Presentation delivered by Dr. Ian King (University of Nottingham, UK) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This presentation reviews current trends in bioprocessing purification and includes key considerations for continuous processing and connected polishing for monoclonal antibodies. Topics include:
• Market trends and the evolution of next-generation processes
• Intensified capture processing
• Continuous virus inactivation
• Connected flow-through polishing
To learn more about this topic or collaborate with our technical experts, schedule an in-person or remote visit at our M Lab™ Collaboration Centers: www.merckmillipore.com/mlab
PHB production by bacteria and its applicationsಶಂತನು ಕೆ. ಗೌಡ
Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) are biodegradable polymers produced by some bacteria when excess carbon is available. Bacteria accumulate PHBs intracellularly as carbon and energy reserves. PHB is the most common type and was first discovered in 1925. It has properties suitable for applications like bioplastics, medical implants, and packaging. Research is optimizing production methods like varying carbon sources, nutrients, and growing conditions to improve PHB yields from bacteria. Genetic engineering and mutation studies also aim to develop higher yielding bacterial strains for more economical commercial production of PHB bioplastics.
The document summarizes the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Alcaligenes eutrophus. Key points:
1. PHB is produced intracellularly by Alcaligenes eutrophus through fermentation of glucose in a nutrient-limited fed-batch process.
2. The process involves cultivation, centrifugation to obtain concentrated biomass, blending with solvents to extract PHB, and spray drying to obtain the final product.
3. Under optimal conditions, the process can produce 48.5 kg of PHB per hour, or 8,246 kg per year from 133 batches.
This document discusses protoplast fusion techniques in plant tissue culture. It begins by defining a protoplast as a naked plant cell without a cell wall. The key steps discussed are:
1) Isolating protoplasts from plant tissue using either mechanical or enzymatic methods. Enzymatic isolation using cellulase, pectinase and hemicellulase is preferred.
2) Fusing the protoplasts using techniques like electrofusion, PEG fusion or high pH/Ca2+ solutions.
3) Identifying and selecting hybrid cells using markers like pigmentation, chloroplast presence or nuclear staining.
4) Culturing the hybrid cells and regenerating hybrid plants
Industrial production of chemical solvents “Acetone”Esam Yahya
This document discusses various types of chemical solvents including their classification and common uses. It focuses on acetone, describing its structure and various industrial production methods such as the cumene process, fermentation, and oxidation. Acetone is widely used as an industrial and laboratory solvent as well as in products like nail polish remover due to its ability to dissolve many compounds.
The document summarizes air lift fermenters, which are impeller-free bioreactor systems that use pressurized air circulation to culture shear-sensitive cells. The fermenters have an inner riser region for upward air flow and an outer downcomer region for recirculating degassed media and cells. A density gradient between the two regions drives continuous liquid circulation without mechanical agitation. Key advantages are homogeneous gas/nutrient distribution without focal points of energy dissipation.
Chitosan as a potential natural compound to controlPuja41124
The document discusses the potential of chitosan as a natural compound to manage post-harvest diseases of horticultural crops. It provides background on chitosan including its definition, production, and mechanism of action in activating plant defense systems. Studies show chitosan reduces post-harvest diseases in various crops like tomatoes and strawberries by inhibiting fungal growth, maintaining cell wall integrity, and eliciting defensive enzyme activities and phenolic compounds. Chitosan coating combined with calcium treatment helps preserve quality in strawberries during refrigerated storage.
This presentation reviews current trends in bioprocessing purification and includes key considerations for continuous processing and connected polishing for monoclonal antibodies. Topics include:
• Market trends and the evolution of next-generation processes
• Intensified capture processing
• Continuous virus inactivation
• Connected flow-through polishing
To learn more about this topic or collaborate with our technical experts, schedule an in-person or remote visit at our M Lab™ Collaboration Centers: www.merckmillipore.com/mlab
PHB production by bacteria and its applicationsಶಂತನು ಕೆ. ಗೌಡ
Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) are biodegradable polymers produced by some bacteria when excess carbon is available. Bacteria accumulate PHBs intracellularly as carbon and energy reserves. PHB is the most common type and was first discovered in 1925. It has properties suitable for applications like bioplastics, medical implants, and packaging. Research is optimizing production methods like varying carbon sources, nutrients, and growing conditions to improve PHB yields from bacteria. Genetic engineering and mutation studies also aim to develop higher yielding bacterial strains for more economical commercial production of PHB bioplastics.
The document summarizes the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Alcaligenes eutrophus. Key points:
1. PHB is produced intracellularly by Alcaligenes eutrophus through fermentation of glucose in a nutrient-limited fed-batch process.
2. The process involves cultivation, centrifugation to obtain concentrated biomass, blending with solvents to extract PHB, and spray drying to obtain the final product.
3. Under optimal conditions, the process can produce 48.5 kg of PHB per hour, or 8,246 kg per year from 133 batches.
This document discusses protoplast fusion techniques in plant tissue culture. It begins by defining a protoplast as a naked plant cell without a cell wall. The key steps discussed are:
1) Isolating protoplasts from plant tissue using either mechanical or enzymatic methods. Enzymatic isolation using cellulase, pectinase and hemicellulase is preferred.
2) Fusing the protoplasts using techniques like electrofusion, PEG fusion or high pH/Ca2+ solutions.
3) Identifying and selecting hybrid cells using markers like pigmentation, chloroplast presence or nuclear staining.
4) Culturing the hybrid cells and regenerating hybrid plants
Industrial production of chemical solvents “Acetone”Esam Yahya
This document discusses various types of chemical solvents including their classification and common uses. It focuses on acetone, describing its structure and various industrial production methods such as the cumene process, fermentation, and oxidation. Acetone is widely used as an industrial and laboratory solvent as well as in products like nail polish remover due to its ability to dissolve many compounds.
The document summarizes air lift fermenters, which are impeller-free bioreactor systems that use pressurized air circulation to culture shear-sensitive cells. The fermenters have an inner riser region for upward air flow and an outer downcomer region for recirculating degassed media and cells. A density gradient between the two regions drives continuous liquid circulation without mechanical agitation. Key advantages are homogeneous gas/nutrient distribution without focal points of energy dissipation.
Chitosan as a potential natural compound to controlPuja41124
The document discusses the potential of chitosan as a natural compound to manage post-harvest diseases of horticultural crops. It provides background on chitosan including its definition, production, and mechanism of action in activating plant defense systems. Studies show chitosan reduces post-harvest diseases in various crops like tomatoes and strawberries by inhibiting fungal growth, maintaining cell wall integrity, and eliciting defensive enzyme activities and phenolic compounds. Chitosan coating combined with calcium treatment helps preserve quality in strawberries during refrigerated storage.
