Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The goal is to insert desirable genes from other organisms to produce crops with improved traits like pest or disease resistance, increased yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Some examples of transgenic crops include insect-resistant corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant soybeans, and golden rice which is enriched with vitamin A. While transgenic crops offer advantages to farmers and consumers, some concerns exist around their impact on human health, the environment, and traditional farming practices. Ongoing research continues to assess both the promises and risks of this emerging agricultural technology.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Genetic Engineering - Chris Leaverb4fa
Introduction to genetic engineering technologies and principles at B4FA 2013 Accra media fellowship workshop
For more information please see www.b4fa.org
Technical expert
group
Review all GM projects
Give final approval for
commercialization
Monitor biosafety of GM
crops
Regulatory Process for Commercialization of GM Crops in India
1. IBSC approval for contained research
2. RCGM approval for field trials
3. GEAC approval for:
- Confined field trials
- Biosafety research level trials
- Multi-location trials
4. GEAC approval for commercial release after:
- Agronomic data
- Food and feed safety studies
- Environmental risk assessment studies
- Monitoring plan
5. Post-release monitoring by GEAC
Regulatory Process for Commercialization of GM Crops in India
1. IB
Biotechnological approaches for crop improvementShafqat Farooq
What is crop breeding?
Modifying, tailoring, and/or engineering plants
making them more suitable for humans
Modification means converting (e.g.):
a. Tall height to short height,
b. Late maturing to early maturing,
c. Disease susceptible to disease resistant,
d. Low yielding to high yielding,
e. Stress susceptible to stress tolerant
f. Low food quality to high food quality
Mutation breeding involves deliberately inducing mutations in plant varieties to generate genetic diversity for crop improvement. The document discusses the history, techniques, and achievements of mutation breeding. It describes how mutations can be induced using physical or chemical mutagens and the procedures for handling segregating populations. Mutation breeding has been used to develop improved varieties with traits like increased yield, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and quality. India has released many successful mutant crop varieties, especially in rice and chickpeas, through research centers like IARI. While mutation breeding can lead to quick gains, it also has limitations like unpredictability and costs of screening large populations.
Transgenic plants are plants that have had their genomes modified through genetic engineering by adding or removing genes. Genetic engineering can make plants resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, or environmental stresses. Some applications of transgenic plants include producing insect-resistant crops using Bt genes, virus-resistant crops, increasing crop yields, improving nutrition by adding essential amino acids, and using plants to produce industrial compounds. Commercially grown transgenic crops include herbicide-resistant soybeans and insect-resistant corn and cotton.
Characteristics Improvement in Plant BreedingDev Hingra
Dev Hingra discusses techniques for improving plant characteristics in breeding programs. Genetic variation is created through crosses between plants and new varieties are selected and tested. Classical breeding techniques include self-pollination and cross-pollination to produce new varieties. Modern techniques use molecular biology and genetic modification to insert desirable traits. Genetic modification can produce desired traits faster than classical breeding. Future plant breeding will integrate both classical and new techniques like molecular markers to improve efficiency and effectiveness in crop improvement.
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The goal is to insert desirable genes from other organisms to produce crops with improved traits like pest or disease resistance, increased yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Some examples of transgenic crops include insect-resistant corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant soybeans, and golden rice which is enriched with vitamin A. While transgenic crops offer advantages to farmers and consumers, some concerns exist around their impact on human health, the environment, and traditional farming practices. Ongoing research continues to assess both the promises and risks of this emerging agricultural technology.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Genetic Engineering - Chris Leaverb4fa
Introduction to genetic engineering technologies and principles at B4FA 2013 Accra media fellowship workshop
For more information please see www.b4fa.org
Technical expert
group
Review all GM projects
Give final approval for
commercialization
Monitor biosafety of GM
crops
Regulatory Process for Commercialization of GM Crops in India
1. IBSC approval for contained research
2. RCGM approval for field trials
3. GEAC approval for:
- Confined field trials
- Biosafety research level trials
- Multi-location trials
4. GEAC approval for commercial release after:
- Agronomic data
- Food and feed safety studies
- Environmental risk assessment studies
- Monitoring plan
5. Post-release monitoring by GEAC
Regulatory Process for Commercialization of GM Crops in India
1. IB
Biotechnological approaches for crop improvementShafqat Farooq
What is crop breeding?
Modifying, tailoring, and/or engineering plants
making them more suitable for humans
Modification means converting (e.g.):
a. Tall height to short height,
b. Late maturing to early maturing,
c. Disease susceptible to disease resistant,
d. Low yielding to high yielding,
e. Stress susceptible to stress tolerant
f. Low food quality to high food quality
Mutation breeding involves deliberately inducing mutations in plant varieties to generate genetic diversity for crop improvement. The document discusses the history, techniques, and achievements of mutation breeding. It describes how mutations can be induced using physical or chemical mutagens and the procedures for handling segregating populations. Mutation breeding has been used to develop improved varieties with traits like increased yield, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and quality. India has released many successful mutant crop varieties, especially in rice and chickpeas, through research centers like IARI. While mutation breeding can lead to quick gains, it also has limitations like unpredictability and costs of screening large populations.
Transgenic plants are plants that have had their genomes modified through genetic engineering by adding or removing genes. Genetic engineering can make plants resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, or environmental stresses. Some applications of transgenic plants include producing insect-resistant crops using Bt genes, virus-resistant crops, increasing crop yields, improving nutrition by adding essential amino acids, and using plants to produce industrial compounds. Commercially grown transgenic crops include herbicide-resistant soybeans and insect-resistant corn and cotton.
Characteristics Improvement in Plant BreedingDev Hingra
Dev Hingra discusses techniques for improving plant characteristics in breeding programs. Genetic variation is created through crosses between plants and new varieties are selected and tested. Classical breeding techniques include self-pollination and cross-pollination to produce new varieties. Modern techniques use molecular biology and genetic modification to insert desirable traits. Genetic modification can produce desired traits faster than classical breeding. Future plant breeding will integrate both classical and new techniques like molecular markers to improve efficiency and effectiveness in crop improvement.
Potential impact of transgenic crops(GMOs) on biodiversity bikram giri
This presentation focus on the impact of genetically modified organism and plants on the biodiversity.This deals with the focus on the health related issue and environmental causes.Hope this presentation will be helpful to you all.Thanks
TOPIC:TRANSGENIC CROPS AND THEIR IMPLICATION IN ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SAFETYVipin Pandey
Transgenes means genetically modified genesThe term transgenic was first used by Gordon and Ruddle in 1981.
Transgenic crops are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. They are identified as a class of genetically modified organism (GMO)
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS IN VEGETABLE IMPROVEMENTshikha singh
This document summarizes M.Sc student Saurabh Singh's seminar presentation on the topic of biotechnology. It defines biotechnology and traces its origins. It describes various biotechnology techniques like tissue culture, genetic engineering, marker assisted selection, and their applications in crop improvement. These techniques help overcome limitations of conventional breeding by allowing precise gene transfer and introducing traits from unrelated species. The document also discusses some challenges of biotechnology like high costs, stability of transgene expression, and potential ecological impacts. It sees opportunities to further develop biotechnology in India with more research investment and scientific capabilities.
