports in the same VLAN. A
host of one VLAN could not directly communicate with the host of another VLAN [4-7]. For this purpose,
inter-VLAN routing techniques are used. Inter-VLAN routing is the process of forwarding traffic from one VLAN
to another VLAN by using a layer-3 device. Apart from this it also provides facilities for connecting hosts of
different virtual LANs to other LANs without changing their IP address.
2. Related Work
Separate physical gateway on the router or called Legacy inter-VLAN routing technique has a significant limitation
as routers have a limited number of physical ports to connect to different VLANs. If the number of VLANs
increases on a network, having one physical router interface per VLAN will quickly exhaust the physical port
capacity of a router. To overcome this in larger networks is to use VLAN Trunking on the switch and creating
virtual subinterfaces on the physical interface of the router [7-9]. VLAN Trunking mode will allow a single
physical router interface to route traffic for multiple VLANs and this technique is known router-on-a-stick.
Each subinterface is configured separately with its own IP address and subnet mask. This method allows a single
physical interface to simultaneously be part of multiple logical networks. While configuring inter-VLAN routing
using the router-on-a-stick technique, the physical port of the router must be connected to a trunk link on the
adjacent switch network. Each subinterface is assigned an IP address specific to its subnet/VLAN and this is also
ABSTRACT
Enterprise or campus networks are usually large in size and are difficult to manage. Network administrators are required to frequently perform
deliberate changes according to the organizational needs. VLANs are broadly used in enterprise or campus networks to improve scalability,
flexibility, ease of management, and to reduce broadcast. Therefore it’s providing layer_2 security as it limits the number of the broadcast domains.
Nowadays in this fast-growing industrial age, every company needs the speed of data transfer from one network to another network in manufacturing
to cope up with the customer’s requirements. The basic objective of our project is to develop a versatile and low-cost INTER-VLAN-ROUTING which
can be utilized in any industry or campus to eliminate this problem. INTER VLAN increases the performance of the network by providing flexibility to
the users to log in to any network within the same group without changing their IP address. This also reduces complexity and it also cost-effective
Keywords: LAN, VLAN, Inter-VLAN Routing, IPv4, Trunking, Encapsulation.
2. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 37-44, July-September 2020
ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
38
configured to tag frames for that VLAN [11]. This way, the router keeps the traffic from each subinterface
separated as it traverses the trunk link back to the switch.
3. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
In a LAN, the hosts are connected to each other with switches. Similarly, users belonging to different departments
are connected through the switch and it is having one broadcast domain by default. It is not possible to divide the
switch into parts physically; however, we can logically divide it into segments [8]. Each logical segment behaves
like a separate physical switch. This technique splits a single broadcast domain on the switch into multiple
broadcast domains. This technique increases the efficiency as well as provides security. Every segment becomes a
separate domain for each department. As a result, flooded broadcast information can be reduced but not eliminated.
These Virtual LANs can span across multiple switches with trunk links. Trunks transfer traffic for various VLANs
[12-13]. Trunks use special encapsulation to discriminate among different VLANs except for native VLAN.
4. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is called as a server-client model or a network management
protocol used to dynamically assign an Internet Protocol (IP) address to any device connected on a network so they
can communicate using IP. DHCP centrally manages these configurations rather than requiring network
administrators to manually assign IP addresses to all network devices hence it automates this process. DHCP can be
configured on small local networks, as well as in big enterprise networks [3-4]. DHCP works at the application
layer of the Transmission Control Protocol/IP (TCP/IP) stack to dynamically assign IP addresses to DHCP clients
and to allocate TCP/IP configuration information to DHCP hosts and uses ports number 67 & 68. This also includes
subnet mask information, default gateway IP addresses, and domain name system (DNS) addresses [9]. Therefore
DHCP is used in this network design to assign IPs to the local devices and DHCP configuration is done on the
router to facilitate this. Hence this way manual intervention is not required.