Enzyme immobilization involves confining enzyme molecules to a solid support to convert substrates to products. Common techniques include carrier binding through physical adsorption, covalent bonding or ionic bonding, as well as cross-linking and entrapment. Bioreactors use immobilized enzymes for chemical transformations and come in batch, fed-batch and continuous formats like CSTR and PFR reactors. Continuous reactors have advantages over batch reactors for product formation control and process automation.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits. It can be produced industrially through microbial fermentation using fungi like Aspergillus niger. The document discusses the history, production process, fermentation types and factors affecting citric acid production. Key microbes like A. niger are grown on substrates like molasses in surface, submerged or solid-state fermentations. Citric acid is then extracted from the fermented broth and purified through precipitation and filtration processes. The yield is affected by nutrient levels, pH, aeration, time and other fermentation conditions.
Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered in 1928 from the fungus Penicillium notatum. It was purified in the 1940s and used widely during World War 2. Industrial production involves growing the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum in large fermenters, extracting and purifying the penicillin. The fermentation process yields about 50 grams of penicillin per cubic meter now compared to 1 milligram previously. Purification involves filtration, extraction into organic solvents like butyl acetate, and crystallization to produce the final product.
Pectinase enzyme. Characteristics and productionTatiana Dekun
Pectinase is a complex enzyme composed of three enzymes - pectinesterase, polygalacturonase, and pectinlyase - that breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. Pectinase is produced by fungi and used commercially to increase juice yields from fruits and soften plant tissues. It is active between 64.4-113°F and pH 4.5-5.5 and is used in food processing to clarify juices and reduce viscosity.
Industrial Production of L-Lysine by FermentationKuldeep Sharma
Lysine is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Lysine is required for the nutrition of animals and humans. Lysine is useful as medicament, chemical agent, food material (food industry) and feed additives (animal food). It's demand has been steadily increasing in recent years. Several thousand tones of L-lysine are annually produced worldwide, almost by microbial fermentation.
±For Education Purpose Only
This document describes a study on isolating cellulase-producing fungi from termite soil. Eight fungi - Aspergillus sp, Trichoderma sp, Penicillium sp, Acremonium sp, Cladosporium sp, Neurospora sp, and Phoma sp - were isolated from termite soil samples using spread plating and identified microscopically. The fungi were screened for cellulolytic activity using various pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viridae showed the highest enzymatic activity on sugarcane bagasse.
This document summarizes the production of the amino acid lysine through a fermentation process. It describes lysine and its importance as an essential amino acid. The fermentation process uses the microorganism Corynebacterium glutamicum and involves upstream processes like media formulation and culture optimization. Key downstream processes are separation, extraction and purification to produce purified lysine powder or crystals. The lysine produced has applications in food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and other industries.
This document provides an overview of scaling up bioreactor production. It discusses the objectives of scaling up, which include producing product at a commercial scale to generate profit while lowering costs. The stages of scaling up studies are outlined, starting with screening studies, then progressing to laboratory, pilot, and industrial-scale fermenters. Key changes that occur during scale up include increased power needs, larger vessel sizes affecting temperature and pH control, and changes to sterilization and heat transfer processes. The conclusion emphasizes that the goal of scale up is to maximize efficient production at an industrial plant scale.
Fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols, carbon dioxide, or organic acids by microorganisms like yeast and bacteria in anaerobic conditions. It results in less energy production than aerobic respiration. Louis Pasteur first investigated fermentation chemistry in 1860. Key steps include glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruvate, and alcoholic fermentation, which converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is used to produce foods and beverages like beer, wine, yogurt and cheese, as well as treat wastewater.
This document discusses bacterial growth curves and Monod's equation. It describes the typical phases of a bacterial growth curve - lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases. The exponential phase sees geometric growth that can be described mathematically. The stationary phase shows no net growth. Monod's equation models how bacterial growth rate depends on substrate concentration, with parameters for maximum growth rate and half-saturation constant.
This document discusses fermentation processes and fermenter design. It begins by defining fermentation as the culturing of microbial cells in large vessels called fermenters. It then covers types of fermenters including stirred tank reactors, pneumatic systems, and hydrodynamic fermenters. The document also discusses controlling parameters like temperature, agitation, and aeration in fermenters. It outlines the stages of a fermentation process from inoculum preparation to production fermentation. Finally, it introduces solid substrate fermentation which uses organic materials like straw as the growth substrate.
This document summarizes microbial production of various solvents like ethanol, acetone, butanol, and glycerol. It describes the common uses of solvents and details the processes of ethanol production through both petrochemical and biological fermentation methods. The biological fermentation process involves steps like saccharification, liquefaction, milling, fermentation, and distillation. It also discusses the advantages of using bacteria like Z. mobilis and C. ljungdahlii over yeast for ethanol production, as well as the production methods for acetone, butanol, and glycerol.
Microbial production of ethanol and acetic acid involves fermentation processes. Ethanol is produced by fermenting sugars from various sources like molasses, corn, or cassava using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation converts sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol is recovered from the fermented product using distillation. Vinegar is produced through a two-stage fermentation where yeast first produce ethanol from sugars which is then oxidized to acetic acid by Acetobacter bacteria, yielding vinegar. Different types of vinegar are produced depending on the original substrate like wine, apple cider, rice, or malt.
Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. They were first discovered in 1913 and isolated in the 1950s. There are two main types - adenine-type and phenylurea-type. Cytokinins are produced in roots, fruits, young leaves and developing tissues, and move through xylem and phloem. They stimulate cell division, promote chloroplast maturation, stimulate bud growth, and delay senescence.
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide produced through the fermentation of glucose or sucrose by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. It was first discovered in the 1950s and commercialized in 1964. Xanthomonas campestris is commonly found on plants and produces xanthan gum as part of its cell wall. The gum is manufactured through the aerobic fermentation of a nutrient-rich medium inoculated with the bacterium. Xanthan gum has numerous applications as a thickening, emulsifying, and stabilizing agent in foods, baked goods, dressings, and other products due to its ability to maintain viscosity over a wide range of pH and temperatures.
This document summarizes the key steps involved in the production of biopharmaceuticals from cell cultivation to purification of the final product. It discusses upstream processing including cell banking, culture conditions and scale-up. Downstream processing such as harvesting, concentration, purification and formulation are also outlined. Factors affecting protein stability and techniques to stabilize the final product are described. Rigorous quality control testing of the final product is emphasized.