Role of biotechnology in enhancing fruit crop production and qualityankit gawri
It was evident that developed biotechnological approaches have the potential to enhance the yield, quality, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables to meet the demands of the 21st century. However, the developed biotech approaches for fruits and vegetables were more of academic jargon than a commercial reality
Environmental issues associated with transgenic cropsSheetal Mehla
This document summarizes environmental issues associated with transgenic crops. It discusses direct effects on biodiversity and non-target organisms from GM crops. One example discussed is early research suggesting Bt corn may harm monarch butterflies, but later studies found large-scale cultivation does not significantly impact monarch populations. The document also covers pollen-mediated gene transfer between crops and wild varieties, as well as concerns about horizontal gene transfer and invasiveness of GM crops. Indirect effects from changes in farming practices associated with GM crops are also noted.
The document discusses various applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crop improvement. It provides examples of transgenic plants developed with improved nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and for producing pharmaceuticals. Specifically, it describes the development of golden rice with enhanced vitamin A content and Bt crops with insect resistance. The use of genetic engineering to develop herbicide and disease resistant crops as well as plants with enhanced traits like drought and salt tolerance is also covered.
This document discusses transgenic and genetically modified plants. It outlines several important traits for crop improvement through genetic engineering, including high yield, nutritional quality, stress tolerance, and pest resistance. It provides examples of transgenic plants developed for various purposes, such as herbicide and insect resistance, delayed fruit ripening, nutritional enhancement, and virus resistance. The document focuses on transgenic plants developed for herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, virus resistance, delayed fruit ripening, and nutritional enhancement through examples like Golden Rice.
Genetic engineering and development of transgenic plantsNisha Nepoleon
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic plants with desirable traits. The process involves introducing foreign genes into plant cells, which are then regenerated into whole plants. Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been introduced to many crops like cotton, corn and potatoes to make them resistant to pests. Other genes introduced include protease inhibitors and alpha amylase inhibitors. While transgenic plants can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, some risks include increased allergenicity and the development of resistance in pest populations.
recent advances in vegetable breeding through biotechnological and molecular ...CHF, CAU Pasighat
This document discusses advances in vegetable breeding using biotechnology and molecular tools. It describes various techniques such as tissue culture, embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, genetic engineering, and molecular approaches that are used. Tissue culture techniques discussed include meristem culture and anther culture. Case studies demonstrate the use of these techniques in crops like ginger, potato, and broccoli. Molecular tools discussed are molecular markers, gene tagging, genome sequencing, and their applications in assessing genetic diversity and aiding breeding programs in crops like potato, tomato, bean and pea.
Transgenic crops can be used to introduce traits that are difficult or impossible to combine through traditional breeding methods. The document discusses using transgenic methods to introduce virus and insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and quality traits like increased nutrients and shelf life into various vegetable crops. Specific examples discussed include brinjal with resistance to fruit and shoot borer, tomato with increased lycopene, zinc, and shelf life. The document compares traditional breeding to transgenic methods and lists the status of development for some GM vegetable crops in India.
Tarns-genesis and development of transgenic plantAhmad Ali khan
This document provides an overview of transgenesis and the development of transgenic plants. It defines key terms like transgene and transgenic plants. It describes traditional plant breeding techniques and compares them to transgenic technology. Transgenic technology allows genes to be transferred between any organisms, while traditional breeding is limited to the same genus. Reasons for developing transgenic plants include crop improvement, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. The document outlines the process of developing transgenic plants, including vector-mediated gene transfer using Agrobacterium and biolistic methods. It provides examples of transgenic plants created for insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and more. Both advantages and disadvantages of transgenic plants are discussed.
Efectos potenciales a la salud por transgenicos y pesticidasCHST
1. The document discusses potential human health effects from genetically engineered crops and pesticides, including concerns about Bt crops and glyphosate.
2. Studies have found that Bt toxins from crops can survive digestion and negatively impact gut cells in mice. Bt toxins have also been shown to strongly stimulate the immune system.
3. Further testing is recommended to demonstrate the safety of Cry1A proteins and ensure genetically engineered crops do not pose risks to human health before they are commercialized.
Transgenic plants are crop plants that contain genes artificially inserted from unrelated species. This allows plant breeders to generate more productive varieties with new trait combinations beyond traditional breeding. The process involves identifying, isolating, and cloning a novel gene, transforming the target plant, selecting transgenic tissues, and regenerating the plant. Common transgenic crops provide herbicide resistance, insect resistance using Bt genes, virus resistance, altered oil content, delayed fruit ripening, and drought tolerance. These traits aim to improve crop yields, qualities, and resist biotic and abiotic stresses.
Transgenic plant with improved nutritional qualityDr. Kirti Mehta
This document summarizes the development of Golden Rice, a genetically engineered rice variety that produces beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. It was developed to address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries where rice is a staple crop. The document describes how researchers introduced genes from daffodil and bacteria to complete the beta-carotene biosynthesis pathway in rice endosperm. Early research demonstrated beta-carotene production in transgenic rice. Further work improved beta-carotene levels and introduced the trait into indica rice varieties commonly consumed in Asia where vitamin A deficiency is widespread. The goal of Golden Rice is to provide a sustainable solution to prevent blindness and other health issues caused by vitamin A deficiency.
Biotchnological approaches in insect pest control vikiVaibhav Wadhwa
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches used in agricultural control, including tissue culture techniques, rDNA technology, and development of transgenic crops. It focuses on rDNA technology, explaining how foreign genes can be directly or vector-mediated transferred into crop plants. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes to develop insect-resistant crops is described in detail, including the mechanism of action of Bt toxins. The document also discusses using plant protease inhibitor genes to develop insect-resistant transgenic plants, with some successes and failures noted.
This document describes research on producing double haploids in the ornamental plant Primula via anther culture. The researchers determined the optimal microspore developmental stage for culture by examining bud size and morphology. Anthers at specific stages were cultured on media with different plant growth regulator combinations. Callus formed from some anthers, and some calli regenerated shoots. The ploidy levels of regenerated plants were determined using flow cytometry and cytology. Plants with haploid, diploid and mixoploid levels were identified. The study developed a protocol for generating double haploids in Primula through microspore culture, aiming to provide a more efficient breeding method for this ornamental crop.
Transgenic crops are genetically modified crops containing genes artificially inserted from another species. The first GM crop was a tobacco plant in 1982, and the first approved for sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994. GM crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to speed up traditional breeding and introduce a wider variety of genes. Potential benefits include increased yields, insect and disease resistance, and improved nutrition. However, there are also concerns about the impacts on human and environmental health.
1. The document discusses transgenic or genetically modified crops. Transgenic crops are defined as plants containing genes artificially introduced from other organisms.
2. The history of transgenic crop development is reviewed, noting the first transgenic tobacco in 1983, and first commercial crops like Bt cotton in 2002. Methods of genetic engineering allow direct transfer of one or few genes between closely or distantly related species.
3. GM crops can help address climate change by reducing fuel use and soil erosion from practices like no-till farming. However, there are also risks to consider from unintended effects of gene transfer and development of pest resistance.
Application of Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement through TransgenesisAnik Banik
Genetic engineering techniques like transgenesis allow for direct manipulation of crop genes to develop improved varieties. The process involves isolating a gene of interest, cloning it, designing it for plant transformation, and inserting it into a crop plant using methods like Agrobacterium or particle bombardment. This allows transfer of beneficial traits like pest/disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and higher yields to address challenges like increasing food demand. Genetic diversity is important for crop adaptation to future environments, so conservation efforts are needed to preserve this diversity.
