This document discusses non-ferrous metals and alloys, including their properties and uses. It covers aluminum, lead, tin, copper, zinc, and nickel. Key alloys discussed include aluminum alloys like duralumin and y-alloy, tin-based bearing metals, copper alloys like bronze, brass, and babbitt metal, and nickel alloys such as monel metal, german silver, inconel, and nichrome.

1. NON-FERROUS
METALS/ALLOYS
• No iron
• Melting point less than iron
• Low strength at high temperature
• Al, Cu, Pb, Sn, Zn, Ni etc

2. CONTENTS
1. Al
2. Pb
3. Sn
4. Cu
5. Zn
6. Ni

3. ALUMINIUM
• Ore:- Bauxite
• Light weight
• Soft & weak (pure Al)
• High reflectivity
• Pure Al can’t be heat treated
• MP=658 C
• Specific gravity= 2.65
• Note:- Pure Al is MORE corrosion resistant
than Al alloys
• Uses:- aircraft, automobiles, utensils,
overhead cables etc.
BAUXITE
ALUMINIUM

4. ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
• Al:- soft & weak
• Al alloys:- hard & strong
ALLOY %Mg %Cu %Mn %Ni %Al
DURALUMIN 0.4-0.7 3.5-4.5 0.4-0.7 - Rest
Y-Alloy 1.2-1.7 3.5-4.5 - 1.8-2.3 Rest

5. LEAD & ALLOYS
• Heaviest common metal
• Ore: Galena
• Color:- Bluish grey, surface becomes dull on exposure to air
• Soft, malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant
• Use:- water pips, roof covering, sheathing of electric cables etc.
• MP= 327C
• Alloys:- Solder: Pb & Sn
Bearing metal: Pb & other metals

6. LEAD
GALENA

7. TIN & ALLOYS
• Ore: Tin stone
• Color: White with yellowish tinge
• MP= 232C
• Soft, malleable, ductile, does not corrode
• Use: Coating of iron & steel, tinning Cu
wire before use TIN

8. BEARING METALS (TIN ALLOYS)
4 types:
1) Lead base (Lead, tin, antimony): light loads & pressure
2) Tin base (Tin, antimony, copper): high pressure & load
3) Copper base (Copper, tin, lead): harder & stronger than white
metals. Used to resist heavier pressure
4) Cadmium base (Cadmium, nickel): used at high temperature.
Compressive strength > tin based

9. COPPER
• Color:- Red
• Ore:- Copper pyrites
• Soft, malleable, ductile, flexible, tough &
strong
• Electrical conductivity:- Second to silver
• MP=1083C
COPPER ORE
COPPER

10. COPPER ALLOYS (Mainly Bronze)
ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES
Bronze Cu: 75-95%, Sn: 5-25% Hard, resist surface wear
Phosphor Bronze Bronze containing phosphorus Increased strength, ductility & soundness of
castings, good wearing qualities, high elasticity,
resistant to salt water corrosion
Silicon Bronze Cu, Si, Mn/Zn Good corrosion resistance, higher strength, can be
welded by all means
Manganese Bronze Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb Highly corrosion resistant, harder than phosphor
bronze
Gun metal Cu-88%, Sn-10%, Zn-2% Strong, corrosion resistant due to water &
atmosphere
Ball metal Cu, Sn Hard, resistant to surface wear
Babbit material Cu-4%, Sn-88%, Sb (Antimony)-8% Soft, low coeff. of friction, low strength.
Use: Bearing

11. ZINC
• Ore: Zinc Blende (ZnS), Calamine (ZnCO3)
• Heavy, low cost, corrosion resistant
• Color: Bluish white
• MP= 419C
• Use: Galvanizing, roof covering

12. Zn-Cu Alloys
ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES
BRASS Cu-50%, Zn-50% • MP= 800-1000C
• Non-corrosive, soft,
ductile, good tensile
strength & fusibility,
surface finish, non-
magnetic, poor
conductor of electricity
• Hydraulic fittings,
pump linings, utensils,
bearing, bushes etc.
MUNTZ Cu-60%, Zn-40% • Stronger, harder, more
ductile than brass
• Good for hot working
• Resist wear
• Machine components,
electrical equipments,
fuses, bolts etc.
Note: Corrosion resistance of Bronze > Brass

13. NICKEL
• Ore: Sulphide ores
• Color: Silver
• Tough, harder but less ductile than copper, same strength as that of
copper
• Malleable, magnetic, weldable (like iron)
• Less corroded by external factors (unlike iron)
• Use: Nickelplating iron & steel alloys, catalyst etc.

14. NICKEL ALLOYS
ALLOY COMPOSITION (%) PROPERTIES USES
MONEL METAL Ni-60, Cu-38, Al/Mn White, tough, ductile,
weldable, corrosion
resistant, high strength at
high temp.
Steam turbine, impeller of
centrifugal compressors
GERMAN SILVER Ni-10-35, Cu-25-50, Zn- 25-
35
Hard, white, ductile, good
mechanical & corrosion
resisting properties
Utensils, electrical work.
Also known as Ni-silver
INCONEL Ni-75-80, Cr- 10-15, Fe-rest Less reactive than nichrome
to acids
For parts exposed to high
temp for long periods
NICHROME Ni, Cr Used for resistance wire in
electrical appliances
NIMONICS Ni, Cr, Mo, Co, Ti, Al Very high temp. service