This document discusses various aspects of fermentation media formulation. It begins by noting that most fermentations require liquid media, often called broth. It then discusses factors to consider in media design like nutritional requirements, environmental requirements, and techno-economic factors. Some key points covered include the importance of optimizing media for high-producing microbial strains, different objectives in seed culture vs production media, and major carbon and nitrogen sources used like molasses, yeast extract, and corn steep liquor. The document provides details on constituents of media and considerations in media development.
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
This document discusses media used for plant tissue culture. It provides details on the components and purpose of various standard media including Murashige and Skoog medium, Gamborg's B5 medium, Nitsch medium, and others. It also discusses the composition and use of specialized media for banana, orchid, and woody plant tissue culture. The key components of media include minerals, vitamins, carbon sources, and plant growth regulators to provide nutrients and regulate growth for cultured plant cells and tissues.
Production of Pectinase by Aspergillus niger Cultured in Solid State Media - IJBInnspub Net
Solid state fermentation was carried out with 7 fungal strains, obtained from different sources. Among 7 isolates Aspergillus niger,IM-6 was found as effective pectinase producer.Maximum enzymatic activity (142.44U/gm) was observed after 7 days incubation at 40˚C temperature in 750 ml conical flask. In this study 1.69% (NH4)2SO4 was used as nitrogen source, although peptone as a nitrogen source showed better result but use of peptone was not cost effective. As a substrate, wheat bran and potato starch showed good result (85.54U/gm) in solid state culture. Addition of 9.68% pectin was found to increase the enzyme production as 116.57U/gm. Pectinase production was optimum in 60% moisture (98.34U/gm). Aeration showed positive effects on pectinase production (136.86U/gm) at 750 ml flask than 1000 ml flask. Thus the wild strain Aspergillus niger IM-6 has outstanding pectinase producing capability at 40◦C in 60% initial moisture content for 7 days of incubation in solid state fermentation. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-february-2011-3/
This presentation discusses the history and process of plant domestication. It begins with an overview of the origins and timeline of agriculture, noting that domestication of major crops like rice, wheat and maize was completed by 4000 BC. The presentation then covers centers of domestication, key domestication traits, genes controlling traits, and modern techniques like genome sequencing, GWAS, and NGS that are helping to further understand domestication.
Enzyme immobilization involves confining enzyme molecules to a solid support to convert substrates to products. Common techniques include carrier binding through physical adsorption, covalent bonding or ionic bonding, as well as cross-linking and entrapment. Bioreactors use immobilized enzymes for chemical transformations and come in batch, fed-batch and continuous formats like CSTR and PFR reactors. Continuous reactors have advantages over batch reactors for product formation control and process automation.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits. It can be produced industrially through microbial fermentation using fungi like Aspergillus niger. The document discusses the history, production process, fermentation types and factors affecting citric acid production. Key microbes like A. niger are grown on substrates like molasses in surface, submerged or solid-state fermentations. Citric acid is then extracted from the fermented broth and purified through precipitation and filtration processes. The yield is affected by nutrient levels, pH, aeration, time and other fermentation conditions.
Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered in 1928 from the fungus Penicillium notatum. It was purified in the 1940s and used widely during World War 2. Industrial production involves growing the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum in large fermenters, extracting and purifying the penicillin. The fermentation process yields about 50 grams of penicillin per cubic meter now compared to 1 milligram previously. Purification involves filtration, extraction into organic solvents like butyl acetate, and crystallization to produce the final product.
Pectinase enzyme. Characteristics and productionTatiana Dekun
Pectinase is a complex enzyme composed of three enzymes - pectinesterase, polygalacturonase, and pectinlyase - that breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. Pectinase is produced by fungi and used commercially to increase juice yields from fruits and soften plant tissues. It is active between 64.4-113°F and pH 4.5-5.5 and is used in food processing to clarify juices and reduce viscosity.
Industrial Production of L-Lysine by FermentationKuldeep Sharma
Lysine is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Lysine is required for the nutrition of animals and humans. Lysine is useful as medicament, chemical agent, food material (food industry) and feed additives (animal food). It's demand has been steadily increasing in recent years. Several thousand tones of L-lysine are annually produced worldwide, almost by microbial fermentation.
±For Education Purpose Only
This document describes a study on isolating cellulase-producing fungi from termite soil. Eight fungi - Aspergillus sp, Trichoderma sp, Penicillium sp, Acremonium sp, Cladosporium sp, Neurospora sp, and Phoma sp - were isolated from termite soil samples using spread plating and identified microscopically. The fungi were screened for cellulolytic activity using various pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viridae showed the highest enzymatic activity on sugarcane bagasse.
This document summarizes the production of the amino acid lysine through a fermentation process. It describes lysine and its importance as an essential amino acid. The fermentation process uses the microorganism Corynebacterium glutamicum and involves upstream processes like media formulation and culture optimization. Key downstream processes are separation, extraction and purification to produce purified lysine powder or crystals. The lysine produced has applications in food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and other industries.
This document provides an overview of scaling up bioreactor production. It discusses the objectives of scaling up, which include producing product at a commercial scale to generate profit while lowering costs. The stages of scaling up studies are outlined, starting with screening studies, then progressing to laboratory, pilot, and industrial-scale fermenters. Key changes that occur during scale up include increased power needs, larger vessel sizes affecting temperature and pH control, and changes to sterilization and heat transfer processes. The conclusion emphasizes that the goal of scale up is to maximize efficient production at an industrial plant scale.
Fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols, carbon dioxide, or organic acids by microorganisms like yeast and bacteria in anaerobic conditions. It results in less energy production than aerobic respiration. Louis Pasteur first investigated fermentation chemistry in 1860. Key steps include glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruvate, and alcoholic fermentation, which converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is used to produce foods and beverages like beer, wine, yogurt and cheese, as well as treat wastewater.
This document discusses bacterial growth curves and Monod's equation. It describes the typical phases of a bacterial growth curve - lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases. The exponential phase sees geometric growth that can be described mathematically. The stationary phase shows no net growth. Monod's equation models how bacterial growth rate depends on substrate concentration, with parameters for maximum growth rate and half-saturation constant.
This document discusses fermentation processes and fermenter design. It begins by defining fermentation as the culturing of microbial cells in large vessels called fermenters. It then covers types of fermenters including stirred tank reactors, pneumatic systems, and hydrodynamic fermenters. The document also discusses controlling parameters like temperature, agitation, and aeration in fermenters. It outlines the stages of a fermentation process from inoculum preparation to production fermentation. Finally, it introduces solid substrate fermentation which uses organic materials like straw as the growth substrate.