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
Crop variety improvement is done through hybridization or genetic modification. Hybridization involves crossing genetically dissimilar plants to produce offspring with desirable traits like disease resistance, quality, and higher yields. It can be intervarietal, interspecific, or intergeneric. Genetic modification introduces a gene to obtain a desired characteristic and produces genetically modified crops. The goals of variety improvement are to increase yield, improve quality, add biotic and abiotic resistance, adjust maturity duration, and develop wider adaptability.
Potential impact of transgenic crops(GMOs) on biodiversity bikram giri
This presentation focus on the impact of genetically modified organism and plants on the biodiversity.This deals with the focus on the health related issue and environmental causes.Hope this presentation will be helpful to you all.Thanks
TOPIC:TRANSGENIC CROPS AND THEIR IMPLICATION IN ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SAFETYVipin Pandey
Transgenes means genetically modified genesThe term transgenic was first used by Gordon and Ruddle in 1981.
Transgenic crops are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. They are identified as a class of genetically modified organism (GMO)
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS IN VEGETABLE IMPROVEMENTshikha singh
This document summarizes M.Sc student Saurabh Singh's seminar presentation on the topic of biotechnology. It defines biotechnology and traces its origins. It describes various biotechnology techniques like tissue culture, genetic engineering, marker assisted selection, and their applications in crop improvement. These techniques help overcome limitations of conventional breeding by allowing precise gene transfer and introducing traits from unrelated species. The document also discusses some challenges of biotechnology like high costs, stability of transgene expression, and potential ecological impacts. It sees opportunities to further develop biotechnology in India with more research investment and scientific capabilities.
Role of biotechnology in enhancing fruit crop production and qualityankit gawri
It was evident that developed biotechnological approaches have the potential to enhance the yield, quality, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables to meet the demands of the 21st century. However, the developed biotech approaches for fruits and vegetables were more of academic jargon than a commercial reality
Environmental issues associated with transgenic cropsSheetal Mehla
This document summarizes environmental issues associated with transgenic crops. It discusses direct effects on biodiversity and non-target organisms from GM crops. One example discussed is early research suggesting Bt corn may harm monarch butterflies, but later studies found large-scale cultivation does not significantly impact monarch populations. The document also covers pollen-mediated gene transfer between crops and wild varieties, as well as concerns about horizontal gene transfer and invasiveness of GM crops. Indirect effects from changes in farming practices associated with GM crops are also noted.
The document discusses various applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crop improvement. It provides examples of transgenic plants developed with improved nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and for producing pharmaceuticals. Specifically, it describes the development of golden rice with enhanced vitamin A content and Bt crops with insect resistance. The use of genetic engineering to develop herbicide and disease resistant crops as well as plants with enhanced traits like drought and salt tolerance is also covered.
This document discusses transgenic and genetically modified plants. It outlines several important traits for crop improvement through genetic engineering, including high yield, nutritional quality, stress tolerance, and pest resistance. It provides examples of transgenic plants developed for various purposes, such as herbicide and insect resistance, delayed fruit ripening, nutritional enhancement, and virus resistance. The document focuses on transgenic plants developed for herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, virus resistance, delayed fruit ripening, and nutritional enhancement through examples like Golden Rice.
Genetic engineering and development of transgenic plantsNisha Nepoleon
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic plants with desirable traits. The process involves introducing foreign genes into plant cells, which are then regenerated into whole plants. Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been introduced to many crops like cotton, corn and potatoes to make them resistant to pests. Other genes introduced include protease inhibitors and alpha amylase inhibitors. While transgenic plants can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, some risks include increased allergenicity and the development of resistance in pest populations.
recent advances in vegetable breeding through biotechnological and molecular ...CHF, CAU Pasighat
This document discusses advances in vegetable breeding using biotechnology and molecular tools. It describes various techniques such as tissue culture, embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, genetic engineering, and molecular approaches that are used. Tissue culture techniques discussed include meristem culture and anther culture. Case studies demonstrate the use of these techniques in crops like ginger, potato, and broccoli. Molecular tools discussed are molecular markers, gene tagging, genome sequencing, and their applications in assessing genetic diversity and aiding breeding programs in crops like potato, tomato, bean and pea.
Transgenic crops can be used to introduce traits that are difficult or impossible to combine through traditional breeding methods. The document discusses using transgenic methods to introduce virus and insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and quality traits like increased nutrients and shelf life into various vegetable crops. Specific examples discussed include brinjal with resistance to fruit and shoot borer, tomato with increased lycopene, zinc, and shelf life. The document compares traditional breeding to transgenic methods and lists the status of development for some GM vegetable crops in India.
Tarns-genesis and development of transgenic plantAhmad Ali khan
This document provides an overview of transgenesis and the development of transgenic plants. It defines key terms like transgene and transgenic plants. It describes traditional plant breeding techniques and compares them to transgenic technology. Transgenic technology allows genes to be transferred between any organisms, while traditional breeding is limited to the same genus. Reasons for developing transgenic plants include crop improvement, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. The document outlines the process of developing transgenic plants, including vector-mediated gene transfer using Agrobacterium and biolistic methods. It provides examples of transgenic plants created for insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and more. Both advantages and disadvantages of transgenic plants are discussed.
Efectos potenciales a la salud por transgenicos y pesticidasCHST
1. The document discusses potential human health effects from genetically engineered crops and pesticides, including concerns about Bt crops and glyphosate.
2. Studies have found that Bt toxins from crops can survive digestion and negatively impact gut cells in mice. Bt toxins have also been shown to strongly stimulate the immune system.
3. Further testing is recommended to demonstrate the safety of Cry1A proteins and ensure genetically engineered crops do not pose risks to human health before they are commercialized.
Transgenic plants are crop plants that contain genes artificially inserted from unrelated species. This allows plant breeders to generate more productive varieties with new trait combinations beyond traditional breeding. The process involves identifying, isolating, and cloning a novel gene, transforming the target plant, selecting transgenic tissues, and regenerating the plant. Common transgenic crops provide herbicide resistance, insect resistance using Bt genes, virus resistance, altered oil content, delayed fruit ripening, and drought tolerance. These traits aim to improve crop yields, qualities, and resist biotic and abiotic stresses.
Transgenic plant with improved nutritional qualityDr. Kirti Mehta
This document summarizes the development of Golden Rice, a genetically engineered rice variety that produces beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. It was developed to address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries where rice is a staple crop. The document describes how researchers introduced genes from daffodil and bacteria to complete the beta-carotene biosynthesis pathway in rice endosperm. Early research demonstrated beta-carotene production in transgenic rice. Further work improved beta-carotene levels and introduced the trait into indica rice varieties commonly consumed in Asia where vitamin A deficiency is widespread. The goal of Golden Rice is to provide a sustainable solution to prevent blindness and other health issues caused by vitamin A deficiency.
Biotchnological approaches in insect pest control vikiVaibhav Wadhwa
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches used in agricultural control, including tissue culture techniques, rDNA technology, and development of transgenic crops. It focuses on rDNA technology, explaining how foreign genes can be directly or vector-mediated transferred into crop plants. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes to develop insect-resistant crops is described in detail, including the mechanism of action of Bt toxins. The document also discusses using plant protease inhibitor genes to develop insect-resistant transgenic plants, with some successes and failures noted.