5. Inter-VLAN Routing
VLANs classify different users and their traffic from each other by placing them into different VLANs and every
VLAN has a single broadcast domain. In this way, a large network is divided into smaller segments called IP
sub-nets. A host can communicate with other hosts existing in the same subnet but it can’t communicate directly
with another host which is located in a different subnet [2-6]. Now the question is how does traffic pass between
two different VLANs? The answer is: it is feasible to engage a layer-3 device into subnets to route the traffic among
multiple VLANs. Also, VLAN is a separate broadcast domain, so devices on separate VLANs are unable to
communicate without the intervention of a routing device. The device that supports Layer 3 routing, such as a
router or a multilayer switch, can be used to perform the necessary routing functionality [9]. The process of
forwarding network traffic from one VLAN to another VLAN using the routing concept regardless of the device
used is termed as inter-VLAN routing. In modern LAN networks; three inter-VLAN routing techniques are used.
These are given below:
1. Router-on-a-stick
3. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 37-44, July-September 2020
ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
39
2. Router-on-a-stick using trunk
3. Layer-3 switch routing (SVI)
5.1 Router-on-a-stick- This network architecture is the most basic method of inter-VLAN routing. In this
technique, a router’s interface is connected physically to each VLAN [12]. It is simple to understand because the
separate physical gateway is used and both layer-2 and layer-3 functions are physically parted. The network
diagram showing the router-on- a stick.
5.2 In router-on-a-stick using trunk- In this network architecture, instead of multiple physical interfaces, a single
trunk interface is connected to multiple VLAN by using Trunking protocols such as ISL or 802.1q. Sub-interfaces
of that physical interface are used to connect the router to each VLAN and IP addresses are assigned to
sub-interfaces as a default gateway. This concept is broadly used in this project to design the network.
5.3 In layer-3 switch routing: Switch Virtual Interface (SVI)
SVI is a logical interface on a multilayer switch that provides layer 3 processing for packets to all switch ports
associated with that VLAN. SVI for layer 3 switches can provide both management and routing services on the
other hand SVI on layer 2 switch provides only management services like creating VLANs or telnet/SSH services.
The SVI created for the respective Vlan acts as a default gateway for that Vlan just like the sub-interface of the
router (in the process of Router On a stick) [3]. If we need to deliver a packet to different VLAN i.e inter Vlan
Routing is to be done on layer 3 switch then first the packet is delivered to layer 3 switch and then to the destination
just like in the process of the router on a stick.
6. Network Scenario of Inter-VLAN-Routing and DHCP
Let us consider a company or college campus network which has four departments such as Engineering, Medical,
B. Arch, and MBA faculties. All of these departments have their own personal inter-network and one main network
is made to connect these four networks and thus the company requires proper inter-network to provide mobility to
all of its four departments. Thus we can build a network in which we want to implement user mobility in the
network, reducing complexity, and at the same time, we also provide security in the network. By creating a virtual
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN) in a pure switched inter-network and we will be able to provide flexibility
for the user to login to any network. And at the same time, the network should be cost-effective also.
4. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 37-44, July-September 2020
ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
40
Network Architecture
Figure: Enterprise or campus networks Network Design
APPENDIX: Configuration used in Experimentation
ROUTER: Commands and Configuration
Router>en
Router#conf t
Router(config)#hostname
M(config)#enable secret ccna
M(config)#line vty 0 4
M(config-line)#password 1234
M(config-line)#login
M(config-line)#exit
M(config)#int f0/0
M(config-if)#no shut
M(config)#int f0/0.10
M(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 10
M(config-subif)#ip add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
M(config-subif)#int f0/0.20
M(config-subif)# encapsulation isl 20
M(config-subif)#ip add 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
M(config-subif)# int f0/0.30
M(config-subif)# encapsulation isl 30
M(config-subif)# ip add 30.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
M(config-subif)# int f0/0.40
M(config-subif)# encapsulation isl 40
5. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 37-44, July-September 2020
ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
41
M(config-subif)# ip add 40.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
M(config-subif)#exit
DHCP Configuration Command on Router
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool engg
Router(dhcp-config)#network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 10.0.0.1
Router(dhcp-config)#exit
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool MBA
Router(dhcp-config)#net
Router(dhcp-config)#network 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
Router(dhcp-config)#def
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 20.0.0.1
Router(dhcp-config)#exit
Router(config)#
Note: The same command syntax will be used for the other LANS to get DHCP IP from Router.