This document summarizes microbial production of various solvents like ethanol, acetone, butanol, and glycerol. It describes the common uses of solvents and details the processes of ethanol production through both petrochemical and biological fermentation methods. The biological fermentation process involves steps like saccharification, liquefaction, milling, fermentation, and distillation. It also discusses the advantages of using bacteria like Z. mobilis and C. ljungdahlii over yeast for ethanol production, as well as the production methods for acetone, butanol, and glycerol.
Microbial production of ethanol and acetic acid involves fermentation processes. Ethanol is produced by fermenting sugars from various sources like molasses, corn, or cassava using yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation converts sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol is recovered from the fermented product using distillation. Vinegar is produced through a two-stage fermentation where yeast first produce ethanol from sugars which is then oxidized to acetic acid by Acetobacter bacteria, yielding vinegar. Different types of vinegar are produced depending on the original substrate like wine, apple cider, rice, or malt.
Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. They were first discovered in 1913 and isolated in the 1950s. There are two main types - adenine-type and phenylurea-type. Cytokinins are produced in roots, fruits, young leaves and developing tissues, and move through xylem and phloem. They stimulate cell division, promote chloroplast maturation, stimulate bud growth, and delay senescence.
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide produced through the fermentation of glucose or sucrose by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. It was first discovered in the 1950s and commercialized in 1964. Xanthomonas campestris is commonly found on plants and produces xanthan gum as part of its cell wall. The gum is manufactured through the aerobic fermentation of a nutrient-rich medium inoculated with the bacterium. Xanthan gum has numerous applications as a thickening, emulsifying, and stabilizing agent in foods, baked goods, dressings, and other products due to its ability to maintain viscosity over a wide range of pH and temperatures.
This document summarizes the key steps involved in the production of biopharmaceuticals from cell cultivation to purification of the final product. It discusses upstream processing including cell banking, culture conditions and scale-up. Downstream processing such as harvesting, concentration, purification and formulation are also outlined. Factors affecting protein stability and techniques to stabilize the final product are described. Rigorous quality control testing of the final product is emphasized.
This document discusses various aspects of fermentation media formulation. It begins by noting that most fermentations require liquid media, often called broth. It then discusses factors to consider in media design like nutritional requirements, environmental requirements, and techno-economic factors. Some key points covered include the importance of optimizing media for high-producing microbial strains, different objectives in seed culture vs production media, and major carbon and nitrogen sources used like molasses, yeast extract, and corn steep liquor. The document provides details on constituents of media and considerations in media development.
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
This document discusses media used for plant tissue culture. It provides details on the components and purpose of various standard media including Murashige and Skoog medium, Gamborg's B5 medium, Nitsch medium, and others. It also discusses the composition and use of specialized media for banana, orchid, and woody plant tissue culture. The key components of media include minerals, vitamins, carbon sources, and plant growth regulators to provide nutrients and regulate growth for cultured plant cells and tissues.
Production of Pectinase by Aspergillus niger Cultured in Solid State Media - IJBInnspub Net
Solid state fermentation was carried out with 7 fungal strains, obtained from different sources. Among 7 isolates Aspergillus niger,IM-6 was found as effective pectinase producer.Maximum enzymatic activity (142.44U/gm) was observed after 7 days incubation at 40˚C temperature in 750 ml conical flask. In this study 1.69% (NH4)2SO4 was used as nitrogen source, although peptone as a nitrogen source showed better result but use of peptone was not cost effective. As a substrate, wheat bran and potato starch showed good result (85.54U/gm) in solid state culture. Addition of 9.68% pectin was found to increase the enzyme production as 116.57U/gm. Pectinase production was optimum in 60% moisture (98.34U/gm). Aeration showed positive effects on pectinase production (136.86U/gm) at 750 ml flask than 1000 ml flask. Thus the wild strain Aspergillus niger IM-6 has outstanding pectinase producing capability at 40◦C in 60% initial moisture content for 7 days of incubation in solid state fermentation. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-february-2011-3/
This presentation discusses the history and process of plant domestication. It begins with an overview of the origins and timeline of agriculture, noting that domestication of major crops like rice, wheat and maize was completed by 4000 BC. The presentation then covers centers of domestication, key domestication traits, genes controlling traits, and modern techniques like genome sequencing, GWAS, and NGS that are helping to further understand domestication.
Plant genetic resources their utilization and conservation in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
This document discusses plant genetic resources. It defines plant genetic resources as the genetic material in crop plants and their wild relatives. It notes that plant genetic resources include landraces, obsolete and modern cultivars, advanced breeding lines, wild relatives, and induced mutants. The document outlines the various components that make up plant genetic resources and strategies for conserving genetic resources both in and ex situ.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Plant breeding and GM technology - Chris Leaverb4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
This document summarizes a talk on genome evolution from the base pair level to the planetary level over billions of years. It discusses domestication of plants and animals, challenges in domesticating new species, and opportunities for improving crops through genetics, breeding, and introducing genes from wild relatives. It also addresses feeding a growing global population sustainably into the future.
This document provides information on breeding objectives, methods, and varieties for different pulses crops including red gram, blackgram, green gram, and soybean. The key points covered are:
- Breeding objectives include developing short duration, high yielding varieties suitable for different growing conditions, as well as varieties with improved disease/pest resistance, protein content, and other quality traits.
- Breeding methods used include introduction, pure line selection, hybridization and selection, mutation breeding, and population improvement approaches.
- Examples of improved varieties developed for each crop through the different breeding methods are listed.
The document serves as a reference for the topic of pulse crop breeding. It outlines the goals and approaches for
Pulses provide protein but have incomplete amino acid profiles. Major constraints to pulse production include indeterminate growth, long selection, poor soils, inadequate fertilizer and protection. Strategies to increase self-sufficiency include strengthening seed systems, ensuring remunerative prices, expanding area using fallow/waste lands, and developing short-duration, pest-resistant varieties. Breeding objectives for pulses include yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Methods include selection, hybridization, population improvement, and mutation breeding.
Plant genetic resources refer to the diverse genetic material present in plant species, including seeds, tissues, and other plant parts containing genetic information. This encompasses both cultivated varieties and their wild relatives. Plant genetic resources comprise landraces, local selections, elite cultivars, obsolete cultivars, advanced breeding lines, wild forms of cultivated species, wild relatives, and mutants. They represent the entire genetic variability available in a crop species and are conserved ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, and botanical gardens, or in situ by maintaining habitats.