This document describes research on producing double haploids in the ornamental plant Primula via anther culture. The researchers determined the optimal microspore developmental stage for culture by examining bud size and morphology. Anthers at specific stages were cultured on media with different plant growth regulator combinations. Callus formed from some anthers, and some calli regenerated shoots. The ploidy levels of regenerated plants were determined using flow cytometry and cytology. Plants with haploid, diploid and mixoploid levels were identified. The study developed a protocol for generating double haploids in Primula through microspore culture, aiming to provide a more efficient breeding method for this ornamental crop.
Transgenic crops are genetically modified crops containing genes artificially inserted from another species. The first GM crop was a tobacco plant in 1982, and the first approved for sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994. GM crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to speed up traditional breeding and introduce a wider variety of genes. Potential benefits include increased yields, insect and disease resistance, and improved nutrition. However, there are also concerns about the impacts on human and environmental health.
1. The document discusses transgenic or genetically modified crops. Transgenic crops are defined as plants containing genes artificially introduced from other organisms.
2. The history of transgenic crop development is reviewed, noting the first transgenic tobacco in 1983, and first commercial crops like Bt cotton in 2002. Methods of genetic engineering allow direct transfer of one or few genes between closely or distantly related species.
3. GM crops can help address climate change by reducing fuel use and soil erosion from practices like no-till farming. However, there are also risks to consider from unintended effects of gene transfer and development of pest resistance.
Application of Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement through TransgenesisAnik Banik
Genetic engineering techniques like transgenesis allow for direct manipulation of crop genes to develop improved varieties. The process involves isolating a gene of interest, cloning it, designing it for plant transformation, and inserting it into a crop plant using methods like Agrobacterium or particle bombardment. This allows transfer of beneficial traits like pest/disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and higher yields to address challenges like increasing food demand. Genetic diversity is important for crop adaptation to future environments, so conservation efforts are needed to preserve this diversity.
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
Crop variety improvement is done through hybridization or genetic modification. Hybridization involves crossing genetically dissimilar plants to produce offspring with desirable traits like disease resistance, quality, and higher yields. It can be intervarietal, interspecific, or intergeneric. Genetic modification introduces a gene to obtain a desired characteristic and produces genetically modified crops. The goals of variety improvement are to increase yield, improve quality, add biotic and abiotic resistance, adjust maturity duration, and develop wider adaptability.
Presented on February 15, 2016 to the U.S. Grains Council in Sarasota, FL. The presentation talks about modern methods of plant genetic improvement and how these strategies will be augmented with the next wave of breeding technologies, like CRISPR/cas9.
Crop improvement through genetic engineering can help meet the increasing global demand for food by making crops more resilient to stresses like drought and pests. The process involves isolating genes that confer desirable traits and inserting them into crops using techniques like bacterial infection or particle bombardment. Commercially, early genetically modified crops were made resistant to herbicides or insects. While genetic engineering could boost yields and nutrition, it also raises safety and environmental concerns that need consideration.
This document discusses a student project on plant breeding tomatoes. It will involve growing tomatoes from two varieties, Marimar and Diamante, in controlled and experimental groups. The project aims to develop a new high-yielding tomato variety or observe differences in fruit yield between the groups. The document outlines the project activities, which include preparing planting materials and soil, planting the tomato seeds, and observing and caring for the young plants. It is hoped that the project will help address issues of malnutrition, food shortage, and poverty through improving tomato yields.
Breeding involves applying genetic principles to improve economically important traits in domestic animals. The goal is to produce individuals with superior traits and characteristics, and to develop new traits. Common breeding methods include hand mating, pair mating, and harem mating. Inbreeding involves mating closely related individuals over several generations to develop lines for commercial use. It increases homozygosity but also risks inbreeding depression. Outbreeding introduces new genes by mating distantly related animals. Crossbreeding and backcrossing are used to combine desirable traits from different breeds. Grading up and mutations can also be used to improve animal stock over generations.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
This document discusses two plant breeding methods: the pedigree method and bulk population breeding method. The pedigree method uses hybridization to generate variability followed by selection and maintaining records of ancestry over multiple generations for up to 12 years. It allows for high genetic purity but is expensive. Bulk population breeding is the oldest, simplest, and cheapest method that involves bulking generations without pedigree records, making it slower but more convenient.
This document discusses different selection methods used in plant breeding, including pureline selection, mass selection, selection with progeny testing, and various recurrent selection methods. It provides details on the procedures and applications of each method. Simple recurrent selection involves selecting superior plants each generation, selfing them, intercrossing the progeny, and repeating the process over cycles. Recurrent selection for general combining ability uses a tester variety to evaluate testcross progeny and select plants with good GCA. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability uses an inbred tester. Reciprocal recurrent selection improves two populations for combining ability with each other by using them as reciprocal testers. The document compares these recurrent selection methods and discusses their merits and demerits.
Crop improvement methods aim to preserve desirable traits and introduce new beneficial traits. Sexual reproduction combines genes from parents, but asexual reproduction clones parents. Inbreeding can preserve traits but causes inbreeding depression. Hybrids between inbred lines show hybrid vigor. Mutations occasionally produce new single gene traits that can be propagated. Selection over generations improves polygenic traits. Creating polyploids like tetraploids sometimes increases size and health. Interspecific hybrids combine traits, with some becoming fertile tetraploids.
This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy and poultry farm management, beekeeping, and animal breeding techniques. It also covers plant breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, crossbreeding, and hybridization. New technologies discussed include artificial insemination, embryo transfer, tissue culture, and somatic hybridization. The aim is to increase food yields while improving quality and resilience to stresses.
This document discusses the mass selection method of plant breeding. Mass selection involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype from a mixed population, bulking their seeds to grow the next generation. It is one of the oldest methods of crop improvement and can be used for both self- and cross-pollinated species. The goals of mass selection are to increase the frequency of superior genotypes, purify mixed populations, and develop new cultivars by improving average population performance through repeated selection and seed bulking over multiple generations.
This document summarizes a seminar on breeding concepts and crop improvement in chickpea. It discusses the floral biology of chickpea, including emasculation and pollination techniques. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and quality traits. Key breeding techniques used are mass selection, pure line selection, and hybridization methods like bulk hybridization and pedigree breeding. Varieties developed through these techniques with important traits are mentioned. The document provides information on the present uses of chickpea and production constraints.
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
The document discusses molecular genetics and breeding in plants. It begins by introducing Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant and describes its small genome size, which was advantageous for early genome sequencing efforts. It notes that the A. thaliana genome contains 5 chromosomes totaling 115 Mbp and encodes 25,498 genes. The document then discusses various aspects of the A. thaliana genome structure, organization, and chromosomes. It also briefly describes the chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA structures. The remainder of the document focuses on introducing concepts in plant genetics and molecular breeding techniques.
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that was discovered to transfer genes between itself and plants, enabling the development of genetic engineering methods for plants.
2) The most common transgenic traits in crops include herbicide and insect resistance, with field corn often containing Bt genes for insect resistance.
3) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for producing transgenic plants. It involves using disarmed Agrobacterium strains to transfer desired gene sequences into plant cells.
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA and RNA - NotesMr. Walajtys
The document provides information about DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It discusses the structure of DNA and chromosomes, DNA replication, the structure and types of RNA, transcription, translation, and the genetic code. The key points are:
1) DNA is organized into chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. During replication, the DNA double helix unwinds and each strand acts as a template to make a new complementary strand.
2) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and transports the genetic code to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
3) During translation, mRNA instructs the assembly of amino acids onto
Genetically modified foods are created by introducing foreign genes into organisms like plants and animals. This allows them to express new traits like herbicide tolerance or enhanced nutritional content. There are several techniques used, including bacterial carriers, biolistics, electroporation, and viral carriers. Many countries grow and consume GM crops, with common examples being soy, corn, cotton, and canola. Supporters argue GM foods can help end world hunger and be environmentally friendly, while critics cite concerns about health risks, antibiotic resistance, and unintended environmental impacts. The debate around potential benefits and drawbacks of this new technology continues.
Presented by Michael Dingkuhn at the CCAFS Workshop on Developing Climate-Smart Crops for a 2030 World, ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 6-8 December 2011.
Transgenic and chimeric organisms are genetically modified using techniques of molecular biology. Transgenic organisms contain genes from other species inserted into their chromosomes, and were first created in 1980. They can be used to improve agriculture and research. Chimeric organisms consist of genetically different tissues and were first created by fusing tomato and nightshade plants. Both transgenic and chimeric organisms are important tools in biological and medical research.
This document discusses several global environmental issues and concerns for the 21st century, including climate change, natural resource depletion, ozone depletion, and loss of biodiversity. It then summarizes the role of agricultural biotechnology in addressing issues of sustainability, crop productivity, and food security. The document outlines how biotechnology can be used to develop stress-tolerant and higher-yielding crop varieties, as well as transfer useful traits from wild plants. However, it notes biotechnology must be properly regulated and accompanied by risk assessment. The document provides examples of how biotechnology has been applied in agriculture, including Bt technology to engineer pest-resistant crops like cotton. It concludes that biotechnology has the potential to increase food production but that both
This document discusses genetically modified foods and organisms. It begins by defining genetically modified organisms as organisms that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering, as opposed to traditional selective breeding which does not directly modify DNA. It then covers techniques for genetic engineering like direct DNA manipulation and using bacteria to transfer genes. Benefits discussed include increased crop yields, herbicide and pest resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional enhancement. Risks mentioned are allergic reactions, unintended genetic effects, and environmental impacts like creating "superweeds" resistant to herbicides. The document concludes that while GM foods have clear benefits, potential unintended consequences require careful consideration.
This document discusses biotechnology applications in agriculture. It defines biotechnology as using scientific techniques to modify organisms to improve plants, animals, and microorganisms. Agricultural biotechnology uses tools like traditional breeding alongside modern techniques to modify genetics for agricultural purposes such as improving crops or livestock and developing microbes. The document outlines how early farmers engaged in basic forms of biotechnology through selective breeding and gives examples of domesticated crops. It also explains current commercial biotech traits in major crops provide benefits to growers and consumers.
Is there anything wrong with genetically modified crops?BHU,Varanasi
As per United Nation’s projection the global population expected to become between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050. While food production has increased accordingly, some 800 million people, primarily in the developing world, still do not have access to sufficient food. Forty thousand people die every day from malnutrition, over half being children under the age of 5. In addition to lack of food, deficiencies in micronutrients, such as vitamins and iron, leading to illness and death are widespread. To meet this challenge over the next 50 years, we must double-to-triple the production of food on, essentially, the same area of land in the face of decreasing water supplies and with respect to the environment. This will be made more difficult by the consequences of global warming, such as increased climatic variability, changing patterns of rainfall and new pests and diseases. At the same time there must be a cessation of wilderness erosion to protect biodiversity and maintain ecosystems. Since the 1970s, the world has also seen a revolution in our understanding of how organisms function at the molecular, biochemical and physiological level. An integral part of this revolution has been the development of technologies that allow the transfer of genes from one species to another using biotechnological tools and which has become an important field in the global market. Genetically modified (GM) crops involves the deliberate modification of plants and animals' genetic material using innovative recombinant DNA technology.It is believed that the application of biotechnology to agriculture—together with plant breeding and improved agricultural practice—may provide solutions to some of the challenges outlined above without jeopardizing the environment, cliamte, biodiversity and human well being . Feeding the increasing world population in a sustainable and nutritious manner is definite and commited role and at the same time assuming responsibility for fully evaluating any technology for future generations is another important task.As with many new technologies, people are keen to embrace the benefits but reluctant to accept potential risks. The manner of introduction of GM crops onto the market has led to widespread loss of public confidence, which has been exploited by non-representative groups and activists for their own political ends. Some hypothesised threats of GM crops to the environment are elevated as being more important than the security of mankind. And the future that the critics offer is bleak: hard-won knowledge is rejected in favour of ideology. They require an absolute safety guarantee for GM crops, but such a warranty cannot be given everything cannot be known about anything. There are mixed views, confusions and confidence about GM crops and their probable effect on soil-water-plant animal continuum system. Thus, a standard of absolute certainty will effectively stop the attainment of the benefits of this or any other technology.
This document discusses biodiversity and domestication of plants. It provides an overview of an international webinar on this topic presented by Pat Heslop-Harrison. The webinar covered challenges related to biodiversity loss and feeding the global population, and proposed that harnessing genetic diversity through plant breeding and management can help address these issues. Examples of crop domestication and genetic resources in plants like wheat, banana, and saffron were also presented.
This document summarizes topics related to genetic engineering including the Green Revolution, genetic erosion, traditional crossbreeding, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production through high-yielding crop varieties but caused issues like pollution, soil erosion, and negative health effects. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic diversity, which can be caused by habitat loss or lack of breeding. Traditional crossbreeding techniques include selection and hybridization to transfer traits, while genetic engineering directly inserts genes between unrelated species. The document discusses both perceived benefits and concerns about GMOs.
This document discusses genetically modified foods. It begins by defining genetically modified organisms and foods as organisms and foods produced through gene transfer between unrelated organisms. It then discusses the reasons for producing GM foods, including higher yields and improved resistance to pests and climate conditions. The history of genetic engineering and GM foods is reviewed from the 1960s to present. Current types of GM foods including herbicide resistant, insect resistant, nutritionally enhanced crops are described. Advantages and status of GM foods in India are also summarized.
Indigenous livestock breeds are uniquely adapted to local conditions and provide important benefits. They are vital for livelihoods and sustainable use of marginal lands. While exotic breeds may produce more, indigenous breeds are hardier and require fewer inputs. It is important to conserve indigenous genetic resources for future breeding needs as some traits may have economic potential, like disease resistance. Climate change will negatively impact livestock through reduced and lower quality feed, heat stress, and changing disease patterns. Indigenous breeds will be important for adapting animal agriculture to future climate conditions.
Agricultural biotechnology uses tools to understand and manipulate the genetics of organisms for agricultural purposes. It is important because the world's food demand is doubling in 30 years while arable land is limited. Current areas of research include using single cells to clone entire plants through tissue culture. Benefits include improving crop yields and traits like drought and pest resistance. Examples are inducing mutations to create varieties with desired traits, creating gene banks to efficiently select traits, and genetic modification to transfer genes between species and tweak native genes. A key technique is using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogen, to transfer DNA between bacteria and plant cells.
