Pulses provide protein but have incomplete amino acid profiles. Major constraints to pulse production include indeterminate growth, long selection, poor soils, inadequate fertilizer and protection. Strategies to increase self-sufficiency include strengthening seed systems, ensuring remunerative prices, expanding area using fallow/waste lands, and developing short-duration, pest-resistant varieties. Breeding objectives for pulses include yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Methods include selection, hybridization, population improvement, and mutation breeding.

3. PULSES
Generally gives lower yields than
the cereals
Rich in protein
The protein from pulses are
incomplete
Good source of lysine, tryptophan
and threonine but are low in
sulphur containing amino acids
methionine, cystine and cystene
which adequate in cereals.

4. Major pulse production country

6. IMPORTANCE OF PULSES

7. Major constraints of Pulse production
1. Indeterminate growth habit
2. Long continued natural selection
3. Cultivation on poor soils
4. Inadequate use of fertilizers
5. Inadequate plant protection measures
6. Rainfed cultivation
7. Photo sensitiveness

8. To achieve self-sufficiency in pulses
• Short-term strategies
Strengthening seed delivery system by encouraging high-quality seed
production of pulses
Ensuring remunerative prices for farmers by judicious consideration of
Minimum Support Price (MSP)
Effective procurement by arranging procurement centers close to
producers
Skilling of pulse growers on modern production practices with help
from Krishi Vigyan Kendras

9. • Medium-term strategies
Expansion of area under pulses by utilizing fallow lands
and reclaimed wastelands for pulses production
Forming Farmer-Producer Organizations (FPOs) for
value addition through processing of pulses and
shortening of the value chain
Customization and development of farm equipment,
including app-based hiring
Setting up of storage and warehousing in rural areas

10. • Long-term strategies
Developing short-duration and pest- and disease-resistant cultivars,
with adequate funding support for R&D
Integrating pulses into the public distribution system (PDS) to ensure
minimum consumption by poor households even during scarcity

11. Breeding Objectives:
• 1.High yield with early maturity.
• 2.Resistant wilt, podborer flowerdrop.
• 3.Breeding for nonshattering
• 4.Breeding for profuse branching and fruiting
• 5.Breeding for better quality
• 6.Breeding for seedquality
• 7.Breeding for oil quality and quantity.

13. Steps Involved in Hybridization
• The process of hybridization involved following steps
• :i)Choice of the Parents
• ii) Evaluation of the parents
• iii)Selfing of parents
• iv) Emasculation
• v)Bagging
• vi) Tagging
• vii)Pollination
• viii) Harvesting
• ix) Threshing, drying and storage etc

14. Breeding in pulses

15. Breeding procedure in pulses
• Self pollinated pulses
1. Plant Introduction
2. Pure line selection
3. Mass selection
4. Pedigree method 5. Bulk method
6. Single seed descent method
7. Backcross method
8. Heterosis breeding
9. Mutation breeding
10. Polyploidy breeding
11. Distant hybridization
12. Transgenic breeding.

16. • Often cross pollinated
• 1. Plant introduction
• 2. Mass and progeny selection
• 3. Backcross method
• 4. Heterosis breeding
• 5. Synthetic breeding
• 6. Composite breeding
• 7. Polyploidy breeding
• 8. Distant hybridization
• 9. Transgenic breeding

17. Some Important Breeding Method
MASS SELECTION

18. PURE LINE SELECTION

19. Pedigree Method

20. BACKCROSS METHOD
Dominant Back cross-

21. Recessive Backcross

22. Production of synthetic Variety

23. Somaclone Variation

25. Genetics Resources in Pulses

26. Marker used in different trait in Pulses

28. IMPORTANT PULSES CROP IMPROVEMENT

29. Chickpea
• Breeding Objectives:
• 1. Increased seed yield
• 2. Increased biomass, tall, erect and compact cultivars
• 3. Resistance to diseases like A, blight, Fusarium wilt, Root rot,
Botrytis grey mold.
• 4. Resistance to insect pests – Pod borer
• 5. Tolerance to stress environments
• a) Cold b) Heat c) Drought d) Saline and Alkaline.

