THE FERMENTATION PROCESS AND ITS TYPES ARE DISCUSSED HERE, WITH SOME EXAMPLES AND SYNTHESIS FORMED BY FERMENTATIONSUCH AS ANTIBIOTICS INCUDING PENICILLIN, STREPTOMYCIN AND VITAMINS A VITAMIN B2, VITAMIN B12.
THE FERMENTATION PROCESS AND ITS TYPES ARE DISCUSSED HERE, WITH SOME EXAMPLES AND SYNTHESIS FORMED BY FERMENTATIONSUCH AS ANTIBIOTICS INCUDING PENICILLIN, STREPTOMYCIN AND VITAMINS A VITAMIN B2, VITAMIN B12.
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved ( Deficient ) muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.
Fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved ( Deficient ) muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.
Fermentation, chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. More
Basic Knowledge about industrial microorganism. why industry choose microorganism rather than chemical. isolation technique of microorganism. source of microorganisms. Process of using microorganism. Disadvantages of using microorganisms in industry. Process of genetic modification of microorganisms. Storage process of microorganism. preservation methods of microorganism. Reculture methods of microorganism.
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria under anaerobic conditions.
Or
Any metabolic process that releases energy from a sugar or other organic molecule, does not require oxygen or an electron transport system, and uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired.
The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
in microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing ATP by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically
The Earth is pretty old. Our current, best estimate is that it is 4.54 billion years old, plus or minus 50 million years.
Since then, however, a lot has happened. To help clarify the Earth’s timeline, geologists have divided the Earth’s history into various eras and periods. Each division of time represents a change in something, which happened on the planet.
Learn more about the Earth’s history and geologic time scales, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.
This episode is sponsored by the Tourist Office of Spain
In Spain, you can find accommodations like you can find everywhere else: hotels of all luxury levels and even hostels. However, you also find something in Spain that you can’t find everywhere: Paradores.
A Parador is a luxury accommodation usually in a refurbished historic building, like a monastery or a castle, or in a modern building with a panoramic view.
There is an official network of over 90 Paradores scattered all over the country in every region.
In my many trips to Spain, I’ve stayed at several Paradores, and it is always a unique experience that adds an extra cultural element to every trip. I’ve stayed at ones in Guadalupe, Cáceres, and Costa Brava.
You can research visiting one of the many Paradores in Spain before your next visit by going to Spain.info.
Once again, that is Spain.info.
The Earth is so old, that to make sense of its history, geologists have come up with divisions. These divisions are very broad and cover millions to billions of years, depending on what the division is. Each division also has subdivisions that can themselves be further subdivided.
The three primary temporal divisions of Earth’s history are eons, eras, and periods.
An eon is a very broad division of history, and there have really only been three eons. The Archean, which goes from the formation of the Earth to about 2.5 billion years ago. The Proterozoic, which goes from 2.5 billion years ago to about 540 million years ago, and the Phanerozoic, which goes from 540 million years ago to today.
There is also sometimes a fourth eon called the Hadean which would be from the formation of the Earth to 4 billion years ago, but it is really hard to study that period by itself, so it is often just lumped with the Archean.
I actually studied geology and geophysics for several years, and the use of eons seldom came up. Occasionally you would hear about the Archean, but the other eons are so broad as to not generally be useful.
The Archean is the period where continents started to form and the very simplest life began.
The Proterozoic is the eon where oxygen appeared, up to the beginning of complex multi-cellular life.
In the Archean and Proterozoic, there is little to nothing in the way of fossils, because there was nothing that could become fossilized yet. There are some fossilized stromatolite beds, which are mats of bacteria, but that is about it.
The rest of this episode will focus on the Phanerozoic Eon. That is whe
This presentation detail introduction to Fermentation.
This Presentation contains,
Introduction to Fermentation.
Media Formulation.
Historical Background.
Types of Fermentation.
Production of Antibiotics.
Production of Vitamins
Production of Statins.
AnswerCellular respirationWe breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2.pdfaquacare2008
Answer:
Cellular respiration:
We breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. Nowhere did we see O2 and CO2 in the same metabolic
pathway, yet these two molecules are related and these molecules are interrelated when a glucose
molecule oxidized in the presence of oxygen in eukaryotic cell finally release CO2 where carbon
is going to get the oxygen from glucose. The remaining carbon skeleton in the metabolic
pathways such as glycolysis followed by citric acid cycle finally \"oxidative phopshorylation\"
are performed to generate metabolic energy
Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products
such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the
mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place.
Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide.
The primary function of cellular respiration is to generate ATP, which traps some of the
chemical energy of food molecules in its high- energy bonds (adenosine triphosphate). The
process of generation of ATP is via glycolysis and Krebs’s cycle finally through oxidative
phosphorylation.
The overall balanced reaction of cellular respiration is:
CHO+ 6O 6CO+ 6HO + ATP
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced to CO2.
Carbonic- Acid - Bicarbonate Blood buffer system & lungs:
The bicarbonate buffering system of In the cellular respiration, involves an acid & base
homeostatic mechanism further involving the equilibrium balance of carbonic acid(H2CO3),
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain isotonic pH (7.4) in the
blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to enable appropriate metabolic function. This
reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, when cellular carbon dioxide (CO2) (lungs) reacts
with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a
hydrogen ion (exists in the solution as hydronium ion, H3O+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3)
The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis.
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose
molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each
glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via
glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes.
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat
Citric acid cycle:
The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric
acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of
\"oxygen\" & metabolic output is \"CO2\". Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into
the oxidative phosphorylation process. This cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix and generates
one ATP molecule only.
Acetyl co-A +.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. FERMENTATION:
is the conversion of carbohydrates (plant foods) to alcohols
and carbon dioxide, or organic acids, using yeasts, bacteria,
or a combination of that, under anaerobic (no oxygen)
conditions
implies that the action of microorganisms is desirable
complex organic compounds, such as glucose, are broken
down by the action of enzymes into simpler compounds
without the use of oxygen.
Fermentation results in the production of energy in the
form of two ATP molecules, and produces less energy than
the aerobic process of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 2 ATP
4. HISTORY:
The chemistry of fermentation were first investigated
by Louis Pasteur in 1860
He called the process la vie sans air, or life without air
In 1897, Hans and Eduard Beuchner discovered that
fermentation could occur in a cell-free extract of yeast
This work led to the elucidation of the enzymes involved
Micro-organisms involved:
•Saccharomyces: ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
•Streptococcus and Lactobacillus: lactic acid
•Escherichia coli: acetic acid, succinic acid
•Clostridium: butyric acid, butyl alcohol, acetone
5. Conversion of complex organic compounds into
simpler ones in the complete absence of oxygen
Glycolysis:
• Before any of the anaerobic fermentation takes place a
process called Glycolysis takes place
• It is the conversion of Complex organic compounds like
Glucose into simpler 3C containing compound Pyruvic acid
• 2 molecules of ATP are produced
• This step takes place in the cytosol of the cell
C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2 CH3COCOO− + 2 ATP
+ 2 NADH + 2 H2O + 2 H+
7. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION:
Ethanol fermentation converts two pyruvate molecules, the
products of glycolysis, to two molecules of ethanol and two
molecules of carbon dioxide with the help of Zymase enzyme.
C6H12O6 + Zymase→ 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
10. Aerobic Fermentation:
• “Aerobic” means “in the presence of oxygen”
• Aerobic fermentation is actually wrong term
• Organisms use oxygen for the conversion of complex organic
compounds, but process is known as aerobic respiration
• Some types of fermentation processes require oxygen
• Oxygen is required for the reproduction and growth of
microorganisms (Yeast/Bacteria etc)
• Yeast requires oxygen for a number of processes essential for
reproduction
• Most fermentation involves the initial introduction of oxygen
to ensure a strong yeast colony is established. And
• yeast will ferment without using oxygen even if oxygen is
available
11. Fermentation process is used:
To produce antibiotics if no other method is available
To produce ethyl alcohol which can be used as gasohol
To produce alcoholic beverages like beer from barley or wheat
and wine from grapes
Used to store vegetables in the form of pickling
Yogurt is produced by fermentation of milk
Cheese is also produced by the action of yeast on milk
is used in the treatment of wastewater. In the activated
sludge process, aerobic bacteria are used to ferment organic
material in wastewater. Solid wastes are converted to carbon
dioxide, water and mineral salts.