SWITCH 0: Commands and Configuration
Switch>en
Switch#conf t
Switch(config)#enable password engg
Switch(config)#enable secret engg
Switch(config)#line console 0
Switch(config)#exec-time out 30
Switch(config)#logging synchronous
Switch(config)#line vty 0 15
Switch(config)#exit
Switch #conf t
Switch(config)#ip default-gateway 10.0.0.100
Switch(config)# exit
Switch(config)#vlan 10
Switch(config-vlan)#name engg
Switch(config)#interface range fastEthernet 0/1-6
Switch(config-if-range)#swit
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch#sh vlan brief
Note: The same command and configuration will be done on the other LAN Switches.
6. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 37-44, July-September 2020
ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
42
SWITCH 4: Commands and Configuration
Switch>en
Switch#conf t
Switch(config)#line console 0
Switch(config)#exec-time out 30
Switch(config)#logging synchronous
Switch(config)#line vty 0 15
Switch(config)#exit
Switch(config)#vlan 10
Switch(config-vlan)#name engg
Switch(config-vlan)#exit
Switch(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
Switch(config-if)#exit
Note: The same command will be used for other LAN Network on the switch
Switch(config)#conf t
Switch(config)#int
Switch(config)#interface fa
Switch(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/20
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
Switch(config-if)#
Switch#show interfaces trunk
7. Objectives
The main objective of the project is to connect all the departments of a campus/organization in which all the
departments have their own personal inter-network and one main network is made to connect all the networks to
each other. All the departments are interdependent. Thus we want to build a network in which we want to
implement user mobility in the network, reducing complexity, and providing security. By creating a VLAN in pure
switched inter-network we will be able to provide flexibility for the user to login to any network. And at the same
time, the network should be cost-effective also. To sum-up, the objectives are:-To save money, To provide
Security, To increase performance, To reduce the size of the broadcast domain, To provide flexibility, To provide
mobility, For easy troubleshooting can be implemented easily and can be extended as per the requirements.
8. Conclusion and Future Scopes
Though there are many problems facing network and data communication today where security has always been
the most paramount challenge. Every effort is always on how to mitigate insecurity issues and ensure that
7. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 37-44, July-September 2020
ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
43
information is communicated to appropriate destinations without compromise. This paper had adequately
discussed the need of implementing Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) and Inter-VLAN Routing technologies
in college campuses or organization Networks. Going by the usual flat Local Area Network infrastructure where
every user belongs to one broadcast domain different series of network insecurities exist. In the case of an
enterprise network having critical file servers, application servers, organizational databases, and other confidential
information, this would mean that all users would have equal access privileges to these resources. To effectively
prevent such situations from the operational networks we need to restrict access at the network level by segmenting
the existing network into different broadcast domains, hence, the need for Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN). In
contrast to normally flat LAN architecture where every host is connected without segmentation; we break a large
broadcast domain into different sizes of broadcast domains by creating Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs).
This VLAN architecture which is a logical grouping of network users and resources connected to administratively
defined ports on a switch when deployed in Campus Network would be of immense benefit as outlined in the work.
In all, this work exhaustively x-rayed the benefits of VLAN and Inter-VLAN routing in managing and maintaining
of any organizational Networks. This can be implemented in any small offices, colleges, hospitals, etc. as per
requirements.
References
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[2] Virtual Local Area Network (LAN) communications. (1996). [online]. Available:
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[3] M. Yu, J. Rexford, X. Sun, S. Rao, and N. Feamster, "A survey of VLAN usage in campus networks,"
Communications IEEE Magazine, vol. 49, pp. 98-103, 2011
[4] Henry, P. D., and De Libero, G. (1996) Strategic networking: From local area network and WAN to info
superhighways. London: International Thomson Computer Press.
[5] CompTIA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.comptia.org
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[7] Virtual local area network (VLAN) communications. (1996). [online]. Available:
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[8] M. Zhu, M. Molle, and B. Brahmam, "Design and implementation of application-based secure VLAN," in 37th
Annual IEEE Conf. on local computer Networks, 2004, pp. 407-408.
[9] VLAN info. UC Davis Network twenty-one. (1998). [online]. Available: http://net21.ucdavis.edu/newvlan.htm.
(October twenty-one, 1998)
[10] Baker, R. H. (1995). Network security: how to set up for it and achieve it. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc.
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ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
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[11] Passmore, D. and freeman, J. (1998). The virtual local area network technology report. [online]. Available:
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[12] SecureFast services summary. (1998). Cabletron Systems product marketing white papers. Rochester, NH:
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[13] Roese, J. (1998) Switched LANs: Implementation, operation, maintenance. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.