30. • Breeding procedures:
• 1. Pedigree method: for resistance breeding (disease, insect, nematode,
orobanche spp)
• 2. Modified bulk method : for stress situations (drought, cold, heat, iron
deficiency)
• 3. Back cross method: for interspecific hybridization. Limited backcross (one or
two) for
• desi x kabuli introgression and also for resistance breeding. Resistance to fusarion
wild
• can be easily transferred from desi to kabuli type
• 4. Somaclonal variation: through plant tissue culture appears to be a potential
tool for
• generation and exploitation of useful variability.

31. • Plant type in chickpea
• 1. Compact plant type
• 2. Medium tall are preferred
• 3. Optimum number of primary and
secondary and minimum number of
tertiary branches
• 4. Photo thermo sensitiveness
• 5. Determinate growth habit for
harvesting uniform produce
• 6. Well developed nodules

32. RED GRAM(Arhar,Tur)
• Also known as PEGION PEA
• Botanical name: Cajanus cajan
• Chromosome number: 2n=22Family:
(leguminoseae)
• Place of origin-Africa/Asia
• Wild species-Cajanus kersting
• Related crossable genera:Rhynchosia

33. • Cajanus cajan var bicolor(Arhar) is
perennial, late maturing, large bushy
plant bearing purple streaked yellow
flower.
• Cajanus cajan var flavus(Tur) is short
duration, early maturing,colour of
standard petal is yellow, pods are
green.

34. BREEDING OBJECTIVES OF RED GRAM
• 1. Evolution of long duration high yielding variety suitable for rainfed
to replace the local land races: SA1 - Released during 1940 Co6 result
of mutation breeding
• 2. To evolve short duration (105 days) varieties suitable for irrigated /
mixed crop with ground nut. ICPL 87-ICRISATVamban 1-110 days.
• 3. Breeding for bold grain type with desirable seed coat colorHY 3C
long duration variety with dull white seed coat and bold grains
• 4. Breeding for vegetable type Hosur area – Green pods with bold
seeds are used as substitute for green peas. Perennial types like
Attapadi local are used. BSRI is a perennial red gram whose green
pods are used as vegetable.

35. 5. Breeding for resistance to pests. Heliothis is the major pest, Terminal cluster
types are highly susceptible. All our varieties are highly susceptible.
6. Breeding for disease resistance : Sterility mosaic, root rot, blight are important
diseases. Wild species Cajanus scaraboides, C.lineata are having resistance.
7. Breeding for high protein content and qualities Mean protein content 23%. O The
wild species have 27% to 29%.
Red seed coat contains more polyphenol (Tannin) than white seed coat. So
preference is towards white seed coat.Red grain contains lesser amount of
sulphurcontaining amino acid. When we increase protein content there will be
lesser amount of these amino acids. So care is to be taken to increase them.
8. Breeding high yielding perennial redgram suitable for bund cropping BSR 1,
Attapadi selections

36. BREEDING METHODS
• 1. Introduction:E.g. Prabhat short duration variety from IARI, ICPL 87
from ICRISAT.
• 2. Pure line selectionEarlier breeding work was based on the
assumption that Redgram is a self pollinated crop.➤ However it was
later found to be often crosspollinated crop. SAI is a pure line
selection from Tirupathur local.

37. • 3. Hybridization and selection :
• ➤ Inter varietal: VBN 1 (Prabath x NY 34) (T.12 x 102)
• Inter generic: C. cajanus x Cajanus lineataC.cajanus x C. scaraboides
are being attempted

38. 4-. Population improvement:
• Using male sterile line and recurrent selection methods, two populations
are used, one is seed parent and the other is pollen parent.
• The seed parent must have one or two easily identifiable recessive
character and the pollen parent more dominant genes.
• The seed and pollen parents are sown in alternate rows so as to maximize
natural cross pollination.
• The F¹'s and selfed ones are identified in, So generation. Theidentified F¹s
are space planted in the next generation S¹.
• In S2 generation they are yield tested in 3 environments and best ones are
either recycled or taken to conventionalbreeding programme.