The document discusses the history and techniques of distant hybridization or wide crosses between plant species. It begins by defining distant hybridization as crosses between individuals of different genera within the same family or different species within the same genus. Some early examples of wide crosses are mentioned from the 18th century. The document then discusses the three types of crosses that can result from wide crosses - fully fertile, partially fertile, and fully sterile - and provides cotton examples. Intergeneric hybridization is described using the example of Triticale, a wheat-rye hybrid. The main challenges of wide crosses, including cross incompatibility, hybrid inviability, sterility and breakdown are outlined. Techniques to overcome these barriers, such as bridge crosses,
This document provides information on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), including its origin in West Africa, taxonomy, inflorescence structure, wild relatives, and breeding objectives and methods. The key objectives of pearl millet breeding programs are to develop varieties with high grain yield, improved grain quality, drought tolerance, and disease resistance. Breeding methods discussed include introduction, selection, hybridization, population improvement through recurrent selection, development of synthetic varieties, and mutation breeding. The document also lists some popular pearl millet composites and hybrids developed in India.
This document discusses crop wild relatives (CWR) and their importance for crop breeding and sustainability. It notes that CWR are rugged plants that have evolved naturally without human intervention and represent an untapped source of genetic diversity. Examples are given of CWR providing traits like disease resistance, drought tolerance, and aluminum tolerance when introduced into cultivated crops. The document also discusses challenges in utilizing CWR like cross-incompatibility barriers and the need for techniques like wide hybridization and embryo rescue. It identifies CWR as important reservoirs of adaptive traits for crop breeding but also notes threats they face and challenges in research and conservation of CWR diversity.
This document discusses modern trends in plant breeding, including marker-assisted selection (MAS) and micropropagation. It describes how MAS uses molecular markers linked to genes of interest to predict traits, providing examples of its use in developing disease-resistant rice and quality protein maize. Micropropagation, or clonal propagation in vitro, allows for rapid mass production of plantlets from a single individual. Other applications discussed include germplasm preservation and seed production. The document also covers double haploid production for generating homozygous lines more quickly.
Sugarcane is a tropical crop cultivated for its sucrose content. It is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Conventional breeding methods have focused on increasing yield, sucrose content, and resistance to diseases and stresses. However, sugarcane has a complex polyploid genome that poses challenges for breeding. New techniques including mutation breeding, transgenic approaches, micropropagation, and development of "energy canes" aim to broaden the genetic base and introduce new traits. Breeding objectives also include abiotic stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency.
This document discusses biodiversity and domestication of plants. It provides an overview of an international webinar on this topic presented by Pat Heslop-Harrison. The webinar covered challenges related to biodiversity loss and feeding the global population, and proposed that harnessing genetic diversity through plant breeding and management can help address these issues. Examples of crop domestication and genetic resources in plants like wheat, banana, and saffron were also presented.
Pigeonpea is an important crop for food security in India and other parts of the world as it is drought tolerant and a source of protein and nutrients. It has a genome size of 858 million base pairs. The first draft genome sequence of the popular pigeonpea variety Asha was completed in 2012 using 454 sequencing, assembling over 500 million base pairs across 11 chromosome pairs. A new reference genome was published in 2018 using Illumina sequencing, assembling over 605 million base pairs across 72.7% of the 833 million base pair genome. The new genome provides insights into drought tolerance genes and will help improve pigeonpea varieties.
Using crop wild relatives in crop improvementLuigi Guarino
The document discusses the Global Crop Diversity Trust's initiative to collect, protect, and utilize crop wild relatives to help adapt agriculture to climate change. It focuses on 26 priority crops including wheat, barley, oat, rye, and their wild relatives. Experts were surveyed and identified wheat species like Aegilops tauschii and traits like heat tolerance as important to target. The initiative aims to fill gaps in ex situ collections, conduct pre-breeding to transfer useful traits, and help ensure global food security in a changing climate.
This document provides information on genetic incongruity and techniques for overcoming barriers in distant plant hybridization. It defines genetic incongruity as evolutionary divergence between two taxa that results in gene incompatibility. Techniques discussed include embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, alien addition/substitution lines, and transferring small chromosome segments. Applications in crop improvement involve transferring traits like disease resistance, yield, and hybrid seed production from wild species. Challenges include sterility, incompatible crosses, and linkage of undesirable genes.
Similar to Exploiting Wheat’s Distant Relatives (20)
What do women and men farmers want in their maize varietiesCIMMYT
Women farmers in Eastern Africa have different preferences than male farmers for traits in maize varieties. The document analyzes data from choice experiments conducted in Kenya to determine willingness to pay for various traits. Key findings include: Women do not prefer large grain size as much as men and value traits like storability and drought tolerance more. When socioeconomic factors are controlled for, men have a higher willingness to pay for closed tip ears. Women value drought tolerance and resistance to the striga weed twice as much as men. Men's willingness to pay for low nitrogen tolerance was much higher than women's. The top preferred traits overall were storability, drought tolerance, striga resistance, and lodging resistance.
Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains –A Business Case for Climate-Smart Ag...CIMMYT
CIMMYT Senior Cropping Systems Agronomist Christian Thierfelder presented on climate-smart agriculture in southern Africa in a webinar titled Climate Resilient Agriculture Success Stories – Making a Case for Scale Up.
Maize for Asian tropics: Chasing the moving targetCIMMYT
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for maize research and development in the Asian tropics. It notes the highly variable climate conditions maize faces, including drought, heat stress, excess moisture, and more frequent weather extremes due to climate change. It emphasizes the need for stress-resilient maize varieties and agronomic practices that can protect yields under both optimal and stressful conditions. The document outlines CIMMYT's efforts in stress-resilient maize breeding using new tools like high-throughput phenotyping, genomics, and doubled haploid technology integrated with conventional breeding methods. Close partnerships with various Asian countries and donors are highlighted as important for making progress on this "moving target" of maize improvement for the
Tropical maize genome: what do we know so far and how to use that informationCIMMYT
The document discusses tropical maize genomics, outlining what is currently known about tropical maize genomes from projects like the maize HapMaps. It describes how genomic information can be used to unlock genetic variation in tropical maize germplasm and drive molecular breeding efforts through approaches like genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, and the development of multiple panels of SNP markers. The document also explores how plant breeding will increasingly be driven by big data and artificial intelligence.
Social inclusion of young people and site-specific nutrient management (SSNM)...CIMMYT
The document outlines the agenda for the 13th Asian Maize Conference held in Ludhiana, Punjab, India from 8-10 October 2018. It discusses maize production trends globally and in key countries like China, USA, and Brazil. It also summarizes maize production in Nepal, highlighting challenges like low productivity. The author presents results from an experiment comparing Nutrient Expert recommendations to farmer practices, finding a significant yield increase using the former approach. The conclusion is that Nutrient Expert can help address efficient nutrient management and increase yields and profits for farmers.
Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to shoot fly in maizeCIMMYT
This document discusses a study that identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to shoot fly in maize. The researchers studied two maize inbred lines, CM143 and CM144, and their F2:3 progenies. They measured traits related to shoot fly resistance, such as egg count, leaf injury, and dead heart percentage, in the parents and progenies over time. Phenotypic correlations between traits were calculated. The progenies were genotyped using SSR markers and a genetic linkage map was constructed. QTL analysis identified several QTL associated with traits like leaf width, length, area, injury, and stem girth on different chromosomes. The QTL explained phenotypic variances ranging from 7-
Outbreak of Fusarium ear rot on Maize in ThailandCIMMYT
This study identified Fusarium verticillioides as the main causal agent of ear rot in maize in Thailand. Over two growing seasons, the fungus was isolated from fields in six locations, where disease incidence and severity varied. Sixty inbred maize lines were evaluated for resistance to F. verticillioides under artificial inoculation. Lines Ki30, Ki45 and Ki59 showed the lowest disease severity scores. Additionally, 20 pre-commercial and 3 commercial maize hybrids were evaluated for natural infection in field trials across locations. Variation in disease incidence and severity was observed among hybrids and locations.
Comparative Analysis of Biochemical & Physiological Responses of Maize Genoty...CIMMYT
This study compared the biochemical and physiological responses of six maize genotypes under waterlogging stress conditions. The genotypes differed in their canopy cover, chlorophyll content, membrane damage, and antioxidant enzyme activity when exposed to waterlogging over six days. CML 54 x CML 487, BIL 219 and CML 487 showed the best performance under stress, with higher antioxidant enzyme activities and less membrane damage and chlorophyll loss. CML 54 and CML 486 were the most susceptible. The tolerant genotypes will be targets for future breeding programs to develop waterlogging tolerance in maize.
1. CIMMYT genotyped its entire maize germplasm bank collection of 28,000 accessions to better understand genetic diversity and identify alleles of breeding value.
2. Genomic and environmental data is being used to conduct genome-wide association studies and environmental GWAS to find genetic variations associated with traits like drought tolerance.
3. Selected accessions are undergoing pre-breeding to transfer useful alleles to elite lines and develop populations with improved stress resistance and other traits for breeders.
4. Products like catalogues of tolerant accessions are being made available to breeders, researchers, and genebanks to facilitate use of genetic resources.
This document summarizes the objectives and methodology of a study evaluating the effects of char, a byproduct of coal burning, in nitrogen management of maize soils in a semi-arid region. The study aims to: 1) Measure nitrogen losses from loam and sandy loam soils amended with various rates of char, 2) Evaluate the effect of char on maize fertilized with urea and manure in fields, and 3) Test sensors to estimate maize nitrogen status throughout growth stages. The results are expected to optimize nitrogen fertilizer use, increase nitrogen use efficiency and maize yields, and provide a tool to help small-holder farmers.
Technologies to drive maize yield improvementCIMMYT
This document discusses technologies and strategies being used by Corteva Agriscience to improve maize yields. It highlights advanced phenotyping systems using drones and satellite imagery, genomic research including reference genomes, and the use of gene editing including CRISPR-Cas9 to develop new varieties with improved traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance. The first example product mentioned is a waxy corn variety developed using CRISPR-Cas9 that is expected to launch commercially in 2020.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
2. The Challenge: To produce high yielding superior wheat varieties that meet the
needs of an increasing global population – breeders need genetic variation to achieve this
3. The Challenge: To produce high yielding superior wheat varieties that meet the
needs of an increasing global population – breeders need genetic variation to achieve this
Relatively little genetic variation is available in
modern wheat varieties
The Problem
4. The Challenge: To produce high yielding superior wheat varieties that meet the
needs of an increasing global population – breeders need genetic variation to achieve this
How do we overcome this?
Relatively little genetic variation is available in
modern wheat varieties
The Problem
5. UK consortium to increase the
gene pool of wheat
PILLAR 1
Landraces
PILLAR 2
Synthetics
PILLAR 3
Wild
relatives
PILLAR 4
Elite
PHENOTYPING
GENOTYPING
BBSRC FUNDED PLANT
BREEDERS
9. X
Hybrid
Wheat Ancestral species/distant relatives
• Distant relatives provide a vast
reservoir for most if not all
agronomically important traits
• Interspecific hybrids provide the
starting point for introgressing genes
into wheat from its distant relatives
10. (Sears 1981)
How does introgression occur? Via homoeologous recombination
between the chromosomes of wheat and those of the distant
relative at meiosis in the gametes
The Ph1 locus has to be removed before homoeologous
recombination can occur. This is achieved by crossing to a line
in which the Ph1 locus has been deleted – ph1ph1
Screen lines cytologically and
for disease resistatance
11. (Sears 1981)
1) The identification of introgressions is difficult and time consuming
Why has introgression not been used more widely?
12. 2) Introgressions are frequently very large and
carry deleterious genes
Once a large alien chromosome segment had been introgressed into wheat it was very
difficult to reduce its size further by removal of the Ph1 locus - difficult to remove
deleterious genes
ph1/ph1 ph1/ph1
13. Identify plants with overlapping alien chromosome segments, in
which the target gene lies within the overlap and make a hybrid.
In the presence of Ph1 the alien and wheat chromosome segments will not recombine at
meiosis. However, the alien chromosome segments that overlap will giving rise to progeny
with small alien chromosome segments that carry the target gene but lack deleterious genes.
Wheat
Alien
Ph1/Ph1
X
T T
14. (Sears 1955 and 1981)
2) Introgressions were frequently very large
and carried deleterious genes
15. (Sears 1955 and 1981)
2) Introgressions were frequently very large
and carried deleterious genes
Need Genetic Markers
16. (Sears 1981)
Need for high throughput techniques to identify
and characterize introgressions
17. 1. Transfer of an entire ancestral genome to wheat in overlapping segments
Germplasm Development Programme – Start date 2011
Triticum urartu
Rye
Aegilops speltoides
Thinopyrum bessarabicum
Thinopyrum elongatum
Aegilops mutica
19. Identify plants with overlapping alien chromosome segments, in
which the target gene lies within the overlap and make a hybrid.
In the presence of Ph1 the alien and wheat chromosome segments will not recombine at
meiosis. However, the alien chromosome segments that overlap will giving rise to progeny
with small alien chromosome segments that carry the target gene but lack deleterious genes.