Conventional and non conventional methods of crop improvementSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses advances in crop biotechnology presented by Ekatpure Sachin Chandrakant. It summarizes that early farmers selected desirable traits over many years of planting and harvesting. Modern breeding uses genetics to develop improved varieties. While conventional breeding has limitations, new techniques like mutation breeding, hybrid seed technology, genetic engineering, tissue culture and marker-assisted selection are allowing for more rapid crop improvement. These newer methods can transfer genes between unrelated species, achieve results faster than conventional breeding, and help identify specific desirable genes.
Global developments of genome editing in agricultureOECD Environment
This presentation covers the scope of agricultural applications of genome editing by describing the relevance of these techniques to agriculture especially crop plants, farm animals as well as the foods and feeds derived from them.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their history, development, uses, and risks. It describes how GMOs are created through genetic engineering techniques and the purposes of modifying plants. Both potential benefits of GMOs include increased crop yields and disease resistance, while risks include unintended gene transfer and impact on other organisms. The document also reviews European Union regulations around GMOs.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) including their history, development, uses, and risks. It describes how genetic engineering techniques are used to transfer genes between organisms, including across species boundaries. Both the potential benefits of GMOs such as disease resistance in crops and production of medical substances are covered, as well as risks like unintended environmental impacts and possible human health effects. EU regulations around GMOs are also summarized.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) including their history, development, uses, and risks. It describes how genetic engineering works to transfer genes between organisms and its applications in agriculture, including increasing crop resistance to diseases and insects. Both the potential benefits of GMOs such as higher crop yields and the risks related to unintended environmental and health impacts are addressed.
Genetic engineering can help address problems like food shortages by developing crops resistant to threats. The Philippines faces a rice shortage due to black bug infestation. A company has developed weevil-resistant corn through genetic engineering that could help if planted there. However, genetic engineering also presents risks that must be considered, like potential health or environmental impacts, before pursuing this solution. Experts would need to evaluate what traits were modified in the corn, the benefits and risks of genetic engineering, and whether the benefits outweigh the risks.
This document outlines the goals of Ag@Otago, a new research theme focusing on agricultural issues. It discusses the impacts and outcomes of the Green Revolution, including increased food production but also issues like monocultures, irrigation, mechanization, and pollution. The current challenges facing agriculture are identified as climate change, sustainability, biodiversity, and nutrient runoff. Regenerative agricultural systems are presented as a potential solution, focusing on soil health, crop rotation, mulching, and biodiversity. The goals of the research theme are to address these issues through alternative production methods, biotechnology, traditional plant and animal genetics, and telling the story of sustainable New Zealand agriculture.
transgenic for crop improvement , global scenario and prospects anubhav aryal
Transgenic crops have been developed since the 1980s to introduce desirable traits like pest or disease resistance. The first commercially grown transgenic crops in the 1990s were FlavrSavr tomatoes and herbicide-resistant soybeans. Global transgenic crop area has grown significantly, reaching 160 million hectares in 2011 led by the US, Brazil, India, and Argentina. Transgenic crops can help address issues of rising population and food insecurity by increasing yields, but also raise some risks to human and environmental health that require assessment and management of biosafety issues.
Similar to B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Plant breeding and GM technology - Chris Leaver (20)
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Science Journalism in Tanzania - Joseph Kithamab4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
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B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Genes - Out of the Lab into the News - Sharon Schmickleb4fa
This document provides examples of different types of articles about genetics research and crop science. It includes sample press releases, journal articles, and news stories that have been translated for a general audience. The document encourages thinking about how to craft compelling stories about this research for different target audiences like farmers, policymakers, and consumers. It also shares an example of Russian plant scientists who sacrificed themselves during a famine to save valuable seed collections at their research institute. The overall message is about effectively communicating science to non-expert audiences.
Effective interviewing requires preparation with clear questions to get clear answers. Interviewers should ask sources to translate scientific concepts into everyday language and drill down for more explanation if something is not understood. Interviewers also need to understand the source's reason for granting the interview, quote them accurately, double check facts, and maintain a good relationship as the source may be needed again in the future.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Seed trade environment in Ghana - Daniel Otungeb4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
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B4FA 2013 Ghana: Agricultural biotechnology and the regulatory environment - ...b4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Cassava mosaic disease resistance - Paul Asareb4fa
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Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Bt cotton production in Ghana - Emmanuel Chambab4fa
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B4FA 2013 Ghana: F1 hybrid seeds and plants - Claudia Canalesb4fa
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Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Status of maruca-resistant cowpea project in Ghana - IDK Ato...b4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
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B4FA 2013 Ghana: Introduction to Genetics - Prof Eric Yirenkyi Danquahb4fa
This document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts including:
- Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, focusing on genes which provide instructions for making proteins.
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- Sexual reproduction and random mutation create variation within a population, while genes control the traits passed from parents to
B4FA 2013 Ghana: History of agriculture - Bernie Jonesb4fa
This document provides a history of plant domestication and agriculture. It notes that around 10,000 years ago, early farmers began deliberately selecting crops with desirable traits through a process of natural selection and breeding. Over thousands of years, farmers domesticated crops like wheat, barley, potatoes, goats, sheep, rye, chickens and more in different regions. The document discusses how traditional plant breeding techniques have altered crops over millennia through selection, mutation, and crossing, well before modern genetic engineering. It also addresses the migration and colonization of indigenous African crops versus current staple crops.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Media dialogue Workshop Introduction - Bernie Jonesb4fa
The document provides an outline for a training course on biosciences for farming in Africa. It introduces the 3-year B4FA project, which aims to encourage dialogue on biosciences, farming, and Africa. The project is funded by the John Templeton Foundation and Malaysia Commonwealth Studies Centre. The training course will provide introductions to plant breeding, genetics, biotechnologies and their regulatory aspects. It will include networking, field trips, and lessons in science journalism. Fellows will produce work on the issues and stay engaged with the project after the course. Housekeeping details on the daily format and expenses are also noted.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Seed trade environment in Tanzania - Daniel Otungeb4fa
This document provides an overview of seed systems and regulation in Tanzania. It discusses the roles of various stakeholders in the formal and informal seed sectors, including national research institutes, universities, seed companies, farmers' groups, and NGOs. It outlines Tanzania's seed classification system and regulatory framework, including the Seed Act of 2003 and legislation protecting plant breeders' rights. Challenges in the seed industry include underfunding of research, weak extension services, low seed quality, and lack of awareness about improved varieties. Strengthening seed systems is important for increasing agricultural productivity and food security in Tanzania.
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
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B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Groundnut aflatoxin project ARI - Omari Mpondab4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
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ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
2. Map of the world showing the major centres of origin
of crops, which are distributed mainly in tropical
regions
3. Plant Improvement using Breeding and Selection
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 8000 BC (5 million people)
Domestication of cereals and Pulses
2000 BC (50 million people)
Domestication of rice, Potato, Oats,
Soybean, Grape, Cotton, Banana.