40. • 5. Mutation breeding
Co2 Chemical mutagenesis EMS.
Co5 Mutant of Co 1 gamma rays.
Co6 Mutant of SA 1 gamma rays.
• 6. Heterosis breeding
Ms T 21 x ICPL 87109 CoRH 1
Ms Co 5 x ICPL 83027 CORH 2

41. Red gram Ideal plant type
• Long duration
1. The genotype that have steady rate of growth and have a moderate harvest index.
2. High seed weight
3. Long pods
4. Increased number of pod bearing branches.
• Short duration
1. Dwarf in nature with erect branches having high dry matterproduction
2. High seed wt.
3. Long pods
4. Increased no of seeds / Pod
5. Less flower drop.

42. BLACK GRAM
• •Also known as URAD, ULUNDU
• Scientific name: Vigna mungo
• Chromosome number: 2n = 22, 24Family:Origin: India
• Parents: V. trinerivus/V. Sublobataor V.mungo var. sylvestris.
• Wild relatives: Hepper var. Silvestris Lukoki, Marechal & Otoul

43. Breeding objectives of Black Gram
• 1. Evolving medium duration high yielding varieties for dry land
cultivation: Co5 black gram. Suitable for dry land cultivation.
• 2. Evolving short duration high yielding varieties suitable forirrigated
conditions: This can be used as mixed crop in cotton, turmeric Short
duration varieties are Co2, Vamban 1, 2 and 3.
• 3. Evolving short duration varieties suitable for rice
followconditionADT 3

44. • 4. Breeding varieties resistant to diseases• YMV is a serious disease. Leaf
crinkle virus, powdery mildew.VBN 1, Karaikal, BDN 1, VBN 2, VBN 3-
resistant to YMV
• 5. Pest:White fly vector for YMV and leaf crinkle, leaf eating caterpillar
• 6. Breeding for better quality⚫ 24% protein. There are lines having 27%
protein. These can beutilised Quality of black gram is determined by
• a) Protein content
• b) Methionine content 1.17%
• c) cooking quality – Time
• d) % of hard seeds
• e) Dhall recovery 70%

45. Breeding methods
• 1. Introduction : E.g. T.9 from U.P.
• 2. Pure line selection :Co3- Alangudi localCo5 - musiri local
• 3. Hybridization and selection
•
• a) Intervarietial KM 2 (Derivative from T9 x L.64)
• TMV 1 – Derivative from Midhiulundu x KM1 ADT 4-29 x AD 2 x 6114 VBN 3- LBG 402 x
LBG 17.
• b) Inter specific :
• Vigna mungo x V.mungo var.sylvestris – Pant nagar.
• YMV resistant lines obtained. But pod shatters.More number of Back crosses suggested.
Vigna mungo x V.radiata for increasing pod length,digestibility.
Sterility is the main problem. Few plants obtained revert back to parental form. 21

46. • 4) Mutation breedingVariety Co4 - derived from Co1 by EMS
treatment
• 5) Embryo rescue Attempted in - inter specific crosses.

47. Ideal plant type
For irrigated and Rice fallows
Determinate type,
short duration,
high dry matterproducing with 30cm plant ht.
Photo insensitive.
For rainfed condition.
• Semi determinate with pod setting from base of the main stem
• Higher pod length and more number of seeds/pod.

48. CASE STUDIES

49. Advances in genetics and molecular breeding of three
legume cropsof semi-arid tropics using next-generation
sequencing and high-throughput genotyping
technologies
• Molecular markers are the most powerful genomic tools to increase the efficiency and precision of breeding practices
for crop improvement. Progress in the development of genomic resources in the leading legume crops of the semi-arid
tropics (SAT), namely, chickpea (Cicer arietinum), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), as
compared to other crop species like cereals, has been very slow. With the advances in next-generation sequencing
(NGS) and high-throughput (HTP) genotyping methods, there is a shift in development of genomic resources
including molecular markers in these crops. For instance, 2,000 to 3,000 novel simple sequence repeats (SSR)
markers have been developed each for chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut. Based on Sanger, 454/FLX and
Illumina transcript reads, transcriptome assemblies have been developed for chickpea (44,845 transcript
assembly contigs, or TACs) and pigeonpea (21,434 TACs). Illumina sequencing of some parental genotypes
of mapping populations has resulted in the development of 120 million reads for chickpea and 128.9 million
reads for pigeonpea. Alignment of these Illumina reads with respective transcriptome assemblies have
provided >10,000 SNPs each in chickpea and pigeonpea. A variety of SNP genotyping platforms including
GoldenGate, VeraCode and Competitive Allele Specific PCR (KASPar) assays have been developed in
chickpea and pigeonpea.