Wheat
Alien
Ph1/Ph1
X
T T
20. • Acid soil tolerance
• Drought
• Salinity
• High lysine
• Winter hardiness
• Disease resistance
• Powdery mildew
• Stem rust
• Stripe rust
• Leaf rust
• Boron tolerance
• High pollen load
• Out crossing
Utilize rye for improving wheat production
25. A
B
D
Wheat ph1/ph1
X
Wild relative (R)
ph1
X
A
B
D
Wheat Ph1/Ph1
High throughput screening of 1000’s of BC1 and
subsequent backcross progeny to identify
recombinants
Wheat/ancestral introgression
- Recombinants
Isolation of homozygous introgressions
Phenotyping
platform
26. A
B
D
Wheat ph1/ph1
X
Wild relative (R)
ph1
X
A
B
D
Wheat Ph1/Ph1
High throughput screening of 1000’s of BC1 and
subsequent backcross progeny to identify
recombinants
Wheat/ancestral introgression
- Recombinants
Isolation of homozygous introgressions
17,000 + crosses
in under 3 years!
Phenotyping
platform
28. Shrivelled grain culture – dry grains
Thynopyrum bessarabicum
x Chinese Spring Mutant 84
Triticum urartu x
Chinese Spring Mutant
84
Secale cereale x
Chinese Spring Mutant
84
(Summer season 2011)
35. • Mean exome sequence coverage per variety = 48X
• ~100,000 SNPs between 10 elite cultivars
• ~290,000 SNPs between elite hexaploid cultivars
and 9 landraces.
• ~650,000 SNPs between hexaploid wheat and wheat
relatives including Rye, Thinopyrum sp., Aegilops sp. and
Triticum urartu.
SNP discovery results:
37. Recombination in
Aegilops speltoides BC1s
Marker analysis of 22 BC1
recombinant plants –
Sacha Allen and Keith Edwards, Bristol
Introgressed Ae. speltoides
segments (blue) in 5
chromosomes
Introgressed Ae. speltoides
segments (blue) in 12
chromosomes
Size and position of
introgressed segments
will be characterised in
detail.
KASP
38. BC1 Aegilops speltoides – 22 genotypes sent to Bristol for primer
validation and genotyping.
All 22 genotypes had segments of Ae. speltoides present.
Least number of segments = 5
Highest number of segments = 12
• Need to make more backcrosses to isolate lines with single
introgressions
• Far more introgressions than expected
KASP
Isolate genotypes with a
single introgression
39. BC1 Aegilops speltoides – 22 genotypes sent to Bristol for primer
validation and genotyping.
All 22 genotypes had segments of Ae. speltoides present.
Least number of segments = 5
Highest number of segments = 12
• Need to make more backcrosses to isolate lines with single
introgressions
• Far more introgressions than expected
Ambylopyrum muticum, Triticum urartu, Ae. caudata, Secale cereale, Thinopyrum
Intermedium, Thinopyrum ponticum, Thinopyrum elongatum
KASP
Isolate genotypes with a
single introgression
41. • KASP can be used to screen several 1000’s of plants with circa 56
quickly and relatively cheaply
How can you screen with higher resolution and use more of the SNP’s
that have been developed?
KASP
Isolate genotypes with a
single introgression
42. WISP Axiom®
820k array
• 96 format 2 PEG design
• Includes SNPs among
elite lines
• Plus SNPs between elites
and landraces, and non-
wheat relatives
43. WISP Axiom®
820k array
• 96 format 2 PEG design
• Includes SNPs among
elite lines
• Plus SNPs between elites
and landraces, and non-
wheat relatives
Ex. 38, ooo Aegilops
speltoides SNPs
45. 820K Array ~ 593,755 validated SNPs
Axiom 384HT
Breeders chip
~35K SNPs
Mapped,
Codominant
Even coverage
Good PIC score
Axiom 384HT
Progenitors
~35K SNPs
Axiom 384HT
Others…
~35K SNPs
Being manufactured now.
Available to breeders
For spring 2014
Public and IP free!
Spring 2014
High Resolution Identification
of introgressions
46. A
B
D
Wheat ph1/ph1
X
Wild relative (R)
ph1
X
A
B
D
Wheat Ph1/Ph1
High throughput screening of 1000’s of BC1 and
subsequent backcross progeny to identify
recombinants
The technology is now available
to exploit the distant relatives of
wheat
Axiom®
35K array
Identify introgressions etc
+ KASP- used in later generations
47. A
B
D
Wheat ph1/ph1
X
Wild relative (R)
ph1
X
A
B
D
Wheat Ph1/Ph1
High throughput screening of 1000’s of BC1 and
subsequent backcross progeny to identify
recombinants
The technology is now available
to exploit the distant relatives of
wheat
Axiom®
35K array
Identify introgressions etc
+ KASP- used in later generations
Step change in
identification
and characterization of
Introgressions
48. Thinopyrum intermedium
440016 X Chinese Spring
Mutant P208/533
Thinopyrum elongatum
401007 X Chinese Spring
Mutant 84
Aegilops mutica 2130004
X Chinese Spring Euploid
94
Secale cereale 428373 X
Chinese Spring Mutant 84
Thinopyrum bessarabicum
531712 X Chinese Spring
Mutant 84
2. Wheat/ancestral introgression - Amphidiploids
49. - Develop a series of wheat/ancestral amphiploids from different species and accessions
(retaining the ancestral parents).
Wheat
X
Wild relative
Amphidiploids in a Paragon background
(Trait analysis – heat, salt, disease resistance etc)
Chromosome double
Season 1
Self
Season 2
Multiplication
Season 3/4
Trait analysis,
Phenotyping
platform
Ph1/Ph1
Ph1/Ph1
Ph1/Ph1 Ph1/Ph1
2. Wheat/ancestral introgression - Amphidiploids
50. – Colchicine – (Colchicum autumnale – autumn crocus)
inhibits microtubule polymerization
by binding to tubulin - spindle poison
= inhibiting chromosome segregation during meiosis
– Caffeine - (Coffea arabica – coffee)
inhibits plant cell cytokinesis
after nuclear division transverse cell walls fail to form – binucleate cells
- sister nuclei fuse or enter mitosis together and become polyploid
• Wheat/distant relative F1 hybrids at 4 tiller stage
• Split plants in half, trim roots and shoots
• Treatment overnight with a solution of 0.1% Colchicine, 2% DMSO, Tween-20;
or 3 g/L caffeine
• Washing off traces, potting, cool temperature at start (15˚C)
• Tag ears that shed pollen – fertility still low, sometimes only later tillers affected
(8th or later)
• Very careful threshing
Chromosome doubling
51. Colchicine treated F1 hybrid plants.
F1 hybrid
shedding
pollen.
Aegilops speltoides x
Chinese Spring Eup
F1 hybrid
setting
seed.