1583 (500 million people)
Sexuality in plants Described
1742
First Company (Vilmorin) Devoted to Plant
Breeding and New varieties
1799
First Cereal Hybrid Described
1927
X-Rays Used for Mutation Breeding
1983 (5 billion people)
First Use of Gene Technology for Plants
2012 (7 billion people)
160 plus million hectares of GM Crops
grown in 29 Countries by 16 million farmers
4. The evolution of maize (corn)
Domestication
The adaptation
to Europe
Extension of corn
crop
areas
years
The wild
ancestor
Teosinte
First corns
America
Mexico
Populations
South of Europe
Introduction
Hybrids
First creation of
hybrids in France
SOURCE: GNIS (Groupement National Interprofessionnel des Semences)
5. Genetic modification arose as a consequence
of cultivation and selection of the best plants
Planting seeds from
“good” plants increased
their representation in
subsequent generations
Natural
variation
within
population
Image courtesy of University of California Museum of Paleontology, Understanding Evolution - www.evolution.berkeley.edu
6. F1 Hybrid Seed Production in
self-pollinating crop species –
a basis for crop improvement and
the development of heterosis or
hybrid vigour
F1 hybrid seed production in a range of major crops
including Maize, Rice, Sorghum, Sunflower, Sugar Beet,
Carrot, Onions, Brassica’s etc
7. F1 Hybrid Seed Production in Maize
Pollen - male parent
Female parent
Tassel removed
F1 Hybrid
X
Ear
Inbred Parental Corn
Lines
Hybrid Vigour
10. Selection and Plant Breeding was Applied to a
Range of Important Crops we Grow Today
Teosinte
Rice
Corn
Tomato
The Creation of Corn
The corn that Columbus received was
created by the Native Americans some
8,000 years ago by domestication of a
wild plant called teosinte. They used
‘genetic engineering’ in a quite remarkable
way to produce a more productive variety.
12. Sustainable food security is facing a major bottleneck
•
•
•
•
•
•
Since the beginning of agriculture, humans have cultivated 7,000 plant species
Since the beginning of agriculture, humans have cultivated 7,000 plant species
Today only 150 plant species (2%) are agriculturally relevant for food and clothing
Today only 150 plant species (2%) are agriculturally relevant for food and clothing
Only 10 plant species are cultivated today to provide 95% of food and feed
Only 10 plant species are cultivated today to provide 95% of food and feed
Cultivated today
95% of food and feed
Total cultivated since
the beginning of agriculture
14. The top four – Global yield
(UN-FAO Statistics)
Soybean
Wheat
2nd
4th
Maize
Rice
1st
3rd
15. The myth of natural food
The food we eat comes from
plants already extensively
modified from their original
form. Even heritage varieties are
extensively genetically modified.
Credit: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation
16. What traits/characteristics are
selected by plant breeders?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Improved Nutrition
Improved Yield
Improved Rate of growth
Self-pollinating
Reduced pod shatter
Able to harvest & store the fruit
Palatability
Better Taste
Reduced toxins
Reduced / negligible dormancy requirement
Disease resistance
THESE TRAITS ARE ENCODED BY GENE(S)
18. There are 25-40,000 genes found in the nucleus
of each plant cell depending on the species
DNA APPEARS BLUE
CSIRO.
Introduction to
19. A gene is a code for a protein
Ca.25000 GENES
CSIRO. A
plant Gene
20. The set of genes is the master plan which
contains all the information to make a plant
What is a gene?
Control
Switch
Code for
Protein
Downstream
control region
DNA
Start
RNA
Protein
Enzymes
Stop
21. Genes provide the foundation of new
plants/products for farmers
Genes
Protein
Yield?
Tolerance to
drought?
Flowering time?
Trait
Nutrition
Taste?
Tolerance to Pests
and Diseases
Product
23. Advanced Genomics Will Accelerate
Discovery of Genes of Use to Farmers
Gene
sequence
Genome Gene
DNA
map
t
c
g
c
g
t
g
a
t
g
t
c
t
g
t
c
a
t
a
t
g
g
g
t
g
a
a
t
a
t
t
a
c
c
t
g
g
c
g
t
GENE
g
g
a
c
g
c
t
Gene
expression
g
SEQUENCE FUNCTION
Plant
traits
Yield
Drought
Disease
Stress
Stress
Oil quality
Disease
Yield
Maturity
Herbicide
tolerance
TRAIT
24. Finding the needle in a haystackplant gene discovery
If selective breeding and genetic
modification are based on genes,
how does one go about finding
the genes of interest?
25. The Challenge: Finding the genes that provide the foundation of new
traits and crop improvements for farmers
A Central Role for Omics, BioInformatics and Systems Biology
Technology
Platforms
Bioinformatics
Modelling physiology
0
Transcriptomics
Metabolomics
Proteomics
leaf 2
s te
m
leaf 3
f1
Process
Grain filling
lea
Genome Sequencing
Molecular profiling
Time post anthesis
PhenomicsTRAIT ANALYSIS
26. Building Increased Productivity and
Sustainability into the Seed by
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
The scientific basis of all crop improvement is
identification of the genes that encode and
regulate specific phenotypic characteristics or
traits of use to the farmer:
Genetic modification by marker assisted
breeding (MAB) and GM technology where
appropriate:
27. NEW TOOLS FOR CROP
IMPROVEMENT
Elite
Germplasm
Gene
Sequencing
r
ula g
c
ole edin
M re
B
Marker Assisted
BREEDING
Seeds
Better
Varieties,
Faster
Seed
Production
GENOMICS
Functional
Genomics
Finding the
Genes
Ge
ne
s
Trait
Development
PLANT
BIOTECH
Plant
Transformation
Traits
New Traits
of
Use to the
Farmer
29. What is Genetic Modification?
Genetic modification is the addition, alteration or removal of
genetic material, usually single genes, in order to alter an
organism’s characteristics.
Living organisms contain 5,000-30,000 genes arranged in linear
order in chromosomes which are long strands of DNA.
Genes are heritable segments of DNA that contain the code
for an individual protein molecule.
Nucleus
ca.25,000
Genes
Chloroplasts
ca.80 Genes
Mitochondria
ca.60 Genes
Genetic Information in a Plant Cell
30. A quick reminder
Conventional breeding
During conventional breeding,
genes are always mixed and newly
assorted. This often results in nondesired traits of elite crop
varieties.The desired
improvement is obtained by many
years of selection in the field.
Elite variety
Breeding line
New variety
=
X
(Cross)
Favorite gene
Favorite gene
Non-desired gene
Gene technology
Using gene technology, it is
possible to transfer only a
favorite/desired gene into an
elite crop variety. All other
traits of the the elite crop
variety will be preserved.
Favorite gene
Elite variety
New variety
=
(Gene transfer)
Favorite Gene
31. Gene Transfer by Classical Plant Breeding
25,000 genes
25,000 genes
Selection
S = gene for susceptibility to pest
R = gene for resistance to pest
R=gene for resistance
The backcrossing programme
(BC) can take 8 to 10 years
Single gene
32. S = gene for susceptibility to
pest
25,000 genes
R=gene for resistance
Single gene
25,000 genes
R = gene for resistance to pest
Repeated
Backcrossing
and selection for
desired traits
33. Genetic modification is the addition, alteration or removal of genetic
material usually single genes, in order to alter an organism’s
characteristics. The genes can be from any donor organisms
Microorganisms
Plants
DNA
Animals
Man
Approximately
30% of animal,
plant and fungus
genes are similar
A large percent of our
genes are the same as
those of simple organisms
such as bacteria and
viruses
34. REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING ANY
GENETIC MODIFICATION
1 To improve the efficiency of a specific metabolic pathway so as
to improve the “efficiency” of the plant as a whole in terms
of its yield, nutritional quality or agronomic
characteristics(eg height, seed size)
2 To bypass some limiting such as intolerance to heat or
cold,drought,flooding, or to improve resistance to pests and
diseases
3 To change the nature of the harvested product – as a human
foodstuff; to provide a product of therapeutic value; to provide
industrial feed-stocks (e.g. the production of biodegradable
polymers) and biofuels.