50. Schematic representation of microsatellite development and microsatellite enriched libraries,BAC-end sequences and transcriptoria
resources developed through Sanger and next-generation sequencing technologies.

51. Development of gene-based SNP markers for chickpea and pigeonpea using next-generation sequencing and high-throughput
genotyping technologies.

52. Crop Improvement from Phenotyping Roots:
Highlights Reveal Expanding Opportunities
Saoirse R. Tracy,1 Kerstin A. Nagel,2 Johannes A. Postma,2 Heike Fassbender,2 Anton
Wasson,3
and Michelle Watt2,
Root systems determine the water and nutrients for photosynthesis and harvested products, un-
derpinning agricultural productivity. We highlight 11 programs that integrated root traits into
germplasm for breeding, relying on phenotyping. Progress was successful but slow. Today’s
phenotyping technologies will speed up root trait improvement. They combine multiple new
alleles in germplasm for target environments, in parallel. Roots and shoots are detected simulta-
neously and nondestructively, seed to seed measures are automated, and field and laboratory
technologies are increasingly linked. Available simulation models can aid all phenotyping deci-
sions. This century will see a shift from single root traits to rhizosphere selections that can be
managed dynamically on farms and a shift to phenotype-based improvement to accommodate
the dynamic complexity of whole crop systems.

54. Whole-Plant Phenotyping

55. Faster Selection and Pyramiding of Beneficial Traits with Nondestructive, Whole-Plant and Seed
to Seed Phenotyping.

56. Mathematical Models and Their Contributions to Root and Shoot Phenotyping for Trait-Based
Breeding.

57. Marker-assisted Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
Saikat Gantait1,2, Sutanu Sarkar1,2, and Sandeep Kumar Verma3

58. RAPD assisted selection of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)
towards the development of multiple disease resistant germplasm
B. Vishalakshi1 • B. Umakanth1 • Anirudh P. Shanbhag2 • Arindam Ghatak4 •
Nitish Sathyanarayanan5 • M. S. Madhav1 • G. Gopala Krishna3 • Hari Yadla6
Black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), is an extensively studied food crop which is affected by many abiotic
and biotic factors, especially diseases. The yield potential of Black gram is shallow due to lack of genetic
variability and biotic stress susceptibility. Core biotic stress factors include mung bean yellow mosaic virus
(MYMV), urdbean leaf crinkle virus (UCLV), wilt (Fusarium oxys- porum) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe
polygoni DC). Although many studies determine resistant varieties to a particular disease, however, it is
often complimented by low yield and susceptibility to other diseases. Hence, this study focuses on
investigating the genetic relationships among three varieties and nine accessions of black gram having
disease resistance to previously described diseases and susceptibility using random amplified polymorphic
deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD) markers. A total of 33 RAPD primers were used for diversity analysis and
yield.206 fragments. Number of amplified fragments ranged from two (OPN-1) to 13 (OPF-1). The highest
similarity coefficient was observed between IC-145202 and IC- 164118 (0.921), while lowest similarity was
between PU- 31 and IC-145202 (0.572). The genetic diversity obtained in this study along with disease
analysis suggests PU31as a useful variety for the development of markers linked to MYMV, UCLV, wilt and
powdery mildew resistance by marker-assisted back cross breeding and facilitates the production of
crosses with multiple disease resistance.

60. Conclusion
• Due to climate change there is several times reduction in the Pulses
yield year after year
• Breeder should focus on developing variety which are resistantce to
biotic and abiotic stress
• Stability and diversity in the Pulses helps to produce superior
varieties.
• Heterosis breeding programme should conduct between the superior
parents to get better offspring which are resistantce towards the
climate change