Aegilops mutica x
Chinese Spring Eup
54. Secale anatolicum
x Chinese Spring
Euploid 94
(Amp 1/6)
56 chromosomes
Multicolour GISH
A genome – yellow; 14 chromosomes
B genome – purple; 14 chromosomes
D genome – red; 14 chromosomes
Rye genome –green; 14 chromosomes
55. Multicolour GISH
A genome – yellow-blue; 14 chromosomes
B genome – purple; 14 chromosomes
D genome – red; 12 chromosomes
Ae. mutica genome –green; 13 chromosomes
Aegilops mutica x
Chinese Spring
Euploid 94
(Amp 28/1)
53 chromosomes
56. Multicolour GISH
A genome – green; 11 chromosomes
B genome + Ae. speltoides genome – purple; 28 (14 + 14) chromosomes
D genome – red; 12 chromosomes
Aegilops speltoides
x Pavon 76
(Amp 43/1)
51 chromosomes
57. In order to obtain the maximum value from
the introgression material developed they
need to be screened for a wide range of traits
58. • Salt – India
• Heat/drought tolerance – Sydney, India, CIMMYT
• Water and nutrient use efficiency – Nottingham, Sydney, CIMMYT
• Mineral content (Boron/Aluminium) - Nottingham
• Roots – Nottingham, RRES
• Photosynthetic capacity/chloroplast cell structure/biomass – Nottingham, RRES,
CIMMYT
• Disease/Insect Resistance – RRES, Sydney, India, CIMMYT
• Biofuel (ethanol) – Nottingham
Phenotyping
Development of an international phenotyping platform -
to determine the potential of the introgressions being generated
59. Phenotyping
Photosynthesis
Found increased photosynthesis in some BC1 plants of Triticum urartu,
Aegilops speltoides and Thinopyrum bessarabicum – actually all
the species he looked at.
The Triticum urartu and Thinopyrum bessarabicum BC1 plants of interest
have been included in the genotypes sent to Bristol for genotyping.
SCPRID PhD student – Cannan - has continued the work. Found plants of
interest among the BC3 Aegilops speltoides.
Disease resistance
Fusarium head blight, JIC; Take – all, RRES
Biofuels
62. New collaboration: The University of Nottingham
£2.2M The University of Sydney
Directorate of Wheat Research, India
Agharkar Research Institute, India
CIMMYT
New amphidiploids to be screened on numerous sites in UK,
Australia and India for wide range of phenotypic characteristics:
Water use efficiency
Nitrogen use efficiency
Mineral uptake
Photosynthetic capacity
Rust resistance
India and Australia
SCPRID Programme
63. Screening novel wheat germplasm in SCPRID (UoN/DWR/ARI)
Four Indian students recruited to start in academic year 2013-14
• Urmila Devi (introgression work)
• Jaswant Singh (tolerance to hostile soils / root phenotyping)
• Ajit Nehe (nitrogen-use efficiency)
• Kannan Chinnathambi (photosynthetic efficiency)
The three‘physiology’ students based in India until June 2014 (DWR/ARI)
Jaswant will start work immediately with DWR supervisors to establish field-trial plots:
- 6 sites of poor quality soils
- 1 standard site with 2x N-levels
Ajit and Kannan return to India in Oct./Nov. 2013 following initial training
2013/14: Indian genotypes (n=40, 4 replicate plots), root and shoot traits measured
2014/15: Amphidiploid material and Indian genotypes (n=40)
2015/16: Amphidiploid material (n=40)
2016/17: Amphidiploid material (n=40)
Jaswant, Ajit and Kannan will spend periods of 2014 and 2015 in UK to develop high-
throughput assays for root and shoot phenotyping of all ancestral lines, amphidiploids
and introgression series. This will inform choice of material for bulking and field-trials.
68. Root phenotyping (very high throughput)
Item unit cost (£ excl. VAT) Unit per tank Cost per tank (£ excl. VAT)
Frames and panels 152.55 152.55
Water reservoirs (custom drip trays) 32.80 9 295.20
19" X 24" Anchor paper (inc. cutting) 0.212 192 40.70
240 mm x 300 mm black polythene 0.0114 192 2.19
Q Connect foldback clip 19 mm 0.0072 192 1.38
Hoagland’s solution (16.3 g) 17.20 2.88 g 2.72
CAPITAL COSTS: £447.75 per tank
+camera and stand
RECURRING ITEMS: £0.25 /individual
STAFF: £0.70 /individual
GROWTH-ROOM: £0.50 /individual
Sowing: <5 person hours per tank, <£0.50 per individual at £18 h-1
Imaging: <2 person hours per tank, <£0.20 per individual at £18 h-1
Growth room costs: £100 per tank per run = £0.50 per individual, assume £8k per year at £200 per week for 40 weeks
Current cost = ~£1.45 per individual, excl. capital depreciation
69. 5214 kb 949 kb
Very high throughput, 20k plants per year feasible for one person….
Root phenotyping (very high throughput)
72. Glasgow Ae. buncialis Ae. uniaristata T. dicocchodies Ae. variablis
Ae. genticulata Ae. markgafii Ae. columnaris T. urartu Ae. peregrina
Glasgow Ae. biuncialis Ae. uniaristata T. dicoccoidies Ae. variablis
Ae. genticulata Ae. markgafii Ae. columnaris T. urartu Ae. peregrina
73. Hounsfield CT Facility
An X-ray Computed Tomography Facility for Rhizosphere Research
Key Features
• 3 CT Scanners working from 0.5 µm to 5 mm resolution
• Accommodating samples up to 25 cm diameter & 1 m length
• Rapid scanning within 10 minutes
• Automated sampling system enabling 4-D visualisation
• Automated root imaging via RooTrak
• New Building opening Feb 2014
Malcolm Bennett
78. http://wheatisp.org/
“In the next 50 years, we will need to harvest as much wheat as has been produced
since the beginning of agriculture, some 10,000 years ago."
The BBSRC wheat breeding programme is divided into 4 pillars (Landraces, Synthetics, Alien Introgression, Elite Wheats) and 2 themes (Phenotyping
and Genotyping). These are represented by the 6 circles below; each is clickable and takes you to the website of the respective area).
Free of IP
79. Ian & Julie King
Csilla Nemeth
Surbhi Mehra
Caiyun Yang
Paul Kasprzak
Duncan Scholefield
Stella Edwards
Stephen Ashling
PhD Students:
Jonathan Atkinson
Urmila Dogra
Paul Waldron
Jason Raynor
Lauren Baker
Jack Heath
New Postdoctoral Researchers
Andras Cseh - Hungary
Glacy Silva - Brazil
Research Fellow BBSRC/Nottingham
Research Fellow BBSRC/Nottingham
Postdoc position ERC
King’s Group
http://www.wheatisp.org/