35. Conventional Plant Breeding has been very successful but yield gains
are now slowing. The new molecular technologies allow more precise
and rapid crop improvement by marker assisted selection breeding
and GM approaches. This requires the identification of the gene(s)
that underlie the traits and then combination with native traits using
molecular markers and/or GM to improve the crop– these include:
•Avoidance of losses from pests-insects,bacteria,fungi,viruses
•More effective water use-drought tolerance
•Increased tolerance towards temperature stress
•Increased yield
•Time to maturity – shortened growing season
•Growth on marginal soils-salinity, pH, metal toxicity
•More effective fertiliser use-nutrient(NPK) use efficiency
•Increased flooding tolerance
•Competing with weeds
•Improved nutritional quality-biofortification (eg.Vitamins,Iron)
•Sustainable production with a low carbon footprint
36. Specificity of Genetic Modification
Identification and isolation of specific genes with
defined function
Insertion of specific genes into a crop species to
promote desirable characters
GM progeny can be selected for the product or
activity of specific genes with a defined function
There are no “surprises” from unknown genes
transferred along with the planned cross
37. The scientific basis of all crop improvement is identification of the
genes that encode and regulate specific phenotypic characteristics or
traits of use to the farmer.
REDUCED STRESSES
Biotic and Abiotic
• Drought or
• Pests and
Flooding
Diseases
• High or low
• Weeds
Temperature
• Saline or
. Phyto-remediation
acid soils
. Increased
greenhouse
gases- Tolerance
to climate change
IMPROVED NUTRITION
AND HEALTH
IMPROVED PLANT
PERFORMANCE
MORE
SUSTAINABLE
PRODUCTION
Environment
• Nutrient use efficiency
• Water use efficiency
• Control of flowering
• Plant architecture
• Heterosis
• Yield
Plant Gene
Technology
NEW
INDUSTRIES
Quality Traits
• Vitamins & Minerals
• Biofortification
• Post harvest quality
• Taste
• Proteins
• Oils and Fats
• Carbohydrates
• Fibre & Digestible
energy
• Bloat Safety
CHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCKS
• Biodegradable
Plastics
• Biofuels
PHARMACEUTICALS
• Vaccines
• Antibodies
• Diagnostics
39. The steps involved in genetic modification
Identify the gene
an interesting gene
from a donor organism
Isolate
the interesting gene
Insert
the gene in a
genetic construction
Multiply
the genetic
construction
(bacteria,
plant ...)
Transfer the gene
Evaluate
Plant
regeneration
gene
expression
Add to other
varieties
by crosses
Selection of transformed cells
SOURCE: GNIS (Groupement National Interprofessionnel des Semences)
40. Gene Isolation by
standard techniques
of molecular biology
The first step is to isolate DNA
like you did yesterday.Then cut
the DNA into gene size pieces
with
special enzymes and identify the
genes and what they do. The trait
or characteristic which they
contain the information for.
41. Getting genes into plants
Tissue Fragment
of target
plant
THE GENE
TRANSFERRED DNA
CELL DIVISION
CELLS REGENERATE
INTO PLANTLETS
Selection of
Transgenic Cell
Transfer
to Soil
PLANTS WITH
NEW TRAIT
44. Nature’s original genetic engineer
Gall
formation
Agrobacterium
Crown Gall
The soil bacterium Agrobacterium is able to infect plants
and make them produce the food it needs to live on. The
bacterium does this by inserting a small piece of its own
DNA into the genome (DNA) of the plant. Scientist have
modified this naturally occur process to make genetically
modified plants.
45. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation
Agrobacteria
containing
recombinant Ti plasmid are
multiplied in liquid culture
Cocultivation:
Agrobacterium
culture is added to callus culture
(e.g. rice) in Petri dish. Agrobacteria
infect the callus cells. T-DNA
excises from the Ti plasmid and
integrates into chromosomal DNA
in the nucleus of the callus cell.
In planta transformation: Flowering Arabidopsis is
inverted so that flowers dip into the Agrobacterium
culture in a bell-jar. Application of vacuum helps
bacterial infiltration. Plants are removed and grown.
Flowers are allowed to self and seeds are germinated in
selection agent so that only transformed seedlings
(about 10% of the total) develop.
Selection: transformed cells
(white) are resistant to
selection agent (herbicide or
antibiotic. Non-transformed
cells (color) eventually die.
46. DNA delivery to plant cells:
Agrobacterium
Agrobacterium
chromosome
Genes for
transfer
T-DNA
Regeneration
Agrobacterium
cell
Plant Cell
48. More recently techniques have been developed in whereby Agrobacterium is vacuum
infiltrated into developing floral buds of a number of different plant species
49. DNA delivery to plant cells: biolistics
DNA coating
of
microscopic
metal
particles
DNA code for RR
Metal particles
DNA
DNA insertion
Plant cell
Particles
are shot
into plant
cells
Transferred
DNA
Transformed
plant cell
Cell division
58. From laboratory to commercialisation
specific gene transfer in the lab. followed by subsequent
testing in the field
this is the only plant breeding technology which requires
regulatory approval (and, in some countries, labelling of all the
food products derived from modified plants):
• testing for food toxicity, nutritional value, composition and allergenicity – includes animal feeding
trials
• characterisation of the transferred gene as well
as its effects on the host genome
•an environmental audit as well
59. A quick reminder
Conventional breeding
During conventional breeding,
genes are always mixed and newly
assorted. This often results in nondesired traits of elite crop
varieties.The desired
improvement is obtained by many
years of selection in the field.
Elite variety
Breeding line
New variety
=
X
(Cross)
Favorite gene
Favorite gene
Non-desired gene
Gene technology
Using gene technology, it is
possible to transfer only a
favorite/desired gene into an
elite crop variety. All other
traits of the the elite crop
variety will be preserved.
Favorite gene
Elite variety
New variety
=
(Gene transfer)
Favorite Gene
60. Why are GM methods used sometimes
and molecular breeding others?
Molecular breeding
1. Desired trait must be
present in population
2. Genetic resources must
be available
3. Plant should be
propagated sexually
GM
1. Gene can come from any
source
2. Genetic resources not
required
3. Plant can be propagated
vegetatively
Photo credits: Gramene.org ETH Life International
61. How have we fared thus far?
Rice genome
Sequenced
Plant
Transformation
1983
1865
Mendel’s Discovery
of Genes
1905
Genetics
1953
Structure of DNA
1001
Arabidopsis
genomes
sequenced
2002 2011
1995 2000
Crop Circles
‘Synteny’
2010
First Plant NGS
Genome
Sequence
62. The science behind gene technology
• A gene is a code for a protein
• We can purify and reconstruct genes
• We can transfer genes to plants to introduce a
useful characteristic, eg insect protection or weed
control
• The resulting plants are thoroughly tested
64. Can Genetic Improvement of Crops
Help Feed the world?
• No single solution will solve this problem but
the new genetic technologies of plant breeding
developed during the last few years can helpthey are but one tool in the toolbox.
• They can can increase agricultural efficiencies
and save people from hunger in a sustainable
manner, particularly in African nations where
the need is greatest. Genomics, markerassisted screening, phenotype analysis,
computer modeling, and genetic modification
(GM) when required, have greatly accelerated
the